Background: Diabetes, as a prevalent chronic disease, is associated with multiple acute and long-term complications that adversely affect patients’ health, quality of life, and daily functioning. Poorly controlled diabetes can lead to serious clinical outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, nephropathy, and psychological distress. Nursing interventions, through individualized and group education, regular monitoring, and self-management support, play a critical role in preventing these complications and enhancing patients’ quality of life. Considering the expansion of care technologies and innovative nursing approaches, this study aimed to identify, categorize, and analyze effective nursing interventions for preventing diabetes complications. Methods: This study was conducted as a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. Searches were performed in the databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar for the period from 2015 to 2025 The key search terms included diabetes, nursing interventions, self-care, and patient education. Articles were selected based on inclusion criteria (empirical and quasi- experimental studies focusing on nursing interventions for the prevention of diabetes complications) and exclusion criteria (review articles, case reports, and studies without quantitative outcomes). After removing duplicates and screening titles, abstracts, and full texts, 31 studies met the eligibility criteria for final analysis. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Gifford checklist, and data were extracted, coded, and categorized using inductive content analysis. Results: Identified nursing interventions were classified into six main categories: education and self-care, tele-nursing and remote care, lifestyle modification and physical activity, digital and technological management, advanced clinical and team- based management, and monitoring and care for specific diabetes-related complications. These interventions led to reductions in HbA1c and fasting blood glucose (FBG), enhanced self-efficacy and self-care skills, improved treatment adherence, reduced diabetes-related distress, and improved patients’ quality of life. Conclusion: The results of this systematic review demonstrate that nursing interventions, including education and self-care, motivational interviewing, tele-nursing, lifestyle management, digital technologies, and advanced team-based approaches, improve glycemic control, enhance self-efficacy and self-care skills, reduce diabetes-related distress, and prevent complications. These findings emphasize the importance of designing and implementing systematic nursing programs to prevent diabetes complications and enhance patients’ quality of life.
Background: Chrono-nutrition examines how meal timing interacts with circadian rhythms, endogenous 24-hour cycles that regulate physiology. Aging naturally dampens these rhythms (phase shifts and reduced amplitude), disturbing metabolism and increasing disease susceptibility. Methods: This study is a narrative review. Relevant articles were identified through searches in the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using the keywords ("Chrononutrition" OR "Circadian rhythm" OR "Meal timing" OR "Time- restricted feeding") AND ("Aging" OR "Elderly" OR "Healthy longevity") AND ("Metabolism" OR "Microbiome"). Articles published in English and Persian up to 2025 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria included human and animal studies, original articles, and reviews related to chrononutrition and aging. Exclusion criteria included articles without full text and those unrelated to the main topic. Additional sources were obtained by manually searching the reference lists of the selected articles. Results: It reveals a bidirectional relationship between diet and circadian function in aging. Advancing age naturally causes phase shifts and amplitude reductions in circadian oscillations, disturbing metabolism and increasing susceptibility to chronic diseases. Critically, however, dietary practices, particularly consistent feeding-fasting cycles, can actively strengthen circadian rhythms even without altering diet composition, thereby improving metabolic coordination and potentially mitigating age-related pathologies. Conversely, the frequent polypharmacy seen in the elderly can disrupt circadian regulation, exacerbating nutrient deficiencies. Aging also induces substantial changes in the gut microbiome, which closely communicates with the host circadian system and influences inflammatory, metabolic, and immune responses. Moreover, individual chronotypes contribute to varying metabolic responses to meal timing among older adults, necessitating personalized approaches. Conclusion: The conclusion emphasizes that chrono-nutrition serves as a pivotal regulator of metabolic health, longevity, and the attenuation of functional decline with age. Strategically aligning eating schedules with internal biological clocks offers a novel and effective public health intervention to reduce risks associated with modern lifestyles. When integrated with healthy dietary choices, consistent physical activity, and proper sleep patterns, chrono-nutrition can form a cornerstone of successful aging. The review provides actionable dietary insights for older populations while clearly identifying current research gaps (such as the interplay between polypharmacy, microbiome shifts, and chronotypes) to guide future investigations
Background: Type 2 diabetes, as a global epidemic, imposes a significant burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Sports clubs, with their unique potential to provide controlled environments and access to specialized trainers, can serve as promising platforms for health-oriented interventions. However, traditional management models of sports clubs lack systematic frameworks for integrating health strategies and providing specialized services to diabetic patients. This study aimed to develop an integrated conceptual framework for the smart management of sports clubs in controlling type 2 diabetes. Methods: This research was designed and implemented as a narrative review. A structured search strategy was conducted in valid international databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SID, and Magiran as well as domestic databases. Data analysis was performed using narrative-thematic synthesis method while adhering to SANRA framework guidelines to ensure reporting quality. Results: The findings demonstrated that systematic integration of advanced digital technologies (including wearable devices, online platforms, artificial intelligence, and Internet of Things) with innovative management models (smart, collaborative, and integrated models) and evidence from successful global experiences can lead to the establishment of smart sports clubs capable of providing personalized, cost-effective, and efficient services for diabetic patients. Conclusion: Smart management of sports clubs is recognized as an innovative and effective strategy for controlling type 2 diabetes. Successful implementation of this model requires cross-sector collaboration, development of digital infrastructure, human resource empowerment, and supportive policy-making. The proposed framework can serve as a roadmap for sports club managers, health policymakers, and researchers in transforming sports clubs into comprehensive health service centers.
Background: Obesity are a major public health problem that is increasing worldwide. Adiponectin is a protein secreted by adipose tissue that plays an important role in glucose and lipid metabolism. This study was conducted in men and aimed to investigate the association of rs1501299, rs266729, rs17300539 and rs17366743 polymorphisms of the adiponectin gene with obesity and adiponectin levels. Methods: The present case-control study was conducted on 180 men from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, including 100 participants with body mass index (BMI) <25 and 80 participants with BMI ≥25. Anthropometric and biochemical variables were measured using standard methods. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure serum adiponectin and cortisol concentrations. Genotyping of polymorphisms was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference in the level of adiponectin and other anthropometric and biochemical variables except cortisol between the two groups (P< 0.05). None of the polymorphisms showed a significant association with obesity. Carriers of the A allele of the rs17366743 polymorphism had lower total and LDL cholesterol levels compared to TT individuals. Other polymorphisms did not show an association with adiponectin and other anthropometric and biochemical variables. Conclusion: Adiponectin levels were associated with obesity, but no association was found between ADIPOQ gene polymorphisms with adiponectin and obesity. The A allele of the rs17366743 polymorphism is associated with lower levels of cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL), which may indicate the association of the rs17366743 polymorphism with lipid profile and the protective role of the A allele.
Background: Interval training is an effective strategy for reducing body fat and controlling insulin levels in overweight and obese individuals, improving metabolic health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on serum levels of adiponectin, lipocalin 2, interleukin 10, and C reactive protein in inactive middle aged obese women. Methods: This semi experimental study was conducted using a pre test–post test design with a control group. Twenty middle aged obese women with a body mass index (BMI) over 30 kg/m² were randomly assigned to the exercise (n= 10) and control (n= 10) groups. The exercise group performed HIIT sessions three times per week for eight weeks at 60–100% heart rate reserve. Blood samples were collected 24 hours before the intervention and 48 hours after the last session. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and paired t tests at a significance level of P<0.05. Results: In the exercise group, serum levels of adiponectin and interleukin 10 significantly increased (P< 0.05), while lipocalin 2 and C reactive protein significantly decreased (P< 0.05). No significant changes were observed in the control group. Between group comparisons after the intervention showed higher adiponectin and interleukin 10 and lower lipocalin 2 and CRP levels in the exercise group compared to controls. Conclusion: Overall, high intensity interval training appears to mitigate the adverse effects of obesity by modulating pro and anti inflammatory factors.
Background: Type 2 diabetes is a major global health challenge, necessitating the development of accurate prediction models for early intervention. This study aimed to assess the performance of machine learning models in predicting the long-term incidence of diabetes and to identify predictive metabolic biomarkers based on data from the Yazd Healthy Heart Cohort. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 906 non-diabetic individuals from the Yazd Healthy Heart Cohort with a 20-year follow-up. Five machine learning models (Logistic Regression, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Random Forest) were implemented based on 17 demographic, clinical, and biochemical variables. The data were randomly split into 70% for training and 30% for testing. Model performance was evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation and metrics including accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, F1-Score, and Area Under the Curve- Receiver Operator Characteristic (AUC-ROC). Results: During the study, 340 participants (37.5%) developed diabetes. None of the models achieved satisfactory performance (AUC> 0.8). The best performance was observed for the LDA model in the 10-year prediction, with an accuracy of 73% and an AUC of 0.70, although its sensitivity was low (47%). The composite indices triglyceride-glucose (TyG) and atherogenic plasma index (AIP) were identified as the strongest predictors across most models. Conclusion: Although composite biomarkers such as TyG show significant predictive potential, conventional machine learning models using baseline data are insufficient for predicting diabetes incidence over long-term horizons. The development of dynamic models that incorporate temporal changes in variables and complex pathophysiological interactions is essential to achieve acceptable accuracy in long-term prediction.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most prevalent endocrine and metabolic disorders among women of reproductive age. Evolving diagnostic criteria—from the initial Stein–Leventhal report through the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rotterdam, and Androgen Excess and PCOS Society (AE PCOS) frameworks, along with international guidelines—have advanced understanding of the condition. However, the former name, which highlights the morphological feature “cyst”, fails to reflect its systemic and multifaceted nature. In response, a global consensus process has introduced “Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS)” as the chosen term, designed to accurately mirror the underlying pathophysiology. This review explains the rationale for renaming and provides a comprehensive overview of the polyendocrine pathophysiology, phenotypic classification, metabolic associations, and systemic consequences. Within this framework, the transition from an ovary centric view to that of a systemic metabolic disorder enables a more integrated explanation of disease mechanisms; PMOS pathophysiology is viewed as the interplay of neuroendocrine disturbances, insulin resistance, adipose tissue dysfunction, and chronic low grade inflammation, with associated reproductive, cardiovascular, metabolic, and psychological outcomes. Phenotypic classification based on the Rotterdam criteria is proposed as a clinical tool for metabolic risk stratification, although insulin resistance can occur independently of phenotype. Renaming to PMOS, by accurately capturing the systemic nature of the syndrome, facilitates early screening, multidisciplinary care, and reduced disease burden, while its gradual alignment with international classifications ensures sustainable global adoption.
Background: Gestational hypertension is one of the high-risk pregnancies. Gestational hypertension can lead to important consequences such as Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), placental abruption, thromboembolism, maternal death and finally reduce the mother's quality of life. Considering the conflicting results regarding the relationship between gestational hypertension and quality of life, the present systematic review and meta-analysis study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between gestational hypertension and quality of life. Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, published articles in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases were searched using English keyword hypertension, gestational hypertension, pregnancy, quality of life, and quality of life in pregnancy without publication date limit. Data analysis was done with employing STATA14 software. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 index which was 0%. Therefore, the fixed effects method was used to combine the data and perform meta-analysis. Results: The results of the current meta-analysis based on the fixed effects model showed that, in the psychological subscale, the mean standardized difference was (P= 0.008, (-0.14, -0.93): confidence interval [CI], standardized mean difference [SMD]= -0.35) and there was a statistically significant difference between the two intervention and control groups. So that the quality of life in the gestational hypertension group was lower than the healthy group, however in physical, social and environmental dimensions, there was no significant difference between the quality of life of healthy and hypertensive groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: Gestational hypertension can lead to a decrease in the quality of life of pregnant women and expose them to the risks and complications of reducing the quality of life in high-risk pregnancies. Therefore, health care providers should provide adequate support according to the needs of the mother and develop diagnostic and treatment protocols to improve the health level of mothers
Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of unsupervised low-volume high-intensity interval training on serum subfatin and interleukin-4 levels in men with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 20 men with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into two groups: unsupervised exercise and control. Eight weeks of low-volume high-intensity interval training were prescribed to the subjects in the exercise group, which were to be performed unsupervised and individually, three sessions per week at a specified intensity for eight weeks. The total duration of the exercise session was 21 to 28 minutes. Before and after the intervention, anthropometric measurements were performed and blood samples were taken from the subjects. To examine the differences between groups, the analysis of covariance test was used. Results: After eight weeks of intervention, no significant changes were observed in body weight (p= 0.26), body mass index (p= 0.32), and body fat mass (p= 0.13) in the exercise prescription group. Also, at the end of the study, no significant differences were observed in fasting glucose (p= 0.25), serum subfatin (p= 0.25), and interleukin-4 (p= 0.29) levels between the unsupervised exercise and control groups. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that prescribing low-intensity interval training in an unsupervised manner does not have a significant effect on improving anthropometric indices, fasting glucose, and subfatin and interleukin-4 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it is recommended that more studies on this type of training be conducted in a supervised manner.
Background: In the present study, the levels of three short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) including acetate, propionate, and butyrate were investigated in the follicular fluid of obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in comparison with PCOS women with normal-weight. Methods: Fifteen women with PCOS diagnosed according to the Rotterdam criteria that were obese (BMI ≤30 kg/m2) and 15 women with normal-weight (Body mass index [BMI] = 18.5-24.9 kg/m2) were matched for age and dietary intake and entered the study. Follicular fluid samples were collected after ovarian stimulation and the levels of acetate, propionate, and butyrate were measured by GC/MS after esterification. Results: The mean BMI in the obese group was 33.4 ± 0.7 and in the normal group were 23.3 ± 0.4 kg/m2. PCOS women with normal BMI had higher concentrations of acetate and butyrate in the follicular fluid compared to the normal-weight (p= 0.01). Higher age and BMI were associated with higher concentrations of propionate in follicular fluid (p= 0.003 and p= 0.01, respectively). Conclusion: The concentrations of SCFAs in women with PCOS are affected by BMI. However, there is a need to conduct a study in healthy (non-patient) women to reach a concise result. One of the hypotheses could be due to changes in the follicular fluid microbiome and consequently changes in the metabolic status of these individuals. There is a need for further studies in this area to obtain more accurate results.
Background: Sexual dysfunction is a prevalent, underdiagnosed, and impactful complication of type 2 diabetes in men, involving multiple physiological, psychological, and social dimensions. This narrative review aimed to comprehensively examine the current evidence regarding the role of exercise interventions in improving sexual function among men with type 2 diabetes through a multidimensional lens. Methods: A narrative review was conducted based on a systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. Eligible studies included clinical trials, systematic reviews, and basic research focused on exercise and sexual function in men with diabetes. The analysis addressed physiological mechanisms, clinical outcomes, psychological factors, and research gaps. Results: The evidence suggests that exercise improves sexual function in men with type 2 diabetes through multiple pathways, including enhanced insulin sensitivity, increased testosterone levels, improved penile vascular function, and psychological benefits such as reduced performance anxiety, depression, and improved body image. The type, intensity, and duration of exercise were found to be crucial in determining the outcomes. This review also identified significant research gaps, such as the lack of long-term trials and limited focus on neurohormonal mechanisms. Conclusion: It seems that exercise is a safe, non-pharmacological, and effective intervention with substantial potential to improve sexual function in men with type 2 diabetes. The findings of this review can inform integrated therapeutic protocols and guide clinical practices aimed at enhancing sexual health in this population. A personalized exercise approach, supported by a multidisciplinary team, is recommended as part of formal care for diabetic men experiencing sexual dysfunction.
Background: Regular physical activity is recognized as one of the most effective clinical interventions for reducing Asprosin levels in individuals with obesity. The present review aimed to investigate the effects of physical exercise on serum Asprosin levels in healthy obese men and women. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate up to February 2025. Inclusion criteria comprised studies involving healthy obese adults as participants, with interventions consisting of structured physical activity or exercise protocols. Studies including individuals with normal weight or overweight, or those using dietary supplements, were excluded. Ultimately, six studies met the eligibility criteria. Extracted data included participant characteristics, type and intensity of intervention, exercise duration, and the method of serum Asprosin measurement. Study quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Results: A total of six studies examining various types of physical activity—including high-intensity resistance training, aerobic exercise, and combined exercise-dietary interventions—were included. All studies reported that regular physical activity led to reductions in serum Asprosin levels in healthy obese men and women. Despite differences in intervention type and intensity, the overall trend consistently indicated a decrease in Asprosin levels. Due to heterogeneity in study design, intervention type, and duration, a meta-analysis was not feasible, and results were summarized qualitatively. Conclusion: The findings of this review suggest that high-intensity resistance training has the most pronounced effect on lowering Asprosin levels. Furthermore, combined interventions, such as aerobic-resistance training alongside dietary modifications, demonstrated the greatest impact on reducing Asprosin. Regular physical activity, particularly when performed at higher intensities, plays a crucial role in obesity management through Asprosin reduction.
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with metabolic, hormonal, and genetic disorders. The lack of defined biomarkers makes diagnosis difficult. High-accuracy hybrid models enable early diagnosis. The aim of the present study is to train a hybrid model with metabolic and reproductive indicators for early diagnosis and provide healthy lifestyle strategies. Methods: Data from 7000 fertile and infertile women and those without PCOS were processed, and then a dataset of 550 women was prepared, and 7, 10 and 15 subsets of important features were selected using random forest (RF) and were used to train hybrid models Voting classifier, LG, SVC, XGBoost. Results: After selecting three groups of important features and training the models, the Voting classifier model could diagnose PCOS with an accuracy of over 95%. Anti-Mullerian (AMH) is considered an important diagnostic tool. In addition, sex hormones and markers such as fasting glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, vitamin D3, and thyroid hormones can be used for early diagnosis of this syndrome. Conclusion: It is possible to identify polycystic ovary syndrome using machine learning models without expensive highprecision tests, which will help doctors and clinicians make informed decisions and reduce harmful messages.
Background: Childhood obesity is linked to adult obesity and chronic diseases. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of High-intensity functional training (HIFT) and High-intensity interval training (HIIT) on physiological variables and functional capacity in overweight and obese, untrained adolescents. Methods: Thirty overweight and obese adolescents were randomly assigned to three equal groups: control [14.30 ± 0.82 years, body mass index (BMI)= 30.23 ± 2.11], HIIT (14.10 ± 0.87 years, BMI= 29.17 ± 2.51), and HIFT (13.40 ± 0.82 years, BMI= 29.42 ± 2.56). Participants in the experimental groups followed an HIIT and HIFT training protocol for six weeks. Before and after the intervention, anthropometric indices and serum levels of leptin and omentin were measured. Data were analyzed using mixed ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc tests. Results: HIFT significantly reduced body weight and BMI compared to the control group (P< 0.05), while HIIT showed no significant effect (P> 0.05). Serum leptin levels were significantly lower in both experimental groups compared to the control group (P< 0.01). Notably, only HIFT significantly increased omentin levels compared to the control group (P< 0.001). No significant effect was observed on the waist-to-hip ratio (P> 0.05). Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that both HIFT and HIIT can lead to improvements in anthropometric indices and serum levels of omentin and leptin in overweight and obese adolescents. However, HIFT appears to be a more effective intervention.
Background: Decision-making is a cognitive process with complex neural underpinnings, fundamental to all human behavior. This study reviewed existing research to present a comprehensive model of this process, integrating the functions of specific brain regions with cognitive and emotional factors to create a complete framework. Methods: Using a qualitative approach, we conducted a literature review across reputable databases. Neurocognitive factors were extracted and validated through a series of expert panel sessions with eight specialists. The final conceptual model was designed, and its validity was confirmed through a multi-stage consensus process. Results: The model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the neurocognitive mechanisms of decisionmaking. It integrates cognitive, emotional, and motivational factors—such as intention, emotion, and cognitive reserve— to explain how choices are made and outcomes are evaluated. The model emphasizes the key roles of the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system, and demonstrates how external stimuli influence this process. Conclusion: This validated model offers an integrated framework for the decision-making process, highlighting the interplay between key brain regions and cognitive and emotional factors. The model has important applications in education, psychotherapy, and designing interventions to improve decision-making skills
Background: National Document for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and Related Risk Factors, developed in 2015, serves as Iran’s roadmap for guiding health policies to manage NCDs. After a decade, assessing its implementation and progress is essential. We aimed to review and synthesize existing evidence on the implementation status of the document’s interventions, and identify facilitators, barriers, and strategies to enhance its execution. Methods: Following the PRISMA-ScR 2020 checklist, a systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SID databases, Google Scholar, organizational repositories, and reference lists of related studies in Persian and English. Research or review studies that evaluated at least one objective or intervention of the national document—using health or health system indicators in Iran—were included. Three researchers independently performed screening and data extraction. Data were analyzed narratively and organized into thematic categories. Results: Overall, 78 studies, reports, and national documents were included. Implemented actions encompassed establishing committees, developing action plans, integrating services into the health system, revising standards, producing educational materials, launching registries, and signing multisectoral cooperation agreements. Facilitators included legal support, intersectoral collaboration capacities, service delivery structures, and community capabilities. Major challenges were deficiencies in the national document, limited resources, weak coordination, and external disruptions such as COVID-19 and sanctions. Recommended strategies emphasized strengthening cost-effective interventions, continuous monitoring, securing sustainable resources, improving service delivery models, and enhancing multi-sectoral approaches. Conclusion: Successful implementation of NCD prevention and control policies requires evidence-informed policymaking, prioritization of cost-effective interventions, ongoing evaluation, and sustained managerial support.
Background: Obesity is one of the causes of diabetes. On the other hand, exercise along with cinnamon supplementation has been recommended as an important approach for controlling and preventing obesity and its related complications, such as diabetes and insulin resistance. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the combined effect of exercise training and cinnamon supplementation on glycemic indices in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Methods: A systematic search of English and Persian articles published in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Magiran, Google Scholar, NorMags, Irandoc, and SID databases was conducted up to January 2025. In data analysis, a randomeffects model was used to calculate the weighted mean difference (WMD), standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Also, heterogeneity of studies was assessed with the I² test. Results: In total, 11 studies involving 230 participants with obesity and type 2 diabetes were meta-analyzed. The results indicated that the combination of exercise training and cinnamon supplementation significantly reduced glucose (WMD = -13.317 [95% CI: -19.599 to -7.034]; P = 0.001) and insulin resistance (WMD = -1.098 [95% CI: -1.577 to -0.618]; P = 0.001) compared to the control group in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, insulin levels did not show a significant change (WMD = -2.123 [95% CI: -4.333 to 0.088]; P = 0.060). Conclusion: The results of the present meta-analysis demonstrated that the combination of exercise training and cinnamon supplementation improves glucose and insulin resistance in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes. These beneficial effects are not accompanied by changes in insulin levels.
Background: The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Mindfulness Training on social isolation, sense of coherence, and body appreciation in overweight girls. Methods: This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test/post-test control group. The statistical population consisted of overweight girls aged 14 to 18 in the city of Sari during the 2024-2025 academic year. A sample of 32 participants was selected via purposive sampling and then randomly assigned to either an experimental or a control group. The experimental group received Compassion-Focused Mindfulness Training, delivered in eight structured sessions, while the control group received no intervention. The Compassion-Focused Mindfulness protocol was developed and administered based on the therapeutic framework proposed by Sadeghi et al. (2021), the instruments used in this study included: the Body Appreciation Questionnaire by Mendelson et al. (2001), the Sense of Coherence Scale by Antonovsky (1987), the Social Isolation Questionnaire by Madrasi Yazdi et al. (2017), the collected data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA & MANCOVA) were performed using SPSS software, version 26. Results: The results indicated that Compassion-Focused Mindfulness Training had a significant effect on self-worth, sense of coherence, and social isolation in overweight girls. Specifically, this training led to a reduction in social isolation and an improvement in self-worth and sense of coherence among the participants. (Wilks' Lambda = 0.151, F = 11.787, P< 0.001). Conclusion: Compassion-Focused Mindfulness Training, by emphasizing the non-judgmental acceptance of experiences and fostering a meaning-centered approach, can play a vital role in enhancing psychological well-being, regulating emotions, and improving social interactions. Therefore, incorporating this effective intervention for vulnerable groups, particularly overweight girls, is crucial for designing supportive and therapeutic strategies and can significantly contribute to improving their quality of life
Background: Type 2 diabetes is a common chronic metabolic disease whose effective management requires attention to psychological and interpersonal factors. This study aimed to examine the relationship between the Perceived Spousal Sacrificial Behavior and self-efficacy with behavior management in patients with type2 diabetes. Methods: This descriptive-correlational and cross-sectional study was conducted among married patients with type 2 diabetes who were referred to endocrinology and metabolism centers and primary health care units in Sari, Iran. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 97 participants were selected using purposive sampling. The research instruments included the Perceived Spousal Sacrifice Scale (Harper & Figuerres, 2008), the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale (Fappa et al 2016), and the Behavioral Management Scale (Toobert et al., 2000). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 through descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis). Results: Perception of the Perceived Spousal Sacrificial Behavior and self-efficacy showed a significant positive correlation with behavioral management among diabetic patients (p < 0.01). Together, these variables explained 30% of the variance in behavioral management, with Perceived Spousal Sacrificial Behavior making a greater contribution to prediction. Conclusion: The findings highlight the significant role of Perceived Spousal Sacrificial Behavior and self-efficacy in improving behavioral management among patients with type 2 diabetes. Enhancing spousal support and strengthening patients’ self-efficacy through educational and psychological interventions may promote better self-care behaviors and disease control.
Background: Diabetes is a chronic condition that can significantly impairs quality of life and requires long-term care due to its complications. Effective self-care education plays a key role in blood glucose control and in the prevention of diabetes-related complications. Telenursing is considered a promising approach to enhance self-care education in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This study was a systematic review conducted using a three-stage search strategy. Using Persian and English keywords including "telenursing," "self-care," and "diabetes," as well as their MeSH equivalents, relevant literature was searched in Persian databases (Magiran, SID) and international databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar) within the time frame of 2000 to 2023. After applying inclusion criteria, 17 out of 1,092 retrieved articles were selected for final review and analysis. Results: A total of 1,092 articles were initially retrieved. After removing duplicates and applying the inclusion criteria, 17 relevant articles were included in the review. These studies evaluated the use of telenursing—either via telephone or in combination with other technologies—for effectively improving self-care behaviors in diabetic patients. Conclusion: The findings indicated that telephone calls can serve as a potential method of remote nursing care for educating patients on diabetes self-management. Nurses can utilize telenursing as an effective and efficient educational tool to enhance blood glucose control in diabetic patients. This approach not only improves the quality of healthcare services but also empowers patients to manage their disease more consciously and prevent its complications.
