Groundwater is the primary source of drinking and irrigation water for nearly 85% of India’s population, making its quality vital for public health and agricultural sustainability. This study investigates the seasonal variation of groundwater quality in villages situated within the industrial belt of Chandrapur district, Maharashtra, with a particular focus on fluoride contamination. Groundwater samples were collected from deep aquifers at seven sites in Korpana Subdistrict and analyzed for physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness, total alkalinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and fluoride. Fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.80 to 2.50 mg/L, with several summer samples exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline limit of 1.5 mg/L. Elevated fluoride levels were associated with health risks, including dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, and bone deformities in both children and adults. Seasonal assessment revealed that monsoonal recharge diluted fluoride concentrations, reducing contamination levels. The findings underscore the urgent need for continuous groundwater monitoring supported by sustainable management measures. These include cost-effective defluoridation technologies, promotion of alternative water sources, and community-based awareness initiatives. Together, such efforts are essential to reduce fluoride-related health risks and ensure safe drinking water security in Chandrapur district. Keywords: Groundwater quality, Fluoride contamination, Seasonal variation, Chandrapur, Public health
From the last few years researchers have made lot of efforts to explore anticancer agents from medicinal plants. In the present study, cytotoxic and apoptotic property of Chrysopogon zizaniodes root and Acorus calamus rhizome extracts were evaluated by MTT assay using UMR-106 bone cancer cell lines. The IC50 value of C. zizaniodes and A. calamus was 265.5 µg / ml and 308.7 µg / ml respectively on UMR-106 bone cancer cell line and that of standard doxorubicin was 19.79 µg/ml. As the IC50 value of C. zizaniodes was comparatively less than that of A. calamus, the apoptotic experiment was continued with C. zizaniodes. Treatment of UMR-106 cell line with sample C. zizanioides at 160 µg /ml and 320 µg / ml concentration was known to induce apoptosis.
Recombination degrades a solar cell. Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination occurs in a solar cell due to the presence of defects. Defects control the lifetime of electrons and holes, and in a good solar cell these lifetimes should be as high as possible. Thus, it is a priority to know the SRH lifetimes in a working solar cell with good precision. Only if the lifetimes are measured properly can a protocol on how to increase them by minimizing the defects be followed. Standard methods are available which extracts SRH lifetimes from solar cell test structures. In this work, we use a method which is less costly and complex and applies to solar cells directly rather than test structures. In a GaAs PIN solar cell, we study how a varying absorber thickness and electron hole lifetime asymmetry affect this method, and we suggest a way to read the SRH lifetimes from graphs of simply processed experimental data. A method to find the SRH lifetime for any absorber thickness between 1–100 μm is proposed.
Typically, when an observer witnesses an action being performed by an agent, their Mirror Neuron System initiates a motor simulation of that action. It has been argued that mirror neurons and the cortical areas of the action observation network (AON) enable our capacity to comprehend activities at these levels. The empirical evidence for this suggested role is scant but according to existing theories, the visual brain of primates is split into two functionally separate networks. The dorsal route calculates an object's position and any activities associated with it, while the ventral pathway computes an object's identity. In this two-route paradigm, mirror neurons encode this concrete representation of the event, which serves as a precedent to forecast the sensory effects of this activity via the AON pathway of dorsal route. Although still popular, the two visual pathways concept needs to be updated. This review gives an idea about mirror neurons and discusses their role in AON.
Multi-item investigation with a multi-purchaser inventory system exposes remarkable perceptions of improved demand enhancement in overall income and manufacturing time proficiency. Similarly, lower transporting costs for multiple items positively influence minimum integrated total cost by lead time suitability. Owing to the imprecision of several factors, the objective seems to be inaccurate. As the development of fuzzy objective is uncertain, a model is formulated to suit assured problems and doubtful earnings with some indecision. The model is solved by means of graded mean integration technique with the addition of Kuhn-Tucker method when the fuzzy equivalent of the problem remains available. An algorithm is established to attain each item's optimal order quantity for each purchaser and the minimum integrated total cost for a whole inventory system. The evaluation of a fuzzy multi-item, multi-purchaser inventory system through crisp multi-item, multi-purchaser inventory system is completed utilizing mathematical illustrations. Lastly, the graphical demonstration establishes the suggested system.
Now-a-days, most people are concerned about their health. Good health means almost free from all kind of diseases. Among these diseases, kidney stone disease is one of the most common ailments (3rd place) in the world. The most emerging technique for the treatment of kidney stone is the use of medicinal plants(leaf, fruit, flower, whole plant, etc) because it is more economic and fewer side effect. The present research work is the study of the effects of locally available fruits of Manipur on kidney stones formation(mainly calcium oxalate stone formation) both in the aqueous and urinary media. Fruits are providing antioxidants, antibiotics, antiurolithiatic property, etc. The statistical correlation study report has that when investigating the effect of fruit extract in aqueous and urinary media, a highly significant linear relationship was observed between Inhibition (0.1%) and the concentration of Ca2+ in solution (g). However, weak linear relations (P>0.05) were observed between Inhibition (0.1%) and Ca2+ in precipitate (g), as well as between the concentration of Ca2+ in solution (g) and Ca2+ in precipitate (g).Among the fruits studied, Celtis australis has the highest inhibitory effect on calcium oxalate(COX) stone formation in aqueous medium while Citrus latipes has the highest inhibitory effect on COX stone formation in the urinary medium.
The main objective of this investigation is to analyse NaCl-induced morphological and biochemical changes in Aedes albopictus. Ae. albopictus larvae were treated with distinct concentrations of NaCl to establish morphological as well as biochemical responses. Larval mortality was recorded after 24-hour exposure period to determine the LC50 value by using Probit Analysis, IBM’s SPSS 29 Programme and Student’s t-test. The NaCl solution caused a notable mortality after 24h experimental period. The LC50 value of NaCl in Ae. albopictus was found to be 1.7% and hence the sub-lethal dose, 1.3% NaCl, was used for further analyses. Morphological studies of eggs and fourth instar larvae of Ae. albopictus displayed severe morphological alterations in the treated samples as contrasted with those of the untreated groups. In the fourth instar larvae of Ae. albopictus,the total protein, total free amino acid and major antioxidant enzymes such as GST and GPx were found to be increased, and the activities of SOD, CAT and AChE were substantially declined as compared with those of the control group. NaCl adversely affects the growth and development of Ae. albopictus and leads to mortality due to metabolic as well as biochemical imbalances.
We propose a theoretical approach considering Landau type free energy expansion in order to understand the electroclinic effect appearing very close to the transition region between Smectic-C* to Smectic-A* phases. A new secondary order parameter is considered, and expressing it as the fluctuations of the applied field very close to the transition point, the capacitive nature of the system is addressed successfully at this very region. More over we have been able to show that the modulated Smectic-C* phase may be considered to be responsible for the origination of the electroclinic behavior.
With the swift progress in the automotive sector and the increase in time spent within vehicles, consumer expectations for cars have increasingly focused on enhanced comfort. Among the participants, 95% factored in in-car air quality when selecting a vehicle, with about half of them considering it an important element in their purchasing decisions. Complaints about in-vehicle odors have long been a primary source of consumer dissatisfaction. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from interior materials of vehicles play a major role in forming the overall odor profile. Being exposed to VOCs within vehicles can result in both immediate and long-term health issues, including headaches, eye irritation, dizziness, allergic reactions, and respiratory concerns. Additionally, unpleasant odors may lead to both physiological and psychological challenges, such as stress and changes in mood. As such, the concerns surrounding in-car air quality and undesirable odors remain significant. While deodorizing a car is a technical task, using natural materials like activated carbon charcoal makes it relatively straightforward. Activated charcoal is created by heating charcoal in the presence of a gas, resulting in pores that enhance its ability to adsorb chemicals. Given their small size and low-volume pores, activated carbons are more effective at adsorption compared to absorption due to their increased surface area. Activated charcoal is recognized worldwide as a remedy. It possesses various functional characteristics, including a desirable self-air filtering capacity. In addition to its antimicrobial properties, its ability to reduce odors underscores the importance of activated charcoal in both medical and industrial textiles. This paper highlights the characteristics of activated charcoal and its potential uses to eliminate odors from synthetic textile materials in automotive interiors.
This paper delves into the exploration of extremally disconnected spaces within the context of neutrosophic nano topological space. It introduces a novel space termed neutrosophic nano mixed space, created through the fusion of neutrosophic nano minimal structure and neutrosophic nano topology. The primary objective is to investigate extremal disconnectedness within this new space, shedding light on its properties and implications. Furthermore, the research examines the characterization of various types of open sets within the neutrosophic nano mixed space. As an extension, we gave a bio-mathematical application of neutrosophic nano extremal disconnectedness.
The pressure parameter in the equation of state (EoS) of the cosmic fluid that varies inversely as the square of the scale factor is a possibility to explain the evolution of our flat universe, presently expanding with an increasing acceleration under the negative pressure of a dynamic dark energy. The proposed model demonstrates the switch over from a state of decelerating expansion to a state of accelerating expansion of the universe using a simple equation of state consistent with the cosmological observations by introducing an effective pressure parameter in the equation of state for the cosmic fluid which comprises of radiation, matter and dark energy.
Four novel charge transfer (CT) complexes were synthesized between imidazole-based donors and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) as the electron acceptor at room temperature in dichloromethane and acetone. CT complex formation was confirmed by characteristic n → π* and π → π* electronic transitions in UV-Vis spectra. Stoichiometric analysis using Job's method revealed 1:1 and 2:1 donor–acceptor ratios for imidazole and N-methylimidazole, respectively. Among the synthesized complexes, those containing N-methylimidazole displayed higher stability constants, negative Gibbs free energy changes (ΔG⁰), and molar extinction coefficients (ε), reflecting spontaneous as well as stable complexation. Additionally, the lowest CT transition energies (ECT) in dichloromethane confirmed stronger donor–acceptor interactions in the less polar solvent. DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level were carried out to further validate donor strength. N-methylimidazole exhibited the greater HOMO energy, low HOMO–LUMO energy gap (ΔE) and the most favourable global reactivity descriptors—chemical softness and chemical potential—affirming its better electron-donating ability compared to imidazole.
Vanadium Carbide-Carbon Shells nanomaterial was synthesized using hydrothermal method with the help of several steps and also, nano alpha-aluminium oxide was synthesized using solid combustion synthesis process. Preparation of aluminium oxide/vanadium carbide-carbon shells composite was done through as aluminium oxide reinforced with 5 wt. % vanadium carbide-carbon shells. A platelet like structure was observed for vanadium carbide-carbon shell from the SEM images. The XRD graph of α-aluminium oxide was shown with sharp peak which indicates that the nanomaterial was crystalline and xrd graph of vanadium carbide-carbon shells show semi crystalline nature. The densities of the sintered samples were calculated and the percentage of densification achieved as compared to the theoretical value was obtained. The compressive strength of pure alumina sample achieved was 7.28 MPa. As observed from the graph, it can infer that the sample has very less compressive strength at the outer layer. The compressive strength of vanadium carbide reinforced alumina sample achieved was 12.57 Mpa. This shows a considerable increase in the compressive strength of the alumina matrix composite because of addition of 5 wt% vanadium carbide. It can be concluded that related to thermal stability, this material has the capability to maintain the largest possible temperature difference across its faces over a shorter duration without any deformations.
This review initiative had explored the applicability of the extract isolated from various plant parts of Sapindus (S.) species as the potential green corrosion inhibitor (GCI). Additionally, insights on topics like plant extracts in broad, concept of corrosion inhibition by the pool of biomolecules, use of (S.) species plant parts as the extract to retard corrosion of metals/alloys, composition of (S.) species extract, extraction techniques, etc were also covered. This article would form a platform to establish the present global status of (S.) species towards corrosion inhibition filed and related sectors (surfactant based). The favorable functional groups featuring in the biomolecules (having maximum hydrophilic part) along with the dominant inhibitor component (saponins) present in the (S.) extract had assisted the effective inhibition of corrosion in metals/alloys. This behavior of the extract (having the pool of biomolecules) can be attributed to various factors like superior adsorption, firm complexation and impermeable layer development over the surface of metal/alloy. This review initiative can promote the use of (S.) extract in commercial scale to retard the corrosion of various metals/alloys and hence can add financial angle for the cultivators.
Nickel nano ferrite was effectively synthesized utilizing the hydrothermal method, followed by a comprehensive analysis of its characteristics. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses established the average crystallite size to be 34.10 nm. The existence of iron oxide and the formation of nano ferrites were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which displays absorption peaks at 573 cm1 and 481 cm1 in. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) displayed an average particle size of around 80 nm, while Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy determined a direct band gap energy of 1.5 eV. These results emphasize the extraordinary nanoscale and optical properties associated with the synthesized nickel nano ferrite, and can be used in the field of storage devices, catalysts for chemical processes & in semiconductor applications.
Biomarkers play a vital role in detecting the presence of disease or medical condition of interest. The challenging tasks in clinical diagnosis are to interpret the performance of biomarkers. To evaluate the biomarkers efficiency, the most advantageous tool used is Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve. For two class problems (abnormal and normal), various models and alternatives are developed to find the biomarker’s performance. In this study, the two class problem has been further extended to the three-class problem i.e. (normal, suspicious and abnormal). The three-class exponential ROC model, Volume Under the ROC Surface (VUS), asymptotic variance and Confidence Interval (CI) for VUS have been derived. The model has been validated using a simulated data and for the real-life dataset from the underlying distribution.
The global surge in multidrug-resistant infections calls for the development of new therapeutic agents. This study presents the preparation and characteristics of a 5-Amino-1-isonicotinoyl-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile (AINDPC). Electronic structure and reactivity were evaluated using quantum chemical methods, while molecular docking was used to assess its interaction with microbial target proteins, indicating strong antimicrobial potential. Pharmacokinetic profiling confirmed favorable drug-like characteristics and bioavailability. The compound also exhibited notable antimicrobial activity against various bacterial and fungal strains.
The prevalence of diabetes and metabolic disorders is increasing globally, necessitating effective management of blood sugar levels. Advances in machine learning offer innovative solutions for predicting sugar levels and providing personalized food recommendations. Current treatments, including oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin, often have serious side effects. This research models the sugar content in food based on nutritional data, using machine learning to find relationships between nutrients like carbohydrates, starch, protein, fat, calcium, iodine, iron, potassium, and sugar levels. The model then recommends suitable foods based on an individual's blood sugar levels. Results show that the proposed model accurately predicts sugar content in food and provides appropriate recommendations for diabetic patients with 97% accuracy.
A new class of contaminants known as microplastics (MPs) has emerged in our environment due to the increased production and consumption of plastic products. Among the various sources of microplastics are larger plastic wastes, synthetic fabrics, and industrial goods. Microplastics, from surface waters to deep-sea sediments, are everywhere in the marine food web. Marine environments, especially marine invertebrates, which provide essential seafood, are being threatened by microplastic pollution. Marine invertebrates are particularly vulnerable to the ingestion, bioaccumulation, and related toxicological consequences of microplastics despite their crucial roles in trophic dynamics and biogeochemical cycles. This review article investigates microplastics' prevalence, sources, and effects on marine invertebrates worldwide. Results from multiple studies are compiled in this review to illustrate the extent of microplastic pollution in different marine environments and the biological consequences for invertebrate species. Important discoveries reveal that various marine invertebrates consume microplastics, negatively impacting their physiology, reproduction rates, and survival. The review addresses the trophic transfer of microplastics within food webs, the interaction with co-contaminants, and the potential for long-term ecological consequences. As part of the review, gaps in current research are identified and future directions are suggested for investigating the effects of microplastic pollution on marine ecosystems.
The emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen Candida auris poses a serious global public health threat. Since its identification in 2009, C. auris has rapidly spread worldwide and can cause difficult-to-treat nosocomial outbreaks and invasive infections with high mortality. C. auris exhibits frequent resistance to azoles, echinocandins, and polyenes, creating challenges for its clinical management. Its ability to persistently colonise patients and contaminate hospital environments also facilitates easy transmission. This review summarises current knowledge on C. Auris global epidemiology, mechanisms of antifungal resistance, limitations of current treatments, and emerging novel therapies under investigation. Ongoing research priorities include improving diagnostics, elucidating pathogenesis, developing new therapies, and optimising infection control. Mitigating the public health risks of this formidable fungal pathogen remains an urgent goal requiring focused efforts across multiple domains.
