Background Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (CN) and Oreochromis niloticus (ON) health status were investigated in Asejire Reservoir (AR) and Lagos Lagoon (LL), South-west Nigeria. Fish samples collected were separated into sexes. Growth pattern {length (cm); weight (g), Isometric index, condition factor ( K )} were measured. Heavy metals (lead (Pb), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and chromium (Cr) in ppm concentrations were determined in Lagos Lagoon and Asejire reservoir. Results Fish samples ranged at one male to one or two females. No significant difference in length and weight of O. niloticus between locations. Significant difference in weight occurred in C. nigrodigitatus between locations; highest condition factor was recorded in Asejire Reservoir O. niloticus, (ARON); lowest condition factor was observed in Asejire Reservoir C. nigrodigitatus (ARCN) as this indicated a negative allometric value, normal in Bagridae species. Male species possessed higher condition ( K )—factor than female species within locations, between locations, between species, and within species, female C. nigrodigitatus having higher condition factor than male ARCN. Highest isometric value occurred in ARON and lowest in Lagos Lagoon C. nigrodigitatus (LLCN) . Male ARON had highest isometric value, and O. niloticus species had higher isometric value ( b ≤ 3) and positive allometric ( b > 3); and C. nigrodigitatus has negative allometric ( b < 3). Heavy metals Zn had highest value, while Cr ranked lowest value for ARON. Lagos Lagoon O. niloticus (LLON) Zn had highest value while Pb had lowest value. LLCN heavy metals determined revealed Zn had highest value, while Cr had lowest value; and ARCN heavy metals determined revealed Zn had highest value, and Cr had lowest. In all, Zinc (Zn) was top-ranked. Conclusion Results indicate niche response and performance as species specific; while environmental influence and stressors, food availability and reproduction factors contribute to well-being of fish. The heavy metals influence on the fish species is of public concern to man to avoid food poisoning.
In the current experiment, the in vitro anticoccidial effect of Vitis venifera (grape seed) extract was evaluated. For this purpose, an in vitro sporulation inhbition assay was used. Collected oocysts of four Eimeria species (E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. brunetti and E. mitis) were exposed to six different concentrations (w/v) of Vitis vinifera extract (VVE) in 10% Dimethylsulphoxide solution (DMSO), while Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and Potassium dichromate solution (K2Cr2O7) served as control groups. The results of the present study revealed that V. vinifera extract showed inhibitory effect on sporulation (%) and damage (%) of Eimeria oocysts in a dose dependent manner as compared to both control groups. V. vinifera extract also damaged the morhology of oocysts in terms of shape, size and number of sporocysts.
BACKGROUND AND AIM:Toll-like receptors (TLRs) comprise microbial sensing receptors present on cell surfaces that are capable of detecting pathogens. The present study aims to examine the expression of TLRs within the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) of the Betong chickens.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Blood samples were harvested from 12 Betong (KU line) chickens. Hematological values were calculated. PBMC was isolated from the blood utilizing a Histopaque solution and stored in a RPMI1640 culture medium. Cell viability was investigated using a Trypan Blue dye exclusion test. DNA was extracted from PBMC and the expression of the DNA's TLRs was examined using a polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS:Hematological values were determined from the blood samples collected in this study obtained from healthy Betong chickens. PBMC that was isolated from the Betong chickens possessed cell viability higher than 95% (95.37±1.06). From the examination of TLRs gene expression, results revealed instances of TLR1.1, TLR1.2, TLR2.1, TLR2.2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR 7, TLR15, and TLR21 that were present in the PBMC of Betong chickens.CONCLUSION:PBMC isolated from the blood of healthy Betong chickens possessed excellent cell quality. All chicken TLRs were discovered within the PBMC of Betong chickens. Hence, PBMC stands out as one of the premier sources for in vitro studies of chicken immune response.
Background and Aim: Staphylococcus argenteus is an emerging species of the Staphylococcus aureus complex. It has usually been misidentified as S. aureus by conventional methods and its characteristics. S. argenteus is potentially emerging in both humans and animals with an increasing global distribution. This study aimed to differentiate and identify S. argenteus from S. aureus collected and isolated from milk samples of subclinical bovine mastitis cases in Maha Sarakham Province, Northeastern Thailand. Materials and Methods: Forty-two isolates of S. aureus were studied from 132 individual milk samples collected from subclinical bovine mastitis cases of 15 dairy farms in three districts of Maha Sarakham, Thailand. The identification was confirmed by conventional and immune-agglutination methods. Fifteen representative isolates which were suspected as being S. argenteus were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Results: The result from MALDI-TOF MS confirmed that seven from 15 isolates were S. argenteus and eight isolates were S. aureus. Conclusion: This study indicated that MALDI-TOF MS used as an identification and classification method could accurately differentiate the novel species, S. argenteus, from the S. aureus complex which is usually misdiagnosed. In addition, the identification of S. argenteus seems to be very limited in technical difficulty despite the fact that it may be the important causative pathogen in bovine mastitis as well as a pathogenic bacterium in food and milk. Therefore, it is essential for both bovine medicine and veterinary public health to emphasize and recognize this bacterial pathogen as an emerging disease of staphylococcal bacteria that there is a need for further study of S. argenteus infections.
This study evaluated the effect of sublethal doses of antifungal drug miconazole nitrate (MCZ) on immunological responses and its role as a prophylactic drug against S. parasitica in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fish were fed with sublethal doses of MCZ, that is, T1-6.30 mgMCZ kgBW-1 , T2-12.61 mgMCZ kgBW-1 and T3-25.22 mgMCZ kgBW-1 , and sampling was done at different time intervals for 240 hr. Immunological parameters viz. lysozyme activity, oxygen radical production and plasma antiprotease activity showed significant enhancement (p < 0.05) in fish fed with T2 and T3 doses. Expression of immune-relevant genes such as TLR-22 and β2-M showed significantly higher expression at 6 hr and 24 hr of sampling in both liver and head kidney. However, these genes showed a downregulation after 120 hr of sampling in both the tissues. Preventive efficacy study showed that single dose of MCZ provides protection against oomycetes up to the fourth day of infection. Significantly higher mortality was observed in control diet-fed fish as compared to fish fed with MCZ medicated diet. Thus, it can be concluded that the MCZ can act as a potent antifungal agent for preventing oomycetes infection as well as to enhance the immune response.
