Solar energy is one such non-conventional and sustainable form of energy that also has a high potential for conversion into electrical power.With the present solar energy harvesting technologies, we only have high production at specific periods, typically noon.This paper presents a dual axis solar tracker system that significantly boosts productivity.This project is made up of several LDR sensors and a motorised mechanism that rotates the panel in the direction of the sun.Dual-axis solar tracker can improve energy by tracking sun rays from several solar panels.The microcontroller-based control system detects sunlight and controls the motorised mechanism.This project may also be used to simulate raindrops, temperature, and humidity using sensors, and the results can be shown on a mobile phone.This technology operates continuously and without interruption, increasing the efficiency of the solar panels by up to 80%.
Electrical energy is the most reliable energy forms.Out of which the development in technology is claiming for energy in large quantities.But the conventional energy sources are causing pollution also the fossil fuels are been depleting day today, thus the path have been led for Renewable energy sources.The most dependent renewable energy source includes the wind energy.But the maintenance of wind turbine is complex, continuous monitoring becomes tough due to its location at great height and they are installed in rural areas.So, a reliable condition monitoring system is essential for wind turbine to minimize downtimes and to increase the productivity.The aim of this project is to monitor the wind turbine parameters and to improve the early fault detection.Here, sensors are used to monitor the condition of wind turbine.The three sensors used are temperature sensor, vibration sensor and voltage sensor.If any sensor gives an abnormal value, the data is updated to IoT cloud for every 15 seconds.For this project, we use Arduino UNO and Node MCU esp8266.Arduino UNO collects sensor values from different sensors of wind turbine and Node MCU esp8266 sends the data to IoT cloud of ThingSpeak.Working of Kit and the performance check is done on the proposed system.
To build our own IoT-based electricity energy metre with billing system and load prioritization using ESP32 and monitoring data in this project.We enabled a smart energy metre that can communicate in both directions and display different parameters on both its built-in display and a web-based Headend-System application software.The metre calculates the current, voltage, and power output as well as the amount due in real time.With this metre, data collection and bill generation no longer require manual verification.The essential metre data can be viewed by a variety of parties, including consumers, linemen and power distributors, thanks to the IoT enabled meter's ability to simultaneously communicate this data to many devices.Additionally, having access to real-time data will assist electricity distributors better manage their grid and reduce energy waste by enabling them to examine user usage trends and successfully implement strategies like load balancing and shedding.Applying effective power restoration methodology, which must also include a systematic load prioritisation strategy that takes into account a number of practical issues that make the process of load prioritisation difficult and complex, is one important technique for enhancing system reliability.A dynamic load prioritisation model for service restoration is presented in this paper.The process places loads in order of priority and gives each load in the system a computed weight.The process places loads in order of priority and gives each load in the system a computed weight.These weights can be utilised as an input for any restoration optimisation issue because they are dynamic (i.e., time dependent).
The project's goal is to use a microcontroller kit to find the location of a fault in underground cable lines from the base station to the closest point in terms of distance.Instead of using overhead wires, the electrical cable travels underground in metropolitan areas.It can be challenging to locate the closest defect whenever it affects an underground cable, making it harder to repair that line.The suggested system locates the fault's closest location.Here, the internal ADC device of the microcontroller kit is used to interface the current sensing circuits made with a mixture of resistors, which provide digital data to the microcontroller indicating the wire length in kilometers.The group of switches is what causes the fault to occur.The relay driver is in charge of managing the relays.The information is shown on a 16x2 LCD screen that is connected to the microcontroller.The relay driver is in charge of managing the relays.The information is shown on a 16x2 LCD screen that is connected to the microcontroller.
Electric Vehicle (EV) Batteries can be used as potential energy storage devices in Micro-Grid.They can help in Micro-grid energy management by storing energy when there is Surplus (Grid to Vehicle, G2V) and supplying energy back to the grid (Vehicle to Grid, V2G) when there is demand for it.Architecture for implementation aV2G-G2V system in a micro grid using level-3 fast charging, off-board chargers, and advanced power electronics components such as grid interfacing inverter, LCL filter, and step-up transformer is described in this project.The simulation results will provide insight into the effectiveness of this approach, with active power regulation in the micro-grid by EV batteries through G2V-V2G modes of operation.The charging station design ensures minimal harmonic distortion of grid injected current and the controller gives good dynamic performance in terms of dc bus voltage stability.This research could have significant implications for sustain able and efficient energy systems that incorporate renewable energy source and electric vehicles.
The High-Speed Circuit Breaker (HSCB) is a de-facto electro-mechanical contact line protection device employed in the 3 kV DC traction power supply system. The breakers installed at the terminal ends of the contact line make a unit protection scheme configuration. While the HSCBs seem to trip under fault conditions, there is an unknown source that keeps on supplying residual current into the faults. This necessitates some explanation of the source of energy of the continual flow of residual energy. This paper makes an analysis of the limitations in the HSCB unit protection scheme using MATLAB simulation and how the scheme can be optimized with digital protection devices augmented with a peer-to-peer transfer trip as an end-to-end protection solution.
We give an overview of the different rendering methods and we demonstrate that the use of a Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) for Global Illumination (GI) gives a superior quality rendered image to that of a rasterisations image. We utilise the Pix2Pix architecture and specify the hyper-parameters and methodology used to mimic ray-traced images from a set of input features. We also demonstrate that the GANs quality is comparable to the quality of the ray-traced images, but is able to produce the image, at a fraction of the time. Source Code: https: //github.com/Jaredrhd/Global-Illumination-using-Pix2Pix-GAN
Commonly the voltage offset of an operational amplifier is only measured and specified in the datasheet but for this device, it is the first device to implement the trimming of the voltage offset that will provide a more accurate output across different gain settings. With the implementation, there were problems encountered particularly the mistrimming of the voltage offset wherein it should be within the datasheet specification and it is in uV range. Even though the Automated Test Equipment (ATE) is capable of measuring uV, there are other contributors that are causing the mistrimming. And in this research, it aims to show the root cause using circuit simulations, develop/implement a proposed solution, and prove that proposed solution will solve the mistrimming issue.
Supercapacitors have attained high power density and exceptional durability with the recent advancement in terms of their materials and chemistries. The potential scientific and industrial applications of supercapacitors are being explored continually. This instigates the need for model-based analysis and synthesis tools, which can describe dynamic phenomena, support multiphysics problems, and allow for immediate use in design and advanced control analysis. For these aspects, modelling of supercapacitors would be beneficial. However, there are no open-source simulation tools on supercapacitors available for the scientific community to work with. This paper presents the development of an open-source supercapacitor modelling package in python language. The proposed package is evaluated by comparing the results with a standard MATLAB/Simulink supercapacitor model. The simulation results have shown that both models yielded similar envelope.
Hydropower is one of the most significant renewable energy resources, especially for mountainous countries like Laos PDR. Expansion and development of many hydropower projects in the country have presented a challenge to the operation of multiple reservoir system. Nam Ngum river was the focus of this work, where there are two or more cascading reservoirs. Optimal operation of such system is of interest, with the main goal of maximizing power generation. A multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) was adopted in this study, applying to two cascading reservoirs of Nam Ngum 1 and 2 hydropower plants. It was demonstrated that increases in hydroelectric power generation could be realized for all cases of normal, dry and wet years, compared to the traditional actual operation of the hydropower plant system. Similar approach may be adopted to assess opportunities in other water management problems.
To improve work productivity, this study proposes a method to detect stress, which is classified as positive or negative after the detection. The classification contributes to recommending suitable tasks under every stress condition. The method uses less invasive wearable sensors to acquire biological data. It is checked whether the characteristics of the wearable sensors would affect the biological data. Important variables are also explored to estimate stress. This paper presents the results and discussions to confirm through experiments whether the proposed method can detect and classify stress.
An Electric Vehicle (EV) is a proven solution by car manufacturers to steadily replace the conventional vehicle with a more environmentally friendly option that will reduce our dependence on nonrenewable energies. One drawback is that an EV may take many hours to reach a full charge. Reducing the charging times for EVs are one of the leading challenges for promoting this type of vehicle. Also, the introduction of EVs into the power grid increases flow in the distribution network and as a result increases power flow congestion. Traffic conditions also play a key role in affecting EV battery consumption. Disturbed traffic conditions will result in increased energy consumption of the EV battery and negatively affect the overall performance of EVs. In this research, the problem of scheduling EV battery charging and the assignment of EVs to a Charging Station (CS) is formulated as an optimization problem and will be solved using a simulated annealing optimization method. The assignment of EVs to CSs will satisfy predetermined constraints related to CSs restrictions, the EV conditions, traffic conditions, etc. The proposed approach will be demonstrated using two different scenarios of the system, one where the EVs have homogeneous components and the second, where the EVs have heterogeneous components. From the results, it will be proven that the optimal assignment of an EV occurs when the State of Charge (SoC) of the EV battery remains at its highest possible percentage when arriving at the CS. Keeping the battery SoC at a high percentage results in reduced energy consumption and less charging time.
Accurate positioning method of three dimensional pose of space circle is a typical problem of binocular vision. The correlation algorithm is particularly important for the positioning accuracy in the case of strong interference of edge feature information. According to the precise positioning requirements of the distribution cabinet handcart in the distribution room, this paper establishes the elliptic curve optimization method based on the European distance minimization feature. Based on the least square method, the information model of the outside edge of the switch is established by using the circular contour of the cylindrical groove, and the three-dimensional pose positioning method of the spatial circle is studied. Finally, the effectiveness of the algorithm is verified by a case study.
Recently, many low-power LED (Light Emitting Diode) lighting fixtures that can contribute to a low-carbon society have been installed in clinical settings. However, since Alternating Current (AC) voltage cannot be used directly for LED devices, Direct Current (DC) voltage must be applied LED devices. For this reason, it is necessary for the LED equipment to install an ACDC power converter. A buck converter as an ACDC power converter is applied to the LED equipment, but Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) radiated from it has a strong influence on the wireless communication of a medical place. In particular, EMI radiated emission to medical telemeter systems using wireless communication becomes a significant problem of biomedical signal discontinuations. To investigate the EMI radiated strength, it must be measured using CISPR11 medical equipment international standard (International Special Committee on Radio Interference) on Limits and methods of measurement. This paper is focused on the LED drive DC power converter EMI radiated emission. The CISPR11 measurement EMI disturbance characteristics when a buck type current control DCDC buck converter circuit is used for the lighting of an LED device are shown. It is reported experimental results of EMI radiated emission characteristics improvement by changing the input and output circuit constants of the proposed circuit. Moreover, it is shown that can reduce to the floor noise level (background noise) when an output capacitor is inserted without an input filter.
The purpose of this study is to develop low-cost real-time digital fringe projection measurement to detect the three-dimensional shape of the back in patients with scoliosis. The measurement system consists of a digital projector and a digital camera. The seven fringe patterns are used to illuminate a patient’s back while the digital images are captured by a camera. The height of the back shape is calculated using the seven-step phase-shifting calculation and path-independent phase unwrapping. The back topography with an accuracy of 1 mm can help the clinician to estimate the spinal deformity at baseline and monitor variations over time. The measurement results can be applied to clinical use and reduce the dependence on serial radiography for monitoring spinal deformity.
A design of PD feedback control law for a class of the second order system to satisfy the desired performance requirements is presented. It is achieved by using root-locus approach. The desired specifications of the step-input system response are first transformed into a required region for the poles of the PD control closed-loop system. Ranges of the corresponding PD control gains are then derived to guarantee the poles of the closed-loop system lie within the targeted region. Besides, the proposed control law is also applied to the feedback control of Voice Coil Motor (VCM) to support the function of the so-called “Optical Image Stabilization (OIS).” Numerical results by using a referenced VCM model have demonstrated the success of the proposed design.
Actuators are the main components of any machine due to their responsibility in providing the desired action of control. As recent studies have been developing new actuation methodologies and remote clinical palpation tools that provide more complex and enhanced functionalities, this review paper aims to provide researchers interested in the actuation techniques and remote clinical palpation technologies with a reference guide about the recent actuation techniques including, shape deformation, moisture, and temperature actuators along with remote clinical palpation mechanisms. In addition, this review paper outlines comprehensive comparisons between their characteristics.
The classification of faults based on available diagnostic information in large complex mechatronic systems is a well-studied research subject. One challenge is the classification of faults with missing or ambiguous diagnostic information present. In real-world applications, this has the effect of misclassified faults, resulting in costly replacements of functional components. As even the acquisition of diagnostic information is afflicted with costs and part of the diagnostic functions are mandatory, the design of diagnostic content at an early system development stage is essential. The paper presents a procedure to automatically allocate a set of diagnostic functions for a complex mechatronic system that is informative and low in costs. It proposes a granular graph structure called the Diagnostic Cover Graph (DCG) to represent the system functionalities and the respective diagnostic functions. The DCG can represent restrictions on the availability of functionalities, restrictions on the executability of diagnostic functions and potential interdependence between them. On its basis, a decision table is generated, and a minimal test cost feature selection method such as the Test-Cost-Sensitive Quick Reduct (TCSQR) is conducted. The approach guarantees the proposal of a close-to-optimal subset of diagnostic functions. The capability of the presented procedure is demonstrated for the vehicle brake system for several diagnostic scenarios.
The purpose of this study is to control active power of fuel cell co-generation system and reactive power of power conditioning system to suppress frequency fluctuation in power system and voltage fluctuation in distribution system caused by variation of photovoltaic power. The governor-free control for fuel cell co-generation system is applied to reduce frequency fluctuation in power system. A method which controls power fluctuation in distribution system for power conditioning system is applied to reduce voltage fluctuation. The authors reveal the effectiveness of the method by a simulation model. The results suggest that fuel cell co-generation system and power conditioning system work to reduce each targeted fluctuation.
In the chip-scale package final test, temperature is one of the main components as this is also indicated on once specification on electrical parameters that are temperature sensitive especially for inertial Micro-Electro- Mechanical Systems (MEMS) accelerometers. The voltagetemperature relationship of an accelerometer has been presented and used to calibrate test temperature on Automated Test Equipment (ATE) setup. Bench reference data of a set of units were gathered to correlate with the Device under Test (DUT) temperature with the raw ATE handler test temperature using linear regression. Offset test temperature or the temperature error was calculated across all sites to adjust the new ATE handler test temperature. After which, the correlation between the bench reference data and the gathered ATE data of the 20 golden units from two test flows with 2.3 seconds and 200 milliseconds respectively both with 4-site enabled testing was validated that all DUT temperature is within acceptable temperature window of +/- 3°C, also less standard deviation for longer test time by only 0.0011 and all 20 golden units passed for both test flows. Lastly, the comparison of the newly calibrated test handler using the voltage-temperature relationship which had 0.0011, 0.0011, and 0.0012 SD of data, and the static calibrated test handlers which had 0.0057, 0.0078, and 0.010 SD of data for each lot 1, 2, and 3 respectively show up to 8x improvement in SD of the DUT temperature in ATE.
