The paper describes a novel method of dye analysis based on using an analyzer cell attached to a pilot scale dyeing machine. The analyzer cell is curved and highly polished to allow for the multiple path length measurements of dye over a wide range of concentrations. A computer match prediction system is then used to predict the dye concentration in the dye liquor at any given time. Possible problems associated with this method for the determination of dye in the dyebath have been explored. Finally, results based on experiments have been included which demonstrate a high degree of accuracy.
由于过去的技术文献中包含了许多相互矛盾的结论,防日晒面料生产厂商们面临的是一系列不甚清晰的信息.本文旨在阐明纤维种类、织物孔隙度、厚度和经纬密度对未染织物UVR遮蔽性的影响.结果表明:通过图像分析得出的孔隙度是预测未染织物日光遮蔽性的最好的单因素.纤维种类和经纬密度也是重要的决定因素.当孔隙度和厚度相同时,涤纶、丝和毛织物的UVR遮蔽性优于棉织物或粘胶织物.这些发现将有助于那些为皮肤癌患者、辐射和化疗病人提供防护服装的生产厂商制造出更好的产品.工业电焊工和宇航员防护衣的设计师们也会发现:文中描述的图像分析技术在对织物孔隙度进行定量计算时,是一种很有用的工具.
The worldwide scape of textile wet processing has fostered advances in finishing equipment and technology, many that are the result of cooperation among textile plants, machinery designers, and chemical suppliers. Increased processing speeds must be coupled with awareness of changing fashion demands from the public. With decreasing response time, everyone is constantly searching for new and better means to produce an economical and marketable product.
In the past two years, there has been a rapid increase in interest and research in ink jet printing on textile substrates. Most of the current research has taken proven technologies from paper printing and adapted these technologies for fabric. The differences in paper and textile printing will be reviewed as a basis for discussion of the capabilities and limitations of existing paper print engines for application to textile printing. problems with existing material systems for ink jet printing on textiles will be discussed and approaches to development of suitable ink let materials for textile substrates will be suggested.
uring the past 18 months, the U.S. D Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has caused a variety of consumer products including housewares, sponges, and toys to be pulled from nationwide shelves without notice. A new agency interpretation of an exemption applicable to antimicrobial treated articles was announced through a series of enforcement actions and has put manufacturers of pesticide treated articles and pesticides at risk of stop sale orders and civil penalties, despite the manufacturers’ efforts to obtain guidance from the agency and conform their behavior to the requirements of the exemption. The new interpretation has also created new registration and labeling hurdles for producers of antimicrobial finishes and preservatives for end uses. In response to recent agency action, nine companies that produce finished goods containing preservatives registered as pesticides, or the pesticides themselves, have joined in the formation of the Antimicrobial Treated Article Coalition (Coalition) and have sought a role in resolving the current uncertainty involving the regulatory status of treated articles. As technology has grown, the group of manufacturers, colorists, and chemists operating under the treated articles exemption has also grown to include those responsible for producing active wear, bedding, footwear, household linens, upholstery, wallcoverings, personal hygiene products, outerwear, medical drapery, and sports accessories with antimicrobial finishes. These producers are particularly concerned with developing safe, value-added products to meet the growing consumer demand for a fresher, more appealing environment.
Since chlorination is known to produce substantial pollution with adsorbable organo halogens (AOX) in textile wastewater, shrink resist treatments like the widely used chlorine/Hercosett process are no longer environmentally acceptable. The current trends towards the use of natural products have led to using polymers of natural origin such as chitosan as a substitute for synthetic polymers in wool finishing given its properties of biodegradability, bioactivity, and biocompatibility. The application of chitosan to wool in a zero-AOX aqueous treatment to improve shrink-resistance and dyeing properties was investigated. To enhance chitosan sorption, wool was subjected to hydrogen peroxide treatment prior to the chitosan treatment either under alkaline or acidic conditions. A staining technique was used to assess the presence and distribution of chitosan on wool. The alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment promoted the diffusion of chitosan into the wool fiber leading to shrink-resist properties. To determine the influence of treatment conditions on the dyeing behavior, a low temperature (60C) was used. Dyed chitosan-treated wool, pretreated with hydrogen peroxide either at alkaline or acid pH, showed high values of exhaustion and fixation.
This literature review traces the occurrence of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to textile dyes from 1980 to the present. Background Information is provided about ACD and patch testing. A study of 37 case reports by dermatologists revealed nine new textile dye contact allergens, one dye fixative contact allergen, and one azoic coupling component contact allergen. Examination of eight studies undertaken to discover new dye allergens or establish prevalence of textile dye ACD revealed 22 new dye allergens and prevalence rates ranging from 15.9% of adult patients suspected to have a textile related contact allergy who were tested with many dyes to 0.05% of young patients with eczema who were tested with a limited number of dyes. Four epidemics occurred involving the wearing of black suits dyed with Direct Black 38, brown stockings dyed with a mixture containing nitro- and aminodiazobenzene and aminoanthraquinone dyes, black tights and other garments dyed with Disperse Blue 106 and Disperse Blue 124, and yellow sweaters dyed with Pigment Yellow 16 and after bleached forming phosgene (2, 5 dichlorophenyl) hydrazone.
Finishes applied to textiles often remain on the fiber surface making them highly susceptible for release of any latent volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) present. Emission characteristics of selected textile finishes were analyzed using a 12-liter chamber with static headspace. A test procedure and chamber system apparatus were developed and used for prescreening finished textile fabrics for emissions. Both fabrics and finishes were ranked according to their emission levels. Effects of the variation in processing conditions on emissions were also evaluated, based on the data collected from samples at different stages of drying and curing. Results indicate that proper curing is essential to minimize emissions.
The Initial Study of the Impact of the New German Regulation Regarding Harmful Azocolours on the Textiles and Clothing Industries of Hong Kong, a report commissioned by the Hong Kong Government Industry Department and carried out by the Hong Kong Productivity Council, contained several recommendations for industry-establishment of a Voluntary Registration Scheme, a Dyehouse Certification Scheme, and a model procedure for buying and control. It was felt that these measures would prepare industry for the changes which would inevitably occur as a result of compliance with the new registration and, in turn, impress German importers of the validity of continuation of business with, or through Hong Kong.In the tendering process and after the introduction of the first of these initiatives, it became apparent that trade policy and business confidence amounted to more than provision of information. Nevertheless, the Voluntary Registration Scheme is accessible via the Internet on a global basis and serves as an example of academic service to industry-a form of joint venture, with consequences for educational programs, in addition to knowledge transfer.This paper outlines the process by which options for information provision were explored in addition to information exchange and provides case study experience for others willing to undergo similar experiences. In effect, the structure, contents and delivery methods initially designed and subsequently trialed provide a model for project planning in the academic environment.
A large amount of the textile waste produced during the manufacturing of clothing and other textile products is polyester/cellulosic fabrics such as polyester/cotton and polyester/rayon blends. The possibility of using thermal methods such as thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to determine the efficiency of methods for separating cotton and polyester from fabrics made of intimately blended fibers was investigated. Both were confirmed as efficient methods for rapid estimation of the polyester content of blended fabrics.
The demand for increasing speeds and rapid production response has created a need for highly specialized and end-use specific textile finishing chemicals. The pressures raised by ever more stringent environmental regulations has also placed a premium on the development of specialized chemicals both in the chemical supply industry and in textile mills. This paper addresses the response to these changes and illustrates developments in customer oriented products that are now on the market. This approach helps make the finishing process more trouble free and tightens the natural bond between mill and chemical supplier.
