系统介绍了燃烧后化学吸收法脱碳工艺流程及技术特点,从强化吸收、强化解吸和联合工艺3个方面对节能工艺的工艺原理、节能效果以及研究现状进行了总结.强化吸收包括吸收塔中间冷却和贫液分流工艺,强化解吸包括解吸塔中间加热、富液分流、蒸汽压缩、多压力解吸工艺,分析表明,富液分流、蒸汽压缩和多压力解吸工艺具有较好的节能效果,对多种节能工艺集成优化具有更显著的节能优势.对吸收剂与节能工艺间的匹配性问题展开了讨论,结果表明,开发低能耗吸收剂并结合节能工艺的优化是实现化学吸收法脱碳工艺降本增效的重要研究方向.
以氯化锶、硝酸锶、硝酸铜、硝酸锂、硝酸钴和硝酸铝为成核剂,研究了几种成核剂分别对30％氯化钙溶液过冷度的影响.结果表明,分别添加适量硝酸铜、硝酸锂、硝酸钴、硝酸铝虽能降低30％氯化钙溶液的过冷度,但会降低其相变潜热;而添加1.5％Sr(NO3)2或1.0％SrCl2·6H2O成核剂,既能有效地去除30％氯化钙溶液的过冷度,又对其相变潜热基本无影响,是较理想的成核剂.考虑到硝酸盐是无机盐材料中具有防腐性能且相变潜热值和导热系数较高的材料,故选择1.5％Sr(NO3)2作成核剂.
以国内LNG接收站为研究对象,开展LNG工业园区能源耦合技术研究,利用电厂等项目提供的温排海水作为LNG气化的热源,为LNG接收站设计建造提供新思路,实现LNG冷能、工业余热等能源的有效利用,保护海洋环境,在园区内形成循环绿色经济体系,产生显著的经济效益和社会效益.通过分析LNG接收站常规取水工程和温排海水取水工程案例,研究技术可行性,为后续工业园区规划和配套项目的建设提供思路与参考.
CeO2 was prepared using a hydrothermal method, modified by radio-frequency plasma in the form of glow discharge, and then the solid superacid S2O82−/CeO2 was prepared by the impregnation method. A series of properties such as pore structure was characterized by N2 adsorption–desorption experiments, surface morphology was characterized by TEM, crystal phase was characterized by XRD, and surface acidity of the catalyst was characterized by Py-IR and Hammett titration. The methyl esterification reaction of tryptophan was used to evaluate the activity of the solid superacid. The results showed that the catalyst modified by radio-frequency plasma had a larger specific surface area, more surface oxygen vacancies, smaller particle size, and higher total acid content. The yield of tryptophan methyl ester reached a higher level of 94.5% (150 °C, 1 MPa, 2 h), catalyzed by the modified S2O82−/CeO2. This work verified the feasibility of plasma technology in the field of catalytic activity enhancement of solid superacid.
This paper reviews the research progress on the migration mechanism of small molecule organic matters in electrodialysis treatment of high salinity organic wastewater.The effects of current, voltage, initial concentration of organic matter and pH value in different inorganic salt systems on the separation and removal of organic matters are analyzed.The pollution trend of membrane by organic matters in electrodialysis process is combed, and the development directions are prospected for electrodialysis treatment of high salinity organic wastewater.
分别以聚丙烯晴(PAN)基石墨毡(GF)和粘胶基石墨毡为固体催化电极,通过不同阴极电位下电化学生成H202的浓度表征2种电极氧还原反应(ORR)的活性,考察了在最佳电位下,2种电极对亚甲基蓝(MB)的降解效果.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、视频光学接触角测量仪、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和拉曼光谱表征2种石墨毡的表面结构和石墨化程度,利用电化学阻抗测试(EIS)、线性扫描伏安法(LSV)和循环伏安法(CV)分析2种石墨毡的电化学性质.结果表明,石墨化程度较大的粘胶基石墨毡表面惰性强,降低了氧活性物质的积聚,阻碍了 ORR的进行.而PAN基石墨毡具有更大的电活性面积,从而有利于ORR的发生.在溶液pH为3、Fe2+浓度为0.3 mmol/L、外加电位为-0.85 V、氧气流量为300 mL/min条件下,90 min时PAN基石墨毡的H2O2产量可达160.7 mg/L,对100 mg/L亚甲基蓝的矿化率为58％.
Castor oil（MCO） containing a large number of branched chains is successfully synthesized through grafting n-dodecanethiol into castor oil via a thiol-ene click reaction.Furthermore, bio-based polyurethane is synthesized by taking MCO as the soft segment, diphenylmethane diisocyanate（MDI50） as the hard segment, and ethylene glycol as the chain extender.Characterization by hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy（~1H-NMR） and Fourier transform spectroscopy（FT-IR） reveals the successful synthesis of biobased polyurethanes.Dynamic mechanical analysis（DMA） results show that with the increase of the grafting amount of n-dodecanethiol, the effective damping temperature range of castor oil-based polyurethane increases from 34.3℃（17.1-51.4℃） to 74℃（-8.3-65.7℃）.The damping temperature range is greatly improved, and moves towards low temperature direction by 25.4℃,which effectively covers the use temperature of the damping material and expands the use environment and application field of the material.
To explore a new method for treating with tanning wastewater, DTPA/Sn 4+ cationic starch microsphere（CSM） with a large number of active groups aggregating on their surface and inside is prepared via emulsion polymerization method with soluble starch as raw material.The optimal synthesis conditions for CSM are obtained by single factor.SEM,FTIR and TGA are employed to characterize CSM,and the static adsorption experiment for CSM is performed by using the simulated Cr（Ⅵ）-containing wastewater.Results show that the best synthesis conditions for CSM are as follows: the mass ratio of DTPA to SnCl 4 is 1.1∶1.0,the dosage of K 2 S 2 O 8 /NaHSO 3 is 0.6 g, the dosage of MBAA is 0.6 g, the dosage of composite emulsifier is 51%,and temperature is at 60℃.At normal temperature, the optimal saturated adsorption of Cr（Ⅵ） by CSM is achieved within 120 min when pH is 3,and Cr（Ⅵ） concentration is 200 mg·L -1 .Under this situation, the adsorption capacity of Cr（Ⅵ） is 39.58 mg·g -1 ,and the removal rate of Cr（Ⅵ） can reach 99.9% for a simulated tanning wastewater with an initial Cr（Ⅵ） concentration of 40 mg·L -1 .
Based on the pyrolysis products of spent plastics, the review is focused on the research progress on the application of catalyst-assisted microwave pyrolysis technology in recycling spent plastics in recent years.The microwave pyrolysis mechanism, the catalytic cracking mechanism, and the influence of the technical parameters of catalyst-assisted microwave pyrolysis on the pyrolysis products are expounded, and the sustainable development trend in the future is prospected.
This paper fully elaborates the flame retardant industry from the aspects such as world market situation, China’s national and industrial policies, the situation of China’s local enterprises, the related regulations and standards as well as the developing trend in the future, aiming to provide a reference for the formulation of development policy in China and the formulation of operation strategy for the industry and enterprises.It also helps the flame retardant enterprises understand the current situation and development trend of global flame retardant market, and promote China’s flame retardant industry to develop rapidly and healthily.In addition, this work is of significance to reduce fire occurrence and improve the safety of people and property.
针对放电废水中的高有机物和氰化物,利用钙法除草酸根+ORZ除有机物+硫酸亚铁脱氰联用技术进行处理.在氯化钙质量浓度为30 g/L时结合ORZ处理技术,可将废水中COD降低至1 465 mg/L,COD去除率为98.42％;继续使用硫酸亚铁脱氰,在pH= 1.9、反应时间为60 min、硫酸亚铁投加质量浓度为理论量的5倍时,可使出水总氰质量浓度＜0.5 mg/L、COD＜100 mg/L.
综述了近几年包括富勒烯(C60)、碳量子点(CQDs)、碳纳米管(CNT)、碳纤维(CF)、石墨烯(GN)在内的低维碳材料改性研究进展,依据碳材料的维度形态对材料进行了分类与概括,并介绍了现有低维碳材料常见的改性方法及意义,助力高性能低维碳材料发展.
为了达到快速、在线监测水质指标化学需氧量(COD)的目的,首次以废弃物核桃绿皮为碳源、乙二胺为氮源,水热法制备得到绿色碳点,并利用紫外可见光谱、荧光光谱及透射电镜对碳点进行了表征.基于高锰酸根内滤光效应及氧化作用猝灭碳点荧光的机理,建立了流动注射荧光猝灭法快速、自动测定水样中COD的方法.在最佳条件下,测定COD的线性范围为0.5～80mg/L,检出限为0.15mg/L,Cl-质量浓度至10 000 mg/L时不干扰测定.最后,采用该方法测定了几种环境水样的COD,结果与国标法一致.
Hydrogen production is the foundation for establishing the hydrogen energy industrial chain.The large-scale layout of green hydrogen production by means of new energy will open a new situation in the hydrogen energy industrial chain and enable the hydrogen energy industry to move forward from demonstration to commercialization.Hydrogen production from fossil energy is the mainstream hydrogen production technology at present, with the characteristics such as large scale, low cost and high carbon dioxide emission.Hydrogen production from water electrolysis driven by new energy is a true zero carbon emission hydrogen production method, but its high cost is a key factor to restrict its development.Based on the core factors that affect the cost of hydrogen production from water electrolysis, this paper analyzes the cost of hydrogen production, focusing on the impact of electricity price, system scale, equipment investment, electrolytic efficiency, operating hours and management quality improvement on the cost of green hydrogen, and compares this route with coal to hydrogen route, providing a reference path for reducing green hydrogen cost.
Main available synthesis methods for bismuth vanadate（BiVO 4 ） are introduced.The routes for modifying BiVO 4 are analyzed, which including morphological control, metal doping, nonmetal doping and heterojunction formation.The application status of BiVO 4 photocatalytic material in organic pollutants degradation and water decomposition fields is expounded.The existing problems of BiVO 4 photocatalytic material are pointed out, and the future research focus and direction are prospected.
Ni/Al 2 O 3 catalysts are prepared via an incipient wetness impregnation method with Al 2 O 3 as carrier, and characterized by means of XRD,N 2 physical adsorption, H 2 -TPR,and NH 3 -TPD.The performance of Ni/Al 2 O 3 catalysts is evaluated in catalyzing the production of methyl isopropyl ketone（MIPK） through hydrogenation of the products from aldol condensation reaction between methyl ethyl ketone（MEK） and formaldehyde.It is shown that the conversion of MEK reaches 61.5% and an overall selectivity of the desired aldol products exceeds 90% when 5% trimethylamine is served as catalyst, the molar ratio between formaldehyde and MEK is 1.1,temperature is 50℃,and the reaction lasts for 4 h.With the aldol products as feeding materials, the selectivity and yield of MIPK can realize 80% and 50%,respectively when Ni/Al 2 O 3 catalysts are used at 240℃,0.1 MPa H 2 ,and a space velocity of 0.5 h -1 .Besides, Ni/Al 2 O 3 catalysts are stable in the hydrogenation reaction without observable aggregation of Ni particles during a period of 80 h.It is indicated that the overall tandem reaction proceeds via a combination of parallel and consecutive steps, and the selectivity of MIPK relies mainly on the crossed aldol reaction between MEK and formaldehyde.
氢能被视为21世纪最具发展潜力的清洁能源,加氢站作为氢能基础设施是整个氢能产业链的核心部分之一,加快推进加氢站建设布局是促进我国"碳达峰、碳中和",实现能源结构转型的重要举措.对国内外氢能发展战略和产业布局及我国加氢站现状进行了调研,并对站内制氢、储氢和加氢一体化加氢站新模式进行探析,同时分析了当前我国加氢站发展过程中存在的问题,并提出了解决路径.
Polyhydroxyaluminum pillared vermiculite（AI-VMT） is prepared through pillaring vermiculite by polymers of aluminum(Al 30 ).The effects of initial pH,dosage of Al-VMT,time and temperature on the removal of Sb（Ⅲ） from wastewater are investigated.The maximum adsorption capacity is 23.82 mg·g -1 under the optimum conditions.AI-VMT is characterized by means of scanning electron microscope, energy spectrometer, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.It is found that this adsorption process accords with the pseudo-second-order kinetics and intra particle diffusion mode.Both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models can well describe the adsorption behavior of Sb（Ⅲ） by Al-VMT.It is verified that vermiculite is successfully modified by acid pretreatment and Al 30 pillaring.The adsorption mechanism of Sb（Ⅲ） by Al-VMT mainly includes electrostatic adsorption and coordination complexation with hydroxyl（—OH）.After four cycles of adsorption-desorption, the adsorption efficiency of Al-VMT to Sb（Ⅲ） is still over 80%.
Polyferric silicate（PFS） coagulant prepared via copolymerization is combined with polyacrylamide（PAM） to form PSF+PAM coagulation system to treat bio-treated effluents of coking wastewater.The capability of removing organic matters by PSF+PAM is investigated in comparison with that by polyaluminum chloride（PAC）+PAM coagulation system, which is the most widely used system in factories.The results show that PFS+PAM coagulation system has a better performance in removing organic matters when the dosage of coagulant is in the range of 1,500-3,500 mg·L -1 ,the dosage of PAM is 10 mg·L -1 ,and the initial pH is 7.8.The removal rates of PSF+PAM coagulation system for COD,chroma and UV 254 are 8.53%,3.68%,and 11.17% respectively higher than those of PAC system when the dosage of the coagulant is 3,000 mg·L -1 .It is indicated from analysis by UV-Vis spectroscopy that PFS+PAM coagulation system performs better than PAC+PAM coagulation system in removing monocyclic aromatic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds.In addition, three-dimensional fluorescence spectra characterization results demonstrate that PFS+PAM coagulation system also shows better removal performance for aromatic proteins such as tryptophan, fulvic acid and humic acid than PAC+PAM coagulation system.PSF+PAM coagulation system can deliver good removal performance to organic matters in biochemical tail water of coking wastewater.
Silver nanomaterial has special optical properties due to its diameter and morphology.It is widely used in bio-diagnosis and environmental monitoring.To address the existed issues in the detection of chromium ions in aqueous solutions, functional silver nanomaterial is designed and synthesized, and a detection system is constructed for Cr 3+ ions in aqueous solution.The effects of hydrogen peroxide, trisodium citrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the synthesis of silver nanomaterial are investigated.Furthermore, using functional silver nanomaterial as probes, its detection effects on Cr 3+ ions in aqueous solution are explored.The results show that the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, trisodium citrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone can effectively control the synthesis of functional silver nanomaterials.By adjusting the concentrations of these three substances, the particle size of silver nanoparticles can be controlled in the range of 10-245 nm, and silver nanoparticles with different particle sizes exhibit different colors.The prepared functional silver nanomaterial has an average particle size of 16 nm when the concentrations of trisodium citrate, hydrogen peroxide and polyvinylpyrrolidone are 1.61×10 -3 mol·L -1 ,2.13×10 -2 mol·L -1 and 3.73×10 -5 mol·L -1 ,respectively, and this functional material has a good visual detection effect on Cr 3+ ions in aqueous solution.
