We study the short, medium, and longer run employment effects of a substantial change in the parental leave benefit program in Germany. In 2007, a means-tested parental leave transfer program that had paid benefits for up to two years was replaced by an earnings related transfer which paid benefits for up to one year. The reform generated winners and losers with heterogeneous response incentives. We find that the reform speeds up the labor market return of both groups of mothers after benefit expiration. The overall time until an average mother with (without) prior claims to benefits returns to the labor force after a birth declined after the reform by 10 (8) months at the median. We show that likely pathways for this substantial reform effect are changes in social norms and mothers' preferences for economic independence.
Understanding the factors that limit transitions to decent work remains a central concern for policymakers, as changes in the world of work considerably affect the availability and distribution of quality jobs. Many of these global issues are mirrored in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). This report by the IPC-IG and UNICEF MENARO focuses on the role of social protection to promote transitions to work for young people in MENA, especially among vulnerable groups.
Understanding the factors that limit transitions to decent work remains a central concern for policymakers, as changes in the world of work considerably affect the availability and distribution of quality jobs. Many of these global issues are mirrored in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). This One Pager is a snapshot of a report by the IPC-IG and UNICEF MENARO, which focuses on the role of social protection to promote transitions to work for young people in MENA, especially among vulnerable groups.
The study looks at the port development in the Makran coastal region, and how the CPEC is transforming naval port development along the Makran Coast. The study uses open source satellite images to analyse the development of Gwadar Port and PNS Akram (Gwadar), Jinnah Naval Base (JNB) and PNS Ahsan (Ormara), PNS Makran (Pasni), PNS Siddiq (Turbat) and the naval station, Jiwani Peninsula. The objectives include carrying out various interpretation methods to verify the claimed rapid development of the Makran Coast.
Over the last two years, Sudan has undergone significative changes in its internal political configuration. However, the implementation of State-provided social protection programmes is not entirely new in the country, which already had a tradition in providing income, consumption goods and other basic services to poor and marginalised people. This report compiles and details information about these schemes and aims to contribute to the literature by providing evidence on the state of social assistance and social insurance in Sudan by late 2019. The document is divided into two parts: the first provides a quick overview of the main institutions in charge of social protection as well as the key policy and legal instruments that guide and regulate the country's system, and the second offers a detailed description of Sudan' main social protection programmes, including key information such as institutional set-up, benefits provided, coverage, targeting mechanisms used to identify beneficiaries, financing structure, administrative databases and monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.
Many South Asian countries experienced changes in government and strong economic growth since the early 2000s. Poverty and social exclusion have received growing attention, and many governments in the region strengthened their commitments to ensure equal access to basic healthcare, education and adequate income. However, progress has been uneven and efforts to address structural challenges related to poverty and inequality are hindered by gaps in budgetary and institutional capacity.
This case study aims to measure the coverage of social protection in Sudan, by analysing the extent to which the diverse risks faced by the different groups are covered. Data from the National Household Budget and Poverty Survey (NHBS) 2014-2015 shows that the governmental provision of social protection in Sudan has the smallest contribution to mitigate risks with an average protection coverage rate of only 0.4% vs. an average of 1.3% for informal social protection.
The implementation of nationally appropriate social protection systems for all has emerged as one of the key targets of SDG 1, calling for all countries to report on the coverage of social protection programmes. Most approaches to measure social protection coverage take a participation approach, meaning who participates (either directly or indirectly) in a social protection programme. However, they do not tell much about the extent to which peoples specific life cycle risks are covered. This toolkit proposes an alternative approach to measuring social protection coverage, analysing the extent to which peoples risks are covered, ranging from unprotected to protected.
Child poverty remains an issue of concern in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Although the region has made significant progress in reducing extreme poverty and improving health, education and child survival rates, progress has been uneven. Higher-income countries have advanced more than lower-middle-income ones, and those impacted by humanitarian conflicts have seen reversals in child well-being indicators. (...)
The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is confronted by significant challenges resulting from multiple shocks and complex emergencies: countries in the region face various risks in terms of natural disasters, including earthquakes, floods and drought; violent conflicts, such as in Syria, pose unprecedented challenges related to the scale of human displacement; and the breakdown of service provision caused by conflict is leading to the increasing prevalence of malnutrition and communicable diseases in Yemen. (...)
This research belongs to lesson study which aims at improving elementary schools’ teachers competency in integrating character education in mathematics subject matter started from designing lesson plan to the implementation. Besides, the quality of character values was observed as shown by the students during the instructions as the results of the improvement of teachers’ competency. the study was conducted in group V Sukasada sub-district which consist of 9 units of schools and the subjects were the teachers of the fourth grade students. the data about teachers’ ability in designing the lesson plan and conducting the instructions by inserting characters values was gathered by using instruments as well as collecting the data about students’ characters during the instructions in each cycle by conducting observation sheet which later was analyzed by using descriptive statistic. the results show that there was any significant improvement on the scores of designing lesson plan designed by the teachers of the fourth graders in group V Sukasada sub-district in each cycle. on cycle I, the mean score was 69.76 by achievement level 58.06%. On cycle II the mean score was 96.67 by achievement level 80.56% and on cycle III the mean score was 109.33 by achievement level 91.11%. Teachers’ ability of conducting character education-based math subject matter was also improved significantly. On cycle I the mean score was 107 by achievement level 62.94%. On cycle II the mean score was 138.67 by achievement level 81.57% and on cycle III was 152 by achievement level 89.41%. the results of observation show that from the 7 characters developed, there were 2 character values which did not improve in each cycle. They were logical thinking and responsibility.
The unknowing of students about Indonesian revolution history is a serious threat for the young generation. “Wayang Presiden” is an education media as the introduction to Indonesian revolution through President’s life for elementary school students. This program is conducted for 4 months in SDN 2 Grogol, Kecamatan Sawoo, Kabupaten Ponorogo. This is a qualitative research with triangulation method and descriptive qualitative analysis. The results of this research program are 1) media “Wayang Presiden” is very effective as a media of introduction to Indonesian revolution through President’s life from education, cultural, and economic aspect. 2) This media makes the students become enthusiastic in learning, the students can learn, make, play, and perform “Wayang Presiden” by imitating positive characters from previous Indonesian presidents. Therefore “Wayang Presiden” media can enhance student’s knowledge about the history of Indonesian revolution.
The aim of this research is to give character education to empower soft skills through Asinan Terasi in the Correctional Institution Ngawi. Asinan Terasi (A modern innovation of traditional snacks) is a program to empower soft skills through training in making a modern traditional snack as a provision of skill and character education medium for the prisoners. Population of this research is all prisoners in LAPAS Ngawi (The Correctional Institution Ngawi). Sampling technique used is random sampling with total sample is 35 prisoners. Technique of collecting data used is observation, inquiry, interview, and documentation. Technique of data analysis is use Miles and Huberman’s model consists of three components, they are data reduction, data display, and conclusion. According to the results of the research it can be concluded that observation results after the training show that the prisoners have soft skills in making asinan trasi, this activity grows positive characters as high confidence, discipline, and self-motivation to use soft skill as provision skill to create new work field for them. The superficial of the research results is the formed of training service of traditional snacks innovation, recipe book, and stand to inform the products made by the prisoners.
IbM tahap pertama Lukman, dalam kegiatan rumah baca ada 7 target telah dilaknakan hamper 100% antara lain:jumlah buku dan Al Quran naik, bantuan edukasi permainan anak usia dini, bantuan baju layak pakai,rumah baca tidak bocor,mengaji untuk anak-anak dan serta pengajian orang dewasa. Dari kegiatan IbM tahap pertama maka hasil diskusi kami dengan perwakilan warga adalah masyarakat mengharapkan kelanjutan untuk IbM tahap kedua, dengan tujuan untuk:1) memindahkan kegiatan rumah baca dari rumah gedek/bambu yang mau rubuh kegedung pertemuan yang baru, 2)memberikan bantuan rak buku, 3)memberikan bantuan ahli cerita untuk anak-anak di kondang merak, 4) memberikan bantuan surya sel untuk penerangan saat rumah baca digunakan malam hari karena di kondang merak belum ada sambunga listrik PLN,5) listrik sel surya ini juga digunakan sebagai proses belajar karena jika dirumah mereka tidak memiliki listrik, akan belajar di rumah baca yang baru dengan penerangan listrik tenaga surya 6) serta bantuan guru mengaji untuk anak-anak nelayan muslim karena tahap tahap pertama hanya mengaji 3 bulan ingin ada kelanjutan. Semua target terpenuhi, kecuali membaca cerita belum terlaksana, karena menyesuaikan liburan anak-anak dan sudah dilaksanakan saat mengaji dsertai juga cerita. Hasil dari pengabdian ini dapat dinikmati warga kondang merak, terutama penerangan listrik tenaga matahari untuk sarana berkumpul warga di malam hari dan belajar bagi siswa SD, dan kegiatan mengaji untuk peningkatan keimanan anak-anak nelayan, serta penyelenggaraan kurban kambing pertma kali di hari raya Iedul Adha 2017 semoga menjadi pemicu peningkatan keimanan warga.
The purpose of the activities of student creativity program community service is to prevent aggressive actions of students who take martial arts martial arts, especially in terms of young fighters brawl at SMA Negeri 1 Jiwan Madiun. To achieve the goal, namely to prevent fights among fighters Young SMA Negeri 1 Jiwan, the program prepared by the method of Counseling very interesting to say to students who use the model role play, ie with SILYCOUN Detachment (Silat by Counseling Simulation and Sociodramas) that combined with other activities such as guidance counseling group. Obviously this will make students become more interested and excited for the event. So expect after joining this program, young fighter SMA Negeri 1 Jiwan can have self-control and empathy to refrain from actions that are aggressive like brawling. Counseling for young fighters is very important, because the adolescent emotions are very unstable and easily influenced. The results of the implementation of the program is provided through intensive exercise, seemed enthusiastic students to accept differences in education, empathy students in performing the role sociodramas able to enter in their daily lives, as well as some students who initially resolve problems using emotions, so far already shows improvement which has begun to think about the risk or bad consequences if forward emotions, although there are still some students who need special attention in performing the role because the level of high emotion.
Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization algorithms are key ingredients in a series of machine learning applications. In this article we perform a rigorous strong error analysis for SGD optimization algorithms. In particular, we prove for every arbitrarily small $\varepsilon \in (0,\infty)$ and every arbitrarily large $p\in (0,\infty)$ that the considered SGD optimization algorithm converges in the strong $L^p$-sense with order $\frac{1}{2}-\varepsilon$ to the global minimum of the objective function of the considered stochastic approximation problem under standard convexity-type assumptions on the objective function and relaxed assumptions on the moments of the stochastic errors appearing in the employed SGD optimization algorithm. The key ideas in our convergence proof are, first, to employ techniques from the theory of Lyapunov-type functions for dynamical systems to develop a general convergence machinery for SGD optimization algorithms based on such functions, then, to apply this general machinery to concrete Lyapunov-type functions with polynomial structures, and, thereafter, to perform an induction argument along the powers appearing in the Lyapunov-type functions in order to achieve for every arbitrarily large $ p \in (0,\infty) $ strong $ L^p $-convergence rates. This article also contains an extensive review of results on SGD optimization algorithms in the scientific literature.
