ObjectiveTo translate the Nurse Artificial Intelligence Ethical Awareness Scale into Chinese and to test its reliability and validity within the Chinese nursing context.MethodsThe scale was translated following the modified Brislin translation model.The Chinese version of the Nurse Artificial Intelligence Ethical Awareness Scale was developed after cultural adaptation.In October 2025,a convenience sampling method was used to select 384 clinical nurses from a tertiary grade A hospital in Henan province as the study subjects for a questionnaire survey to test the reliability and validity of the scale.ResultsThe Chinese version of the Nurse Artificial Intelligence Ethical Awareness Scale consisted of 6 dimensions(data privacy and confidentiality,informed consent and autonomy,transparency and accountability,bias and fairness,safety and professional integrity,and education and sustainability) with a total of 21 items.The scale⁃level content validity index was 0.905,and the item⁃level content validity index ranged from 0.833 to 1.000.Exploratory factor analysis extracted 6 common factors with eigenvalues>1,and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 88.946%.Confirmatory factor analysis showed that all fit indices reached ideal standards.The overall Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.861,and the test⁃retest reliability was 0.950.ConclusionsThe Chinese version of the Nurse Artificial Intelligence Ethical Awareness Scale demonstrates good reliability and validity.The scale could be used to assess the level of ethical awareness among Chinese clinical nurses in the application of artificial intelligence.
ObjectiveTo translate the Nurse⁃Patient Therapeutic Interaction Scale into Chinese and to evaluate its psychometric properties.MethodsThe Nurse⁃Patient Therapeutic Interaction Scale was translated based on the modified Brislin translation model.The Chinese version of the Nurse⁃Patient Therapeutic Interaction Scale was culturally adapted and preliminary survey before formal validation.A total of 549 clinical nurses were selected from tertiary grade A hospitals in Jiangsu province from September to October 2025 using the convenience sampling method.Classical test theory was adopted to examine the reliability and validity of the scale.Multi⁃dimensional item response theory was further applied to analyze the item discrimination parameters,item difficulty parameters,and item information functions,to comprehensively evaluate the psychometric performance of the scale.ResultsDuring cultural adaptation,the item⁃content validity index of the Chinese version of the Nurse⁃Patient Therapeutic Interaction Scale ranged from 0.667 to 1.000.The scale⁃content validity index/average was 0.908.Exploratory factor analysis extracted 3 common factors consisting 17 items in total,with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 74.503%.After removing one item,the results of multi⁃dimensional item response theory showed that the item discrimination parameters ranged from 2.516 to 21.805.The item difficulty parameters ranged from -3.217 to 0.401.The scale provided sufficient measurement information in the low⁃to⁃medium range of therapeutic interaction levels.After multi⁃dimensional item response theory analysis,the overall Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.981.The split⁃half reliability coefficient was 0.972.Confirmatory factor analysis revealed an excellent fit of the external verification model.ConclusionsThe Chinese version of the Nurse⁃Patient Therapeutic Interaction Scale has excellent discrimination,reliability,validity,and relatively low item difficulty.The scale could effectively measure the level of therapeutic interaction among clinical nurses.
The dual nature of the biological functions of vitamin D was summarized.The molecular mechanisms of vitamin D against breast cancer,the potential mechanisms by which vitamin D promotes breast cancer progression,the clinical associations with breast cancer,and the challenges in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer were reviewed.Future research directions were also proposed.
ObjectiveTo analyze the smart health care service demands of postoperative thyroid cancer patients based on the Kano model.MethodsA convenience sampling method was adopted.A total of 280 postoperative thyroid cancer patients in our hospital were selected as study subjects from May 2022 to June 2025.The patients were surveyed using a self⁃designed Kano model demand attribute questionnaire for postoperative thyroid cancer patients.Kano model demand attribute classification, better coefficient⁃worse coefficient analysis,two⁃dimensional matrix analysis,and sensitivity analysis were performed.ResultsA total of 15 demands fell into the priority improvement area,including 4 must⁃be attributes(26.67%),5 attractive attributes(33.33%),and 6 one-dimensional attributes(40.00%).Sensitivity analysis of the demands was conducted.The highest sensitivity value was 0.327,and the lowest was 0.062.The items "remote alert for hypocalcemia","reminder push for follow⁃up visits",and "swallowing function rehabilitation guidance" showed relatively high sensitivity.ConclusionsBased on the analysis results of smart health care service demands of postoperative thyroid cancer patients,nursing workers could focus on remote alert for hypocalcemia,reminder push for follow-up visits,and swallowing function rehabilitation guidance and so on to develop higher⁃quality nursing plans.
ObjectiveTo explore the developmental trajectory of wound healing after cesarean section in parturients with scarred uterus and to analyze its influencing factors.MethodsA total of 200 parturients who underwent cesarean section in our hospital from July 2023 to March 2025 were selected as the study subjects.Basic patient data were collected,and wound healing status was assessed.The latent class growth model was used to identify the developmental trajectories of wound healing after cesarean section in parturients with scarred uterus.Logistic regression analysis was employed to explore the influencing factors of different developmental trajectories.ResultsA total of three distinct developmental trajectories of wound healing after cesarean section in parturients with scarred uterus were identified,namely normal healing group(80 cases),slow healing group(52 cases),and keloid tendency group(68 cases).Logistic regression analysis showed that prenatal fibrinogen level,total intraoperative and postoperative blood loss,duration of the current cesarean section,and neonatal birth weight were influencing factors for the classification of the developmental trajectories of wound healing after cesarean section in parturients with scarred uterus(P<0.05).ConclusionsThe developmental trajectory of wound healing after cesarean section in parturients with scarred uterus exhibits group heterogeneity.A full⁃cycle intervention system covering the prenatal,intraoperative,and postoperative periods could be constructed based on the identified influencing factors.
ObjectiveTo analyze the effects of pre-pregnancy weight and intrapartum weight on postoperative recovery quality in women undergoing caesarean section.MethodsA total of 337 women who underwent caesarean section at Jiangsu Shengze Hospital from September 2023 to December 2024 were selected as study subjects.General data of the women were obtained from the hospital's electronic medical record information system.The quality of postoperative recovery was assessed 24 hours after surgery using the Obstetric Quality⁃of⁃Recovery(ObsQoR⁃11) score.ResultsThe pre⁃pregnancy body mass index(BMI) of the 337 women was (23.2±3.3) kg/m2,and the intrapartum BMI was (28.6±3.7) kg/m2.Linear regression analysis showed that the duration of the caesarean section,intrapartum weight,and pre⁃pregnancy weight were influencing factors for the postoperative recovery quality in women undergoing caesarean section(all P<0.05).ConclusionsBoth intrapartum obesity and pre⁃pregnancy obesity have a negative impact on the postoperative recovery quality in women undergoing caesarean section. Reasonable weight management should be performed for women undergoing caesarean section to improve the postoperative recovery quality.
ObjectiveTo explore the level of intrinsic capacity in hospitalized elderly patients and its impact on their quality of life.MethodsA total of 602 hospitalized elderly patients from Hubei,Henan,and Hunan provinces were selected as study subjects by a convenience sampling method from January to June 2024.Surveys were conducted using a general information questionnaire,the Intrinsic Capacity Screening Tool,and 36-item Short Form Health Survey.Univariate analysis,Spearman correlation analysis,and stepwise linear regression analysis were used to explore the influencing factors of quality of life in hospitalized elderly patients.ResultsThe total intrinsic capacity score of hospitalized elderly patients was 3(2,4).The total quality of life score was 66.37±5.34.Regression analysis showed that the total intrinsic capacity score and its dimension scores,along with age,sex,living situation,medical expense payment method,per⁃capita household disposable income,pain,sleep problems,polypharmacy,and mode of admission,were all influencing factors on the quality of life in hospitalized elderly patients(all P<0.05).Among these,the dimensions of locomotion,psychological status,and vitality had more significant effects on quality of life.ConclusionsThe level of intrinsic capacity in hospitalized elderly patients affects their quality of life,with locomotion,psychological status,and vitality being the most significant dimensions.Medical staff may consider incorporating intrinsic capacity assessments into the early management of hospitalized patients.They could implement comprehensive interventions targeting key functional dimensions and modifiable factors so as to promote functional maintenance and to improve quality of life in hospitalized elderly patients.
The core concepts of intergenerational interaction interventions are defined.The application status of intergenerational interaction interventions in both family⁃based and non-family-based intergenerational interaction models is reviewed.The effects and mechanisms of intergenerational interaction interventions in promoting elderly health care are analyzed.Key factors influencing outcomes of intergenerational interaction interventions are summarized.The future research directions are identified.The aim is to provide a basis for optimizing intergenerational health care strategies in the field of geriatric nursing.
ObjectiveTo explore the application effect of artificial intelligence(AI) telephone follow-up in patient management for intravitreal injection.MethodsA total of 1 000 patients who underwent intravitreal injection at the intravitreal injection center of Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital from January to June 2025 were selected as the study subjects.The patients were divided into an AI telephone follow⁃up group and a manual telephone follow⁃up group using a random number table method,with 500 cases each.In the manual telephone follow⁃up group,follow⁃up calls were conducted by nurses.In the AI telephone follow⁃up group,an AI telephone follow⁃up system developed by the research team was used for follow⁃up.The two groups were compared in terms of call success rate,effective connection rate,information collection rate,complete information collection rate,and patient follow⁃up satisfaction,and the average call duration was also calculated.ResultsThe average call duration was 146 seconds in the AI telephone follow⁃up group and 79 seconds in the manual telephone follow⁃up group.The call success rate in the AI telephone follow⁃up group was 79.20%,which was higher than that in the manual telephone follow⁃up group (71.40%).However,the effective connection rate(79.80%),information collection rate(76.58%), complete information collection rate(59.50%),and patient follow⁃up satisfaction(92.4%) in the AI telephone follow⁃up group were all lower than those in the manual telephone follow⁃up group (effective connection rate was 99.72%,information collection rate was 92.98%,complete information collection rate was 92.15%,patient follow⁃up satisfaction was 100.0%).ConclusionsThe application of AI telephone follow⁃up in patients undergoing intravitreal injection could improve call success rate,but it has limitations in terms of interaction quality,information completeness,and call duration control.In the future,AI telephone follow⁃up could be used as an auxiliary tool for manual follow⁃up to comprehensively improve the efficiency and digital level of nursing follow⁃up.
ObjectiveTo translate The Psychological Emptiness Scale(PES),to test its reliability and validity,and to describe the emotional profiles of patients with dry eye disease.MethodsThe PES was translated using the Brislin translation model.A Chinese version of the PES was developed through cultural adaptation and a pilot survey.A total of 1 100 ophthalmic patients from our hospital were selected as study subjects from October 2024 to February 2025. The Chinese version of the PES was administered to investigate the patients.The reliability and validity of the scale were analyzed.The psychological characteristics of patients with dry eye disease were visualized.ResultsThe Chinese version of the PES consisted of 2 dimensions with a total of 19 items.The item⁃level content validity index ranged from 0.909 to 1.000.The average scale⁃level content validity index was 0.966.Exploratory factor analysis extracted two common factors,with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 61.242%.Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit.The overall Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.901. The test⁃retest reliability was 0.965.Application of the scale for patients with dry eye disease showed that gender,age,average monthly income,education level,and occupation were influencing factors for the Chinese version of the PES scores(P<0.05).The Chinese version of the PES score was positively correlated with the Ocular Surface Disease Index Questionnaire score(r=0.236,P<0.05) and negatively correlated with the Questionnaire in Practice for Patients with Dry Eye Disease score(r=-0.214,P<0.05).Based on the proportions of dry eye disease severity,emptiness levels,and types of disease prevention and treatment behaviors,four visualized emotional profiles of dry eye patients were formed.ConclusionsThe Chinese version of the PES could be used as a tool to assess the psychological state of ophthalmic patients.The emotional profiles of patients with dry eye disease could provide a reference for their personalized management.
ObjectiveTo construct symptom networks in patients with end⁃stage kidney disease before and after dialysis and to explore the dynamic interactions among different symptoms over time.MethodsA total of 299 patients undergoing initial hemodialysis treatment at a tertiary grade A hospital in Sichuan province were selected as the study subjects from November 2024 to September 2025.Patients were surveyed using a self⁃designed general demographic questionnaire and an adapted version of the Dialysis Symptom Assessment Scale.A cross⁃lagged network model was employed to identify dynamic interactions among 18 symptoms over time.ResultsThe forward time⁃lagged correlation was sleep difficulty→itching(β=0.33).The backward time⁃lagged correlation was fatigue or lack of energy→sleep difficulty(β=-0.22).Sleep difficulty reported the greatest out⁃predictability(0.265),in⁃predictability(0.233),out⁃strength(1.498),and in⁃strength(1.591).ConclusionsSleep difficulty was identified as the core symptom of the dynamic network model of symptom before and after dialysis in patients with end⁃stage renal disease.Strategies to alleviate sleep difficulty should be incorporated into multimodal interventions for end⁃stage kidney disease.
ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical evidence⁃based nursing practice competence among master of nursing specialist students and analyze its influencing factors.MethodsA mixed⁃methods study with an explanatory sequential design was adopted.For the quantitative phase,convenience sampling was used to select 130 master of nursing specialist students from four tertiary grade A hospitals in Shanxi province from March to May 2023.The participants were surveyed using a general information questionnaire and the Chinese version of the Evidence⁃Based Practice Questionnaire.For the qualitative phase,a total of 19 master of nursing specialist students were selected to participate in semi⁃structured interviews from the quantitative study sample.ResultsThe total score on the Chinese version of the Evidence⁃based Practice Questionnaire among the 130 master of nursing specialist students was 115.95±21.04,with an average item score of 4.64±0.84.Regression analysis showed that research experience(participating in academic conferences and research projects and so on),awareness of the importance of clinical evidence⁃based nursing practice,and knowledge of clinical evidence⁃based nursing practice were influencing factors for the score on the Chinese version of the Evidence⁃Based Practice Questionnaire(all P<0.05).The qualitative analysis extracted four themes,namely high recognition and internalization of values,identifying clinical evidence⁃based nursing practice as a professional development direction;weak practical competence and lack of systematic support,leading to a knowing-doing gap;multidimensional facilitating factors stimulating the implementation of clinical evidence-based nursing practice;and multiple barriers constraining the clinical application of evidence⁃based nursing practice.ConclusionsThe clinical evidence⁃based nursing practice competence among master of nursing specialist students was at a moderate level.Hospitals and schools should improve teaching methods based on students' learning needs and experiences, provide more support,and enhance their clinical evidence⁃based nursing practice competence.
This article provides an overview of oral mucositis,summarizes the clinical characteristics of chemotherapy⁃related oral mucositis in patients with hematologic malignancies,discusses the mechanism of action of cryotherapy on oral mucositis,and reviews the current status of cryotherapy for chemotherapy⁃induced oral mucositis in patients with hematologic malignancies.Optimizations suggestions for clinical application are also proposed,so as to provide a reference for nursing practice.
ObjectiveTo summarize studies on the application of natural language processing in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.MethodsGuided by the scoping review methodological framework,relevant databases were searched from inception to April 18,2025.The included literature was synthesized and analyzed.ResultsA total of 16 articles were included.The application scenarios of natural language processing in the field of rheumatoid arthritis included focusing on patients with rheumatoid arthritis⁃associated interstitial lung disease,constructing knowledge graphs,exploring rheumatoid arthritis medications,and supporting machine learning.The application methods were diverse.The application effects were excellent.ConclusionsNatural language processing has broad application prospects in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.However,relevant studies are currently limited.Future research should strengthen model interpretability,address the challenges of multimodal text integration,and further expand application scope,so as to evaluate its effectiveness and reliability comprehensively.
ObjectiveTo analyze the latent transition status of gastrointestinal symptom clusters and their influencing factors in patients with primary gastric cancer before and after chemotherapy.MethodsA total of 219 patients with primary gastric cancer who received postoperative chemotherapy at the department of traditional Chinese medicine of The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University were selected as study subjects by a convenience sampling method from January 2024 to June 2025.The severity of gastrointestinal symptoms was assessed using the Chinese version of the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory⁃Gastrointestinal Cancer Module at 1⁃3 days before chemotherapy and 5⁃7 days after chemotherapy.Latent transition analysis was performed to explore the transition probabilities of gastrointestinal symptom classes before and after chemotherapy.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the influencing factors of latent transition in gastrointestinal symptom clusters.ResultsGastrointestinal symptoms before and after chemotherapy in gastric cancer patients were classified into two groups,namely mild symptom group and symptom distress group.From pre-chemotherapy to post-chemotherapy,the probabilities of remaining in the same group were 48.7% for the mild symptom group and 77.5% for the symptom distress group.The probability of transitioning from the mild symptom group to the symptom distress group was 51.3%,while the probability of transitioning from the symptom distress group to the mild symptom group was 22.5%.Age,education level,body mass index,and clinical stage were identified as influencing factors for the latent transition of gastrointestinal symptom clusters before and after chemotherapy in patients with primary gastric cancer(P<0.05).ConclusionsThere was group heterogeneity in gastrointestinal symptoms among patients with primary gastric cancer before and after chemotherapy.Healthcare providers should accurately identify the transition patterns of symptom clusters and their influencing factors,and implement precise symptom management strategies.
This paper systematically reviews the mechanisms through which music therapy influences neuroplasticity in preterm infants,intervention strategies for promoting neuroplasticity in preterm infants,and evaluation tools for assessing neuroplasticity in preterm infants.It also summarizes the challenges faced in research on music therapy for neuroplasticity intervention in preterm infants and proposes future research directions.The aim is to provide a reference for developing strategies to enhance neuroplasticity in preterm infants.
ObjectiveTo identify the latent classes of symptom distress in elderly patients with heart failure and to construct a risk prediction model using machine learning algorithms.MethodsA convenience sampling method was used to select 460 elderly patients with heart failure who were hospitalized in the department of cardiology of a tertiary grade A hospital in Hengyang city from September 2023 to April 2024 as the study subjects.Latent class analysis was employed to explore the latent classes of symptom distress in these elderly patients with heart failure. Six risk prediction models of symptom distress in elderly patients with heart failure were constructed using machine learning algorithms.The optimal model was selected and subjected to interpretability analysis.ResultsSymptom distress in elderly heart failure patients was classified into three latent classes.The low⁃distress symptom⁃adaptation group accounted for 44.8%(206 cases).The moderate⁃distress psychological⁃dysregulation group accounted for 26.5%(122 cases).The high⁃distress heart⁃failure⁃predominant group accounted for 28.7%(132 cases).LASSO regression analysis showed that age,educational level,average monthly household income,multimorbidity,smoking,and perceived social support were significant influencing factors of symptom distress in elderly heart failure patients.Machine learning algorithms were used to construct six models,namely logistic regression,decision tree,random forest,K⁃nearest neighbors,extreme gradient boosting and support vector machine.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of extreme gradient boosting in the training set and test set was 0.909 and 0.828,respectively.Which was higher than that of the other models.The calibration curve showed that the predictions of extreme gradient boosting were in good agreement with the actual results.Within a certain threshold probability range,the decision curve of extreme gradient boosting demonstrated that the model possessed favorable clinical application performance.The learning curve showed no overfitting of the extreme gradient boosting.The interpretability analysis based on extreme gradient boosting revealed that perceived social support,multimorbidity,and age were of high importance.ConclusionsSymptom distress in elderly patients with heart failure exhibits population heterogeneity.The extreme gradient boosting model demonstrates good performance in predicting the risk of symptom distress in elderly patients with heart failure.
ObjectiveTo construct a dietary intervention program for childhood bronchial asthma based on the family nurse dietary therapy theory,and to evaluate its application effects.MethodsA total of 232 children with bronchial asthma admitted to the department of pediatrics of the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University were selected as study subjects from March 2023 to March 2025.The children were divided into a control group and an observation group using a random number table method,116 cases each.The control group received family⁃centered home rehabilitation nursing,while the observation group received the dietary intervention program for childhood bronchial asthma based on the family nurse dietary therapy theory in addition to the interventions given to the control group.Biochemical indicators,growth and development indicators,pulmonary function indicators,quality of life,sleep quality,asthma attack frequency,and asthma control level were compared between the two groups.ResultsDuring the study period,4 cases dropped out from the control group and 2 cases dropped out from the observation group.Ultimately,112 children in the control group and 114 children in the observation group completed the full follow⁃up.After 12 months of intervention,the observation group showed higher levels of serum albumin,hemoglobin,serum iron,ferritin,25⁃hydroxyvitamin D,serum zinc,serum calcium,percentage of forced vital capacity to predicted value,percentage of forced expiratory volume in the first second to forced vital capacity percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 second to forced vital capacity and quality of life scores compared with the control group.The height⁃for⁃age Z⁃score and weight⁃for⁃age Z⁃score in the observation group were significantly improved compared with those in the control group.The fractional exhaled nitric oxide level and sleep quality scores in the observation group were lower than those in the control group.The number of acute asthma attacks and the number of hospitalizations due to asthma in the observation group were fewer than those in the control group.The asthma control level in the observation group was better than that in the control group (all P<0.05).ConclusionsThe application of the dietary intervention program for childhood bronchial asthma based on the family nurse dietary therapy theory in children with asthma could effectively improve the nutritional status of the children,promoted their growth and development,optimized their pulmonary function,reduced the frequency of acute asthma attacks,and enhanced both disease control and quality of life and sleep.
ObjectiveTo investigate the incidence and influencing factors of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis(DVT) after intracranial mechanical thrombectomy in patients with acute ischemic stroke(AIS),and to construct a risk prediction model.MethodsA total of 315 patients admitted to the neurointensive care unit of Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University were enrolled as study subjects from January 2023 to September 2024. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the influencing factors for DVT.A Nomogram prediction model was constructed.The prediction model was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve,Hosmer⁃Lemeshow test,calibration curve,and clinical decision curve analysis(DCA).ResultsThe incidence of lower extremity DVT after mechanical thrombectomy in the 315 AIS patients was 28.89%(91/315).Logistic regression analysis showed that age,National Institute of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS) score,D⁃dimer level,puncture time,and operation time were influencing factors for lower extremity DVT after mechanical thrombectomy in AIS patients(all P<0.05).A Nomogram model was constructed based on these influencing factors.The area under the ROC curve was 0.916(95% CI 0.883⁃0.949).The Youden index was 0.675.The sensitivity was 0.912.The specificity was 0.763.The Bootstrap test indicated good model calibration.Clinical DCA demonstrated good clinical applicability within the threshold probability range of 0.01⁃0.90.ConclusionsAge,NIHSS score,D⁃dimer level,puncture time,and operation time were identified as factors affecting the occurrence of lower extremity DVT after mechanical thrombectomy in AIS patients.The Nomogram model constructed based on influencing factors demonstrated good predictive performance and may serve as a quantitative tool for nurses to identify high⁃risk patients at an early stage.
ObjectiveTo explore the potential categories of postoperative olfactory function recovery trajectories in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps(CRSwNP) and to analyze the influencing factors of these categories.MethodsA total of 300 CRSwNP patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery at Ganzhou Hospital of Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University were selected as the study subjects from January 2023 to April 2025.Olfactory function was assessed using the T&T standard olfactory test method preoperatively and at 1,3, and 6 months postoperatively.Latent variable mixed growth modeling was employed to identify the potential trajectory categories of olfactory recovery in CRSwNP patients.The univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to explore the influencing factors of the latent categories.ResultsThe postoperative olfactory recovery trajectories in CRSwNP patients were classified into three categories,namely rapid recovery type (154 cases,51.3%),slow recovery type (92 cases,30.7%),and poor recovery type(54 cases,18.0%).Multivariate analysis revealed that comorbid allergic rhinitis,history of endoscopic sinus surgery,olfactory cleft polyps,postoperative complications,Lund⁃Mackay score,serum total IgE level,and blood eosinophil percentage were influencing factors for the trajectory categories of postoperative olfactory recovery in CRSwNP patients(all P<0.05).ConclusionsGroup heterogeneity existed in the postoperative olfactory recovery trajectories among CRSwNP patients.Comorbid allergic rhinitis,history of endoscopic sinus surgery,and olfactory cleft polyps and so on are key factors affecting the recovery trajectory categories.Early identification of high⁃risk populations based on these influencing factors and the development of targeted intervention strategies could improve olfactory outcomes of patients.
