[Objective] The study aims to understand the distribution of Anthocerotophyta in Xizang, add new materials for the research of moss plants in Xizang, and provide essential basic data for the conservation of bryophyte diversity in China. [Methods] The research materials of Anthocerotophyta were obtained from field investigation. The species diversity was determined through indoor morphological observation and literature review. [Results] The collected specimens of corneophytes, growing in the meadow at the edge of the spruce forest and autochthonism in Linzhi, were analyzed by classical taxonomic method combined with observation of the morphological structure of plant body and sporophyte. Two new records, Anthoceros punctatus L. and Phaeoceros laevis (L.) Prosk., were identified. [Conclusion] A . punctatus L.and P . laevis (L.) Prosk. were recorded for the first time in Xizang.
[Objective] Under the background of climate warming and changing precipitation pattern, how to ensure the sustainable and stable function of grassland ecosystem and their ability to provide ecological services depends on comprehensive study of the relationship between biodiversity and productivity and its stability. This is also one of the central focus in the study of global change ecology. [Reviews] This paper systematically reviews the latest research progress in global change ecology at home and abroad, focusing on the following three aspects: First, we provide an overview of how species diversity affects productivity and its stability, as well as the potential mechanisms underlying these effects. Second, we provide a detailed overview of recent studies on the relationship between plant diversity and productivity and its stability in response to climate warming and changing precipitation, based on field experiments and other methods. Finally, we explore how dynamic changes in plant species composition play a crucial role in regulating the stability of community productivity. [Prospect] This paper puts forward some suggestions on the key issues and future research directions of plant community stability and its mechanism.
[Objective] This study aims to reveal the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin synthesis and coloration in the spathe of Zantedeschia hybrida regulated by exogenous sugars, which can provide theoretical basis for the development of postharvest preservation technology of cut flowers. [Methods] The cut flowers of pink Z. hybrida were used as materials to study the effects of glucose, mannose, mannitol, and GHG (mix of glucosamine hydrochloride and glucose) on the color phenotype, anthocyanin content, and expression of the genes related to their synthesis at 333 mmol/L, 499 mmol/L, and 666 mmol/L, respectively. [Results] (1) Treatment of glucose, mannose, and mannitol reduced spathe brightness, increased redness and chroma, and promoted anthocyanin accumulation. GHG treatment reduced spathe redness and chroma, and decreased anthocyanin accumulation. (2) 499 mmol/L mannitol promoted the expression of anthocyanin synthesis-related genes, including ZhMYB, ZhCHS, ZhCHI, ZhF3H , ZhF3'H , ZhDFR, and ZhANS, while glucose promoted the expression of six genes except ZhANS. Expression of ZhMYB, ZhCHS, and ZhCHI under GHG treatment was lower than glucose alone. [Conclusion] Appropriate amount of exogenous glucose, mannose, and mannitol can effectively promote anthocyanin accumulation in the spathe of Z. hybrida and improve color appearance. At 499 mmol/L, glucose and mannitol significantly promote the expression of anthocyanin synthesis-related genes, in which glucose may regulate the expression of ZhMYB, ZhCHS, and ZhCHI through the HXK pathway.
[Objective] This study aims to explore the regulation of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on the growth and quality of Leonurus japonicus under drought stress, in order to provide theoretical basis for cultivation and quality improvement of L. japonicus under drought stress. [Methods] 100 μmol/L sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a NO donor) was used as pretreatment, and 10%, 20%, and 30% polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000 was used to simulate different degrees of drought stress. The effect of exogenous NO on seed germination, seedling growth, and the content of medicinal components of L. japonicus seedlings under drought stress was analyzed. [Results] (1) Seed germination under 10% and 20% PEG treatment was improved by the regulation of amylase activity through exogenous NO. (2) Exogenous NO mitigated growth inhibition of L. japonicus seedlings under drought stress, which was likely attributable to the reduction in malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide levels, thereby decreasing oxidative damage. (3) Analysis of medicinal components showed that exogenous NO enhanced leonurine hydrochloride content, stachydrine hydrochloride content, and flavonoid biosynthesis in L. japonicus under drought stress. [Conclusion] Exogenous application of NO could alleviate seed germination and seedling growth of L. japonicus under mild and moderate drought stress, and promote the accumulation of medicinal components under stress.
[Objective] The effect of NtCET4 gene overexpression in regulating tobacco flowering time was analyzed by constructing NtCET4 overexpression plants, and the feasibility of increasing the number of effective leaves of tobacco to improve tobacco yield based on NtCET4 manipulation was discussed. [Methods] Overexpression vector of NtCET4 was constructed. Transgenic individuals were obtained through the Agrobacterium-mediated leaf disc transformation. The transgenic plants were identified by PCR and GUS staining. The overexpressed lines were selected from transgenic lines based on qRT-PCR. The overexpressed plants were transplanted into fields to observe flowering time and leaf numbers. qRTPCR was used to identify relative expressions of NtCET4 before and after flowering. [Results] During the seedling stage, four transgenic lines showed significant increase in NtCET4 expression. These four transgenic lines with NtCET4 overexpression showed delaying flowering (about 14 days). Longer period of vegetative bud activity resulted in more valid leaves in the transgenic plants. NtCET4 expression in transgenic plants was increased from seedling to mature, and higher expression was detected before flowering relative to after flowering. [Conclusion] Overexpression of NtCET4 promotes the vegetative bud activity, delays flowering, and increases the number of valid leaves in tobacco.
[Objective] The study aims to explore the function of SAT4 (serine acetyltransferase 4), a member of the peach serine acetyltransferase family, in adventitious root formation, and provide potential target genes for future breeding to improve rooting in peach. [Methods] Using the transcriptome of adventitious roots, the PpSAT4 gene was screened and transformed into Prunus domestica and Arabidopsis thaliana to explore the function of PpSAT4 in adventitious root formation. [Results] (1) Peach PpSAT4 gene with a sequence of 864 bp was cloned, encoding a protein with a molecular weight of 30.49 kD and an isoelectric point of 6.70. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PpSAT4 had the closest relationship with European sweet cherries and almonds. Analysis of cis-acting elements showed the presence of response elements such as light, auxin, and gibberellin in the PpSAT4 sequence. (2) The overexpression vector Pp- SAT4-CAM-FLAG was constructed and transformed P . domestica and A . thaliana, and the transgenic lines were obtained. (3) qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression level of PpSAT4 in the transgenic lines was higher than that of the wild-type. Overexpression of PpSAT4 increased various indices and POD and SOD activities in the plum root system. In addition, overexpression of this gene in A . thaliana increased root length and enzyme activity, suggesting a similar function in A . thaliana. [Conclusion] Pp- SAT4 plays a crucial role in facilitating the formation of adventitious roots.
[Objective] The study aims to explore the relationship between the anatomical structure of different spruce needles and their drought resistance, to provide reference for spruce conservation research and screening of excellent germplasm resources. [Methods] 15 spruce species that were introduced and cultivated for more than 25 years in Hohhot arboretum were used as materials. The anatomical structure of needles was observed by the freehand section technique and the related indexes were analyzed. [Results] (1) The needles of 15 spruce species were composed of cuticle, epidermis, hypodermis, mesophyll tissue, endodermis, stele tissue, and so on. The mesophyll had no differentiation of palisade tissue and spongy tissue. (2) There were significant differences in different indexes of the anatomical structure of the needles among the 15 spruce species. Among them, the variation coefficient of the stele area was the largest (22.83%), and the variation coefficient of the cuticle thickness was the smallest (9.69%). (3) The contribution of each index of the spruce needle structure to stress drought resistance was: Subcortical thickness > stele area> stele thickness > needle cross-sectional area > cuticle thickness > endodermis cell length > epidermis thickness > pore number in needle cross-section > endodermis thickness. (4) The 15 spruce species were divided into four categories by cluster analysis, which reflected the differences in developmental degree of the protective tissue, nutritional tissue, and transfusion tissue of the tested plants. [Conclusion] The needle anatomical structure of the 15 spruce species can adapt to the environment in various forms. By constructing the developed cuticle, epidermal cells, mesophyll cells, and stele tissues, the water storage and water use efficiency can be improved, so that they can survive in arid environment.
Investigating and analyzing the structure and dynamics of Fagaceae community in the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest of Malipo is important for exploring the coexistence mechanism and domi-nance of Quercus,Lithocar pus,and Castanopsis.This study provided an empirical study for understanding Fagaceae coexistence.We set four 600 m2 plots in the Malipo natural reserve in May 2021.Excel 2019 and SPSS 25.0 software were used to analyze the dominant group by both individual number and basal area,and make static life table and survival curve to understand the differentiation among different genera and their coexistence mechanisms.1)The average basal area of Fagaceae and Lithocarpus were 57.04％and 32.82％,which made them the dominant family and genera,respectively.2)The diameter class distribution of the three genera was all barrel-shaped,with small proportion of seedlings and large trees(17.43％)and large proportion of small-and middle-sized trees(82.57％).3)The survival curves of the three genera all fitted the Deevey-Ⅱ type.The mortality of Quercus and Castanopsis species was increased with increasing in diameter class,whereas after becoming saplings,Lithocarpus species become stablized.Fagaceae,especially Litho-carpus,is the dominant group in the evergreen broad-leaved forests of Malipo.The differentiation in com-munity dynamics,species distribution,and diversity among these three genera are important reasons for their coexistence and dominance.
[Objective]To establish a foundation for addressing climate change and implementing major national ecological projects,this study investigated the carbon sequestration attributes of the representative restored vegetation types within ecologically sensitive regions of Qinling Mountains.[Method]Seven typi-cal vegetation types[Pinus tabuliformis Carr.,Quercus variabilis Blume,P.tabuliformis-Quercus varia-bilis mixed forests,Platycladus orientalis(L.)Franco,Robinia pseudoacacia L.,abandoned grassland,and farmland]were selected in eastern Qinling Mountains.The carbon sequestration effects and characteristics of carbon density composition were analyzed through a survey of vegetation communities and calculation of organic carbon in the above-ground vegetations,ground litter,and soil profile across different ecosystem types.[Result](1)The carbon sequestration function of the typical restored forestlands and grasslands in eastern Qinling Mountains was significant,showing P.orientalis(L.)Franco(16 325.2 g/m2)＞Q.vari-abilis Blume(16 073.0 g/m2)＞P.tabuliformis-Q.variabilis mixed forests(11 729.5 g/m2)＞R.pseudoacacia L.(9 023.9 g/m2)＞P.tabuliformis Carr.(8 610.1 g/m2)＞abandoned grassland(7 177.9 g/m2)＞farmland(5 496.2 g/m2).The forest ecosystem exhibited the highest carbon sequestration effect followed by grassland ecosystem and farmland ecosystem.The composition ratio of ecosystem carbon den-sity was characterized by soil layer＞vegetation layer＞litter layer.(2)Carbon sequestration capacity was generally increased with restoration years.The carbon density of forest ecosystems was higher in the middle-aged forest stage and near-mature forest stage.Carbon storage began to stabilize and slowly decline in the over-mature forest stage.(3)There were notable differences in carbon density among various re-stored vegetation types on shaded versus sunny slopes.Furthermore,forest ecosystems displayed more pro-nounced variations based on slope direction.[Conclusion]These findings indicate that vegetative carbon se-questration is different among different stands,and exhibits phased characteristics correlated with forest age.However,effective management strategies for high-carbon sink tree species tailored to local conditions are essential for achieving national goals for carbon neutrality by 2060.
[Objective] Analysis of diversity of fruit and seed traits (FSTs) of 32 P . dactylifera plants introduced in Yuanjiang, Yunnan Province was carried out, and the excellent single plant in the population was preliminarily identified, which provided the basis for further research and breeding of improved varieties. [Methods] 11 parameters of 32 P . dactylifera plants were measured. The methods of Shannon- Wiener index and principal component analysis etc. were employed to interpret the diversity of FSTs, and primarily to determine the excellent individual plants in the population. [Results] The mean transverse and longitudinal diameters (TD and LD) of fruits, single fruit dry weight (SFDM), and fruit edible rates (FER) of the 32 P . dactylifera plants were 1.9-2.7 cm, 2.9-4.2 cm, 1.9-5.6 g, and 77.8%- 94.9%, respectively; the coefficient of variation (CV) for fresh seed weight (FSW) was the highest (29.9%), followed by SFDM (29.7%), with CV of FER the lowest (5.3%). SFDM was significantly positively correlated with the other parameters (P <0.05 or P <0.01). The FER was significantly negatively correlated with fruit moisture content, TD and LD of seed, seed fresh weight, and seed moisture content (P <0.01). A comprehensive score of ≥1.000 was identified as the breeding standard for improved varieties, with 5 plants selected from 32 individual plants, which accounting for 15.6% of the total plants. [Conclusion] The fruit and seed variety of the single plant of P . dactylifera is rich, and the proportion of excellent single plant in the population is low, so the breeding of good varieties is important to increase its yield and value.
[Objective] In order to examine the quality of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge germplasm resources in different regions, it is necessary to establish appropriate evaluation methods for the selection of excellent germplasm resources. [Methods] 16 indicators, including water content, protein content, oil content, and fatty acid composition of seeds, were determined from 20 different varieties of X . sorbifolium Bunge in Liaoning and Shandong. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis were used to evaluate the quality of germplasm resources. [Results] The coefficient of variation of germplasm resources ranged from 6.43% to 49.11%, and the correlation analysis revealed significant relationships among the 16 indicators. 5 principal components were selected by principal component analysis, and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 82.951%. Transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter, hundred-grain weight, oil content, nervonic acid, and other 6 unsaturated fatty acid content were the key indicators to evaluate the germplasm resources of X . sorbifolium Bunge. The results of cluster analysis showed that the 20 X . sorbifolium Bunge germplasm resources could be categorized into three groups according to the quality indicators. [Conclusion] ‘SW-180’ has higher oil content and ‘JD-1’ has higher nervonic acid content, which can be selected for directional cultivation. Overall, ‘JW-1’, ‘JGZ-1’, ‘JD-1’, and ‘JGZ-5’ perform well based on their comprehensive scores, which can be used as excellent parent materials for breeding.
[Objective] The effects of abscisic acid (ABA) on the growth, leaf stomatal characteristics, and photosynthesis of Iris lactea seedlings under severe salt stress were studied. We aim to screen the appropriate ABA concentration to enhance salt tolerance of I. lactea, and to provide a basis for the cultivation of I. lactea that is tolerant to severe saline stress. [Methods] Using ‘ML04’ and ‘ML35’ I. lactea seedlings as materials, the biomass, stomatal density, photosynthesis rate, and other indices under NaCl stress after ABA spraying were analyzed. [Results] Under NaCl stress, both I. lactea seedlings showed salt damage symptom, and the leaf damage of ‘ML35’ was more severe than ‘ML04’. Spraying of ABA increased salt tolerance of the two I. lactea seedlings, and ‘ML04’ was increased more than ‘ML35’. ABA increased the plant height and biomass by adjusting the stomatal morphology and spatial distribution pattern to optimize the gas exchange process, reducing the decrease of chlorophyll content, and enhancing its photosynthesis, etc. [Conclusion] The damage of ‘ML35’ was more severe than ‘ML04’ under salt stress. Spraying ABA could alleviate the growth of I. lactea seedlings under salt stress, and 2.5 μmol/L ABA had the best effect.
[Objective] The study aims to examine the correlation between phytophthora resistance of pepper and plant agronomic traits and to select and breed phytophthora resistance varieties of pepper. [Methods] The irrigation method was employed to conduct a potted experiment on 45 different inbred lines of pepper. Agronomic traits as well as physiological and biochemical parameters were assessed. [Results] The results revealed significant variations in disease resistance among the inbred lines, and the incidence of eight inbred lines, including ‘RT19-248’, ‘RC17-555’, ‘YJ-24’, ‘NJ-07’, ‘702’, ‘298a’, ‘CF19’, and ‘CF20’, was less than 20%. Conversely, seven inbred lines, including ‘WangH242-1’, ‘XJ-19’, ‘NJ08’, ‘CB3’, ‘CC4’, ‘CC7’, and ‘CF9’, exhibited an incidence rate exceeding 80%. The plant height, aboveground fresh weight, and nitrogen content exhibited significant differences after 20 days of inoculation compared to the control group. Correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between disease incidence and plant height and fresh weight, while a positive correlation was observed with nitrogen content. [Conclusions] The results demonstrate that eight inbred lines (‘RT19-248’, ‘RC17-555’, ‘YJ-24’, ‘NJ- 07’, ‘702’, ‘298a’, ‘CF19’, and ‘CF20’) possess the potential to serve as parental sources for developing highly blight-resistant pepper varieties. Strong stalks, vigorous growth, and low nitrogen tolerance are the preliminary identification criteria of pepper varieties with high blight-resistance.
[Objective] The red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) HpSWEET7 gene, belonging to the sugar transporter SWEET (sugars will eventually be exported transporter) family, was cloned and its role in fruit sugar accumulation was investigated, which provided a target gene for improving fruit flavor and quality. [Methods] HpSWEET7 gene was isolated from ‘Zihonglong’, and sequence alignment and phylogenetic relationship were analyzed. Gene expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR, and the subcellular localization was detected by fusing fluorescent protein. Sugar transport activity was investigated by the yeast growth complementation and acidification assay. [Results] The ORF of HpSWEET7 was 771 bp, encoding 256 amino acid residues. HpSWEET7 contained two MtN3_saliva (Pfam No. PF03083) and seven transmembrane domains, which was closely related to Arabidopsis AtSWEET6 and AtSWEET7, belonging to SWEET Ⅱ class. Expression of HpSWEET7 in stems was lower than that in fruits at 6 developmental stages. The expression level was the highest in fruits at 20 d after pollination, gradually decreased with fruit development, and was the lowest in ripe fruits (30 d after pollination). Subcellular localization assay showed that HpSWEET7 was located at the cell membrane. HpSWEET7 showed transport activities for glucose, fructose, mannose, sorbitol and galactose. The acidification test further proved that Hp- SWEET7 transported glucose and fructose. [Conclusion] HpSWEET7 transports hexoses across the cell membrane, and participates in sugar accumulation during fruit development in red pitaya.
[Objective] NAC transcription factors play a significant role in plant resistance to abiotic stress. In this study, the NAC transcription factor gene BvNAC40 was cloned from the drought-resistant sugar beet variety ‘HI0466’, and its protein structure and expression under drought stress were analyzed. This research provided a theoretical basis for further analysis of BvNAC40 and the breeding of drought-resistant sugar beet varieties. [Methods] BvNAC40 gene was cloned using the PCR method, and its protein structure was analyzed by bioinformatics methods. Subcellular localization was observed with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Expression of BvNAC40 under drought stress was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Overexpression vectors and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) vectors for BvNAC40 were constructed using homologous recombination. [Results] The CDS of BvNAC40 was 1 182 bp long, encoding 393 amino acids, which was classified within the NAC transcription factor family, with a transmembrane domain at the C-terminus. Subcellular localization showed that it was primarily located in the nucleus. Under drought stress, BvNAC40 expression was upregulated in both the leaves and roots of sugar beets. [Conclusion] The BvNAC40 gene is specifically expressed in response to drought stress in sugar beets, laying the foundation for future studies using transgenic technology.
[Objective] The study aims to examine the flowering and breeding characteristics of the native plant Deutzia parviflora, promote the resistance breeding and resource utilization of Deutzia as well as enrich the species of flowering shrubs in the northern region. [Methods] The morphological characteristics of flower organs, flowering phenology, pollen viability, stigma acceptability, and breeding system of D . parviflora were observed and analyzed. [Results] (1) D . parviflora began to bloom in late April and ended in mid-May in Beijing. Its flowering type is concentrated flowering, with a group flowering period of 22-23 d and a single flowering period of 8 d, which can be divided into 8 stages. (2) The stigma acceptability at the petal flattening stage was the strongest, and the pollen viability at the stamen expansion stage was the highest. (3) The optimal medium for pollen viability determination was: 100.0 g/L sucrose + 0.3 g/L H3BO3 + 0.2 g/L CaCl2. (4) Pollen can be dried and stored in the short term (within 10 d), at -20 ℃ and -80 ℃ in the medium term (10-30 d), and at -80 ℃ for a long time (more than 30 d). (5) The pollen-ovule ratio of D . parviflora was 23 695.93, the out-crossing index was 3, the fruit setting rate of xenogamy was the highest. [Conclusion] There is no apomixis in D . parviflora and the breeding system is a mixed mating system, dominanted by outcrossing mechanism, requiring pollinators, and it is more fertile and can be used as a parent for hybrid breeding in the genus Deutzia. Its low self-incompatibility is not due to dichogamy and herkogamy.
[Objective] The study aims to examine the quality and aroma characteristics of various tea types produced from tea varieties ‘Yiluxiang’ (YILX) and ‘Yelaixiang’ (YELX) and accelerate their application. [Methods] Green tea, oolong tea, black tea, and white tea were prepared with YILX and YELX as raw materials and with ‘Huangdan’ as control. Sensory quality evaluation and aroma component of tea samples were investigated. [Results] The quality of green tea, oolong tea, black tea, and white tea produced from YILX and YELX showed varying degrees of improvement compared to ‘Huangdan’. The green tea produced by YILX was of the highest quality, characterized by floral fragrance and enriched with a high level of floral and fruity aroma components, including β-ocimene and (Z )-3-hexenyl hexanoate, among others. Oolong tea made from YELX had the best quality with distinct floral fragrance and the highest content of various floral and fruity aroma components, including β-ocimene, phenylethanol, and (Z)-3-hexenyl hexanoate. The sensory scores of the black teas made from YILX and YELX were comparable, as both exhibit floral aromas. While YELX aroma quality was mainly composed of flower, fruit, and milk aroma components such as geraniol, YILX was mainly composed of fragrant and long-lasting components such as methyl salicylate. Teas made from YELX was of the highest quality, with a milk powder fragrance and the highest content of aroma components such as geraniol, (Z )-3-hexenol and so on. [Conclusion] Both YILX and YELX were suitable for making green tea, oolong tea, black tea, and white tea. YILX is better suited for making green tea and black tea, while YELX is more suitable for making oolong tea, black tea, and white tea.
[Objective]Long-term monitoring of plant community dynamics in large forest plots helps re-veal the spatial patterns and underlying mechanisms that sustain species diversity.These insights form a solid scientific foundation for biodiversity conservation in the region.[Methods]Taking the typical forest ecosystem as the research object in the Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park,we used the adja-cent grid method to conduct a survey of each tree in a 24 hm2large sample plot.[Results]There was a to-tal of 35 835 trees,of which Picea crassifolia and Juniperus przewalskii accounted for 57.84％and 23.82％,respectively.Species richness and plant height were 3 species and 10.7 m,respectively.Shan-non-Wiener and Simpson index of spruce forest were 0.74 and 0.43,respectively,Shannon-Wiener index was relatively low.The Shannon-Wiener index was significantly influenced by tree height,species rich-ness,and Simpson index.As the tree height increased,the Shannon-Wiener was decreased,while the spe-cies richness and Simpson index were increased significantly.The coefficients of determination for the training and testing sets of the machine learning model were 0.95 and 0.93,respectively,with root mean square errors of only 0.06 and 0.08.This indicated that the model had a high explanatory power and pre-diction accuracy for the Shannon-Wiener data.[Conclusion]The species diversity of the Qinghai spruce forest is relatively low and is significantly influenced by tree height,species richness,and the Simpson in-dex.These factors play a crucial role in maintaining the biodiversity of the region.
[Objective]The study aims to find out the shrub resource situation and its economic potentiality in Qiqihar,and provide basis for the development and utilization of shrub resources in this area.[Methods]The species composition,distribution,and economic potentiality were analyzed by combining literature re-view,sampling line,and sampling square survey.[Results]There were 185 species of shrubs,which be-longed to 57 genera and 26 families in Qiqihar;180 of which,from 55 genera and 24 families,were angio-sperms,accounting for 97.30％.The predominant forms were deciduous and erect shrubs,and monotypic and oligotypic genera were the main genera of families.The floristic composition of the genus was com-plex,and the temperate floristic composition(82.46％)was absolutely dominant,especially the northern temperate floristic flora(49.12％),which highlighted the temperate floristic characteristics of this area.Ornamental shrubs held the highest economic value among shrub resources,followed by medicinal,raw(oil)material,and edible shrub species.However,much of their potential value remained untapped.Through screening,10 edible economic shrubs suitable for the development of this area were proposed.[Conclusion]The shrub resources in Qiqihar are abundant in species,distributed across various families and genera,complex in floristic composition,and diverse in economic potentiality.Edible shrub plants can be utilized to develop a regional characteristic shrub industry.
[Objective]The study aims to examine the breeding system,pollination characteristics,and en-dangered mechanism of Rosa anemoniflora,and provide theoretical basis for the protection and breeding of the rare and endangered plants.[Methods]Pollen viability was measured by in vitro culture germination method.Stigma receptivity was measured by benzidine hydrogen peroxide method.Pollen morphology was observed by scanning electron microscope.Flower characteristics,flowering dynamics,and visiting insects were manually recorded and observed.[Results](1)The pollen vitality of R.anemoniflora was the high-est on the fourth day of flowering,and the best period of stigma receptivity was the third day.(2)The single flowering period of R.anemoniflora was 5-7 days,and the population flowering period was about 25 days.The hybridization index(OCI)was 4.The breeding system was heterozygous with partially self-compatible,and outbreeding requires pollinators.(3)R.anemoniflora had a single pollinator,with Apis cerana and Bombus sp.being the main pollinators.[Conclusion]The breeding mechanism of R.anemoni-flora was heterozygous,partially self-compatible,and pollinated by insects.The single pollinating insect and the susceptibility of pollination behavior to weather conditions and human interference were important reasons for the endangerment of R.anemoniflora.Releasing effective insects during the flowering period and reducing human damage were important measures for the conservation of R.anemoniflora.
