The heat adaptation strategy of the compact mid-rise districts must reduce pedestrian heat load without affecting the poor air exchange which still persists in such narrow streets and courtyards. In this study, the cooling pathway scores for compact districts are determined based on radiation-ventilation-gated district-level heat adaptation intervention allocation. This case study involves the Volksgartenviertel district, an 16 ha compact district in Cologne, Germany. The scores are assigned based on district characteristics including the land cover, vegetation, 2022 July meteorology, and the air-temperature-physiological equivalent temperature response relationship. The district consists of traffic area, parks, buildings, and inner courtyards covering approximately 25 %, 20 %, 25 %, and 30 % of the district, respectively. Present greening within the district is unbalanced; there are 285 street trees belonging to 18 different species and two green roof areas. There is also one completely covered facade greening and 11 tree-shrub-grass front yards out of 221 front yards surveyed. The intervention set consists of 158 Acer platanoides street trees, 146 facade and roof greening interventions, and 2410 grass grid pavers which correspond to 9640 m2 or 0.964 ha permeable grounds. For the hottest days during 18-20 July 2022, the district maximum air temperature is 40.2 degrees C, and mean air temperature and wind speed are approximately 28.7 degrees C and 0.29 m/s, respectively. The mean air-temperature reduction over 72 h is-0.49 K, which is accompanied by-0.91 K of PET reduction. The maximum reduction of both air temperature and PET locally is-5.28 K and-7.66 K, respectively. While PET reduction over 72 h is 3.13 times of air-temperature reduction, locally maximum PET reduction reaches-26.10 K during the hottest hour.
The closeness of a neighborhood may be measured by the quantity of services present within easy reach by foot, even though services close at hand do not create a thriving public domain. In metropolitan Rome, such differences may be observed in the public realm outside the periphery, wherein services may be found close by, including schools, stations, shops, pharmacies, cafes, and green space, while the ordinary use of the site remains minimal. The current study measures this phenomenon using Civic Hold, a four-variable approach to retaining public space. The metric integrates walking orientation, routine use, dwelling probability, and perceived centrality, and has been used to analyze a representative Roman sample of urban fabric including historical compactness, consolidated twentieth-century development, linear planning form, irregular residential planning, and isolated low density. The principal contrast is drawn between Largo Niccol & ograve; Cannella in Spinaceto and Piazza Erasmo Piaggio in Villaggio Breda, both sites containing six categories of services within proximity, while district density ratios remain very close. The Civic Hold for Piazza E. Piaggio is found to be 77.50, while that of Largo N. Cannella is 32.75, despite a density differential of just 2.91%. The ratio of their Civic Hold results is 2.37. It is clear that neighborhood proximity is only socialized through connectivity between services through legible paths, appealing edges, regular use, and localized importance.
The problem of urban green-space mapping in a highly concentrated metropolitan region involves consideration of the reliability of the decision itself rather than just the separation of vegetation from non-vegetation evidence. The Greater Bay Area of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao features high-rise neighborhoods, complex impervious surfaces, coastal towns, peri-urban vegetation, and an imbalanced amount of VGI data, indicating that the mere aggregation of accuracy measures will be inadequate for urban planning purposes. In this paper, it was examined whether reliability-weighted conformal graph calibration applied to the Sentinel-2 urban green-space evidence in combination with OpenStreetMap would be capable of discriminating among reliable mapped vegetation, city-level omission, and limitations imposed by structural connectivity. The reliability-weighted conformal graph calibration analysis used such inputs as the OpenStreetMap semantics for vegetation evidence, weight-sensitivity reliability scores, classifier confusion matrix numbers, city-level precision and recall scores, UGS area estimates, landscape metrics, and multi-scale partition analysis. The weighted reliability resulted in 0.8372 of mean accuracy and 0.8267 of mean F1 score, whereas unweighted setting decreased accuracy to 0.818 and F1 to 0.812. The best planning-oriented results of errors were observed for W-SVM with 355 false positives, 0.104 false positive rate, 0.896 specificity, and 0.785 utility. The detectability varied from 97.60 percent in Shenzhen to 67.42 percent in Kaiping, thus clearly showing a distinction between high-confidence cities and fragmentation-sensitive cities with considerable pressure on omission. Finally, the 10 m UGS estimation of 139,427.06 ha appeared to lie between ALCC, ESA WorldCover, and CLCD estimations, indicating substantial disagreements among urban green-space products. The MSPA analysis demonstrated that core and edge classes prevail in the foreground of vegetation evidence, whereas bridge, branch, and loop connectors combined account only for 3.11%.
The analysis of urban soil health should facilitate decision-making concerning park management, de-sealing, urban forestry, stormwater management, carbon sequestration, and restoration of disturbed soil. Therefore, any analysis of urban soil health requires measurements that reflect chemical, physical, biological aspects, sampling depth, and ecological services associated with urban soils. In this regard, we performed the analysis of urban soil health based on a calculation of a Depth-Function Coupling Portfolio of selected 63 out of 217 papers. The dataset used in this work included data about 61 geographical samples, 59 samples characterized by land use and 51 samples described in terms of their sampling depths. Chemical aspects were reported in 76% of the publications, physical-in 60%, biological-in 44%, soil health indexes-in 37%, and ecosystem services-in 33%. Among land use categories, the greatest number of cases refers to open space (32), park (26), and residential land use (23). Among vegetation types, grass has the largest frequency (48), followed by trees (23) and shrubs (15). Moreover, vertical sampling is limited in more than 70% of samples, where sampling was made not deeper than 20 cm. Only two studies considered soil samples obtained deeper than 120 cm. Soil function coverage index equals 0.507, depth awareness index equals 0.457, the score reflecting the disjunction between soil functions and depth equals 0.469, while the portfolio stress equals 0.500. Ecosystem service proxies have the highest contribution into total measurement deficit (26.8%), followed by soil health indexes (25.2%) and biological measurements (22.4%). Raising the proportion of biological and ecological services covered by urban soil research to 0.60 would increase the soil function coverage index to 0.637. Combined with the depth adequacy value of 0.50, this value will increase depth-awareness index to 0.607 and portfolio stress to 0.284.
Green-space assessments commonly document aspects like proximity, physical access, maintenance, ecological quality, and recreation provision. However, this list does not exhaust all factors that need consideration when determining whether or not a park can be used by autists reliant on sensory predictability, navigable routes, reliable services and limited social contact. This paper will apply Constraint-Affordance Prioritisation analysis to Bulltofta Park in Malm & ouml;, Sweden to identify factors that foster or hinder neuro-inclusive use of this site. For this purpose, both the documented place-quality record and Peaceful Path actions will be examined in relation to the use channels of sensory regulation, route confidence, bodily access and services, ecological engagement, and co-use predictability. What qualities of Bulltofta Park affect the reliability of neuro-inclusive use and which Peaceful Path actions most strongly help preserve its peaceful atmosphere and ecology? Nature is the most positive domain, scoring +85.7 for balance, with 6.5 supportive points against 0.5 pressure points. In addition, management is positively rated at +50.0. Accessibility is still positive (+16.7) and facilities show some support (+7.7). While the presence of benches, bins, barbecue places, spaciousness, and relatively low visitor density are positive, lack of toilets, lighting, winter restrictions for some narrow paths, off-lead dogs, and school-related crowd formation during certain hours weaken facilities' overall contribution to neuro-inclusivity. Scores within channels confirm this conclusion, indicating the dominance of ecological engagement (+100.0) and sensory regulation (+53.8), while bodily access and services score poorly (-20.0). Peaceful Path actions improve route confidence (+14.3 to +55.6) and bodily access and services (-20.0 to +6.7). Thus, Bulltofta Park's contribution to neuro-inclusion relies more on consistent maintenance, clear route description, moderate social engagement, sensory gradients, and availability of services than any special facilities.
In the case of nature-based vitality, there can be metrics such as quantity of green areas, park availability, or temporary increase in outdoor activities. All of the above approaches have some merit. Yet, they can conflate the temporary impact on visual attention with sustainable changes that will become visible after new routines have been formed. This paper introduces SARSE and applies it to Vancouver data from 2018 to 2023 in order to distinguish between temporary disruption-related reactions and persistent activity patterns as well as environmental and perceptual factors associated with both of them and with meaningful spatial structure. There is an extensive record of annually counted numbers of observations per each image-derived activity category, Moran's I, variance inflation values, and visitation correlations for Vancouver. The temporal component takes into account pre-disruption 2018-2019 state, 2020 shock effect ratio, persistent 2022-2023 period, terminal memory of 2023 year and volatility. The spatial readiness component encompasses spatial autocor relation, multicollinearity handling and positive correlation with visitation counts. Urban Elements and Artistic Expression achieved the largest persistently observed expansion from Bg = 269.5 up to 4427 observations in 2023 years and attained Ag = 2.54 as well. Life and Cultural Activities, Street Landscapes and Life Scenes, Natural Landscapes and Greenery, Urban Built Form and Public Realm and Traffic categories have remained above the pre-disruption level. Flowers and Plants showed the largest 2020 shock ratio (Sg = 8.50) but maintained rather weak 2023 memory (Mg = 0.18). Sentiment Score and Red Maple provided the highest visitation-weighted spatial-readiness score, followed by Number of Parks, Pyramidal European Hornbeam, Tree Height 40-50 and Park Area factors.
Where high-albedo roofs and pavements reduce the amount of heat absorption through solar rays, the annual residential-energy implications will depend on whether the home appliances used are electric-powered cooling, gas space heating or heat pumps. The key issue here is how the 15-30% neighborhood high-albedo application should be interpreted, where air-temperature reliability is strongest under specific conditions and the same housing stock has both cooling and heating technology overlap. Seasonal Reversal-Technology Allocation Sizing (SRTAS) analysis is employed using the following numerical examples: temperatures for Los Angeles and Seattle in terms of validation quantities; Pacoima treated-area high-albedo impact; demand for cooling reduced by albedo and cool roofs; and a 89-home Los Angeles County residential-equipment inventory data set. The residential equipment data set involves 58 homes using electric cooling, 53 using gas heating, 40 using electric cooling and gas heating, and 6 using heat-pump cooling and heating. Los Angeles offers 25.7% contraction in near-surface air-temperature MAE at all hours and 32.4% in the highest built-volume cells. On the other hand, Seattle offers modest contraction in all hours, although it achieves 30.3% contraction in MAE during the hottest hour, thus creating a hot-tail concentration of 4.04. The 15-30% albedo range offers approximately 0.0107 C-degrees cooling per treated-area percentage point while the 30% albedo plus cool-roof case results in an 11% reduction in the increase in cooling demand, hence avoiding 57.9% of the warming-induced increment. It changes the claim that technology allocation: gas-heating exposure 0.923 relative to electric-cooling exposure; non-heat-pump reversal pressure 0.815 and heat-pump exposure 0.108. The research data confirm heat adaptation and cooling demand reduction, but not any unconditional annual energy savings statement, unless cool roof envelope advantages and heat pump conversion are mentioned in the same context in one claim.
Historic centers tend to be appreciated due to symbolism and architecture; meanwhile, their regular users interact with them through effort, heat, surface, seating, signposting, landscaping maintenance, and opportunity to stop during the trip. Bursa's historic center is studied as an open corridor combining heritage, business, arrival via transport, and urban routine of Green Tomb, Setba & scedil;& imath;, Heykel, Historical Hans District, Tophane, National Garden, Re & scedil;at Oyal Culture Park, and adjacent streets. The data includes 250 users and four indices: Need-Conversion Ordering, Affordance-Demand Imbalance, Neutrality Retention Screening, and Adequacy-Satisfaction Divergence. Satisfaction, adequacy, demand, reliability, demographic, access-mode, duration of stay, and activity data are used in combination to rank public realm support. The prolonged and transit-related nature of use makes the interpretation of results different from planning one. In total, 69.20% of respondents were staying for more than two hours and 44.40% arrived by bus or minibus; therefore, the corridor should be seen in terms of pedestrian connectivity after arrival. The maximum need conversion is provided by green connectivity and rest in the shade (58.28), followed by connectivity and universally available route (52.18). The biggest gap between afforded and demanded features is green connectivity (61.53), followed by accessibility (57.34), and tourism interpretation (50.32). The equipment and maintenance is the index with the highest neutrality retention weight (3.67); meanwhile, comfort and image are indices with the highest adequacy-satisfaction divergence (26.69). Therefore, the historic center of Bursa should be developed first in terms of long-term, walkable, shady, and accessible public realm corridor; meanwhile, interpretive and identity-related efforts will work once this framework is set up.
Green-roof inventories for municipalities should be able to discriminate between confirmed roofs greening and vegetation intersecting building footprints. It is true especially for Lisbon with historical red clay roofs, flat individual roofs, trees on the borders of streets, and communal podium-type green spaces in a dense urban fabric. This paper investigates whether Lisbon's candidate inventory reflects the condition which should be prioritized for field validation when the accuracy of image-class classification is high but the object assignment differs by morphology. The dataset consists of an eight-band WorldView-2 image obtained on 18 February 2022, twelve observations made monthly with Sentinel-2 in 2023, 54,800 municipality building footprints, 4,015 grouped-building detections, 371 final candidates, and 196 verified green roofs. The investigation follows five-stage procedure that is built into the Lisbon record: class-specific reliability of the image classification, successive elimination, beta-binomial posterior credibility, seasonal NDVI margins, and inspection burden distribution. The classification audit of the WorldView-2 image is quite successful as evidenced by the overall accuracy value of 0.950, Cohen's kappa of 0.914, vegetation F1 of 0.960, and unsuitable-roof F1 of 0.947. These numbers confirm the greenness and materials-based screening but not the roof attribution. Validation of the objects is very typologically specific: 50 out of 176 individual-roof candidates pass the test, versus 146 out of 195 shared space candidates. The verification odds for the shared space path are 7.51 higher than for the individual-building path, and the reliability-adjusted posterior intervals stay well-separated. The seasonal NDVI discriminates the two types too, since top-level roofs span 0.25-0.31 margins around the 0.30 gate, while shared space roofs are located above the gate at 0.32-0.49. In summary, Lisbon's candidate map includes two separate streams of verification: individual roofs need specific error detection while common space roofs present the high yielding approach to completion of the city's inventory.
Planning of nature-based solution interventions in cities typically starts with typology lists, as opposed to calibration of performance models based on local conditions. Such practice generates practical selection problems in Global South cities where floods, heat stress, water pollution, droughts, biodiversity depletion, erosion, air pollution, and lack of equal access to urban nature are often co-occurring challenges even before the availability of performance evidence on costs, land-use, and performance. Typologies of interventions are selected according to scale-weighted functional leverage, functional range, spatial continuity, and medium coupling criteria for keeping only those intervention families that will be assessed further. Scale-Weighted Functional Leverage (SWFL) is calculated for four types of implementation media: water, land, built structures, and hybrid water-land media. Fourteen resilience functions are kept: biodiversity, heat regulation, water-pollution regulation, pluvial flood regulation, coastal flood regulation, river flood regulation, drought regulation, air-pollution regulation, erosion regulation, river navigation improvement, riverbank erosion regulation, social resilience, coastal flood and erosion regulation, and general flood regulation. The most common medium among 32 interventions is water, accounting for 16 interventions, followed by land, responsible for 12 interventions, built structure for three interventions, and one hybrid water and land intervention. Biodiversity is the most common function represented by 19 interventions, compared to single representation of social resilience, river navigation improvement, and riverbank erosion regulation. Neutral SWFL values result in selection of mangrove restoration, green-blue infrastructure, and urban forest systems as leading solutions, and river management and restoration interventions are also important because they help to preserve rare functions of rivers. Ranking of typologies based on priority weighting puts green-blue infrastructure as number one under heat and air categories, raises rainwater harvesting systems under drought and pluvial challenges, and includes urban gardens as a necessity under social and biodiversity categories. Selection of minimum coverage set demonstrates the need for portfolio of interventions as means of achieving broad resilience coverage.
Singapore’s urban green spaces should promote biodiversity and yet be safe, legible, and cheap to maintain. Rapid vegetation growth and regular pruning are likely to reduce insect and bird faunas through reduced flowering, litter, understory, and nesting structures within humid tropical urban green spaces. This paper assesses 13 Singapore urban green spaces comprising 7 parks and 6 streetscapes and determines whether sites having high faunal capacity also generate high biodiversity return when subject to light maintenance activities. Assessment was based on data regarding vegetation density, maintenance class, planted vs. spontaneous vegetation, species richness, Shannon diversity, probable species numbers, and cross-taxon performance for aculeate hymenoptera, butterflies, and birds. Four calculated metrics were considered: composite faunal capacity, low-input biodiversity return, unfulfilled species numbers, and cross-taxon performance. While parks recorded high average composite faunal capacity values (0.765), streetscapes recorded high values of spontaneous vegetation (0.602). Sites maintained under low maintenance conditions produced the greatest biodiversity return, at 0.577, against medium maintenance levels (0.274) and high maintenance conditions (0.152). Current return was greatest for Tampines Eco-Green (0.429), Chuan Lane Park (0.368), NUS Ventus (0.291), and Admiralty Road West (0.241), while those showing low current return included West Coast Park, Jurong Central Park, and Sembawang Hot Spring Park, all of which exhibited greater maintenance release priority. Results indicate that biodiversity amounts and biodiversity returns give contrasting planning signals for tropical urban green spaces.
Flood adaptation in land use in Nigeria calls for an intervention order that aligns with the level of flood burden, exposure of livelihood activities, and deterioration in land cover. In this paper, four flood-exposed communities; Odekpe, Umunakwo, Oko, and Okwe have been analyzed using the 198-respondent dataset on livelihood activity, size of farmland, flood shock index, nature-based integration value, and land cover type. About 61.1% of all respondents experienced severe to very severe flood shock, 72.7% of respondents earn their livelihood through farming and fishing, and 63.6% of respondent are exposed to small to medium-size farms. Odekpe had the largest flood shock value of 0.703, followed by Umunakwo (0.665), Oko (0.648), and Okwe (0.574). During 1990-2020, built-up and bare lands increased from 14.93 to 96.59 km2 whereas floodplains area increased from 183.07 to 332.73 km2. Vegetation and water bodies have declined during this period. The highest priority scores were allocated for ecosystem restoration and protection (27.51), green infrastructure development (25.01), and sustainable agriculture (24.80).
Public space analytics has become capable of capturing visual data, text data, behaviour data, environmental data, and administrative data. However, increased opportunities in evidence collection do not necessarily mean balanced evidence on users, since observable actions and simple perception tend to attract significantly more computational power than, for instance, safety, accessibility, climate comfort, universality, and management experience. The objective of this paper is to apply the proposed Evidence-Deficit Allocation approach to a ten-dimensional public space evidence register, featuring 427 dimension assignments and 58 dimension-level machine learning assignments. These ten dimensions include feeling towards place, satisfaction, sensory experience, use and activity, sense of safety, health, climate comfortability, perceived accessibility, universality, and feeling towards management. Evidence-Deficit Allocation involves several components including evidence share, machine learning share, local uptake, positive evidence-to-method deficit, and constraint load, which are then used to calculate a size-sensitive priority score and an under-adoption urgency score. Analysis finds that use and activity and feeling towards place represent 64.17% and 86.21%, respectively, of the total dimension evidence assignments, and machine learning assignments. It can thus be confirmed that there is a pronounced dominance of machine learning in behavioural and affective dimensions. Meanwhile, climate comfortability, universality, and feeling towards management represent 14.29% of dimension evidence assignment, but none of these three has any machine learning assignments. Use and activity achieves a maximum size-sensitive priority score of 100.00, while sense of safety scores 100.00 in urgency. Perceived accessibility, climate comfortability, management perception, and universality are four under-instrumented fields in public space evidence. In a 10,000-run perturbation analysis, the results are found robust against alternative constraint weighting.
In photovoltaic green roofs, the electricity generation takes place over the vegetated surface via solar-electric process, whereas the thermal behavior is governed by evapotranspiration, substrate heat storage, and vegetation exposure under the effect of solar radiation. In the following section, a measured data set of sedum green roof in Ljubljana with elevated photovoltaics will be analyzed based on the comparison of three shade conditions of the vegetation surface: unshaded, partially shaded, and fully shaded. The Hydrothermal Constraint Number depends on evapotranspiration similarity, the vegetation-temperature correlation adjusted according to shading, photovoltaics' correction to the evapotranspiration in the longwave range, and daytime heat-flux fraction to the heat flux reference. The measured evapotranspiration rate for 9 July 2024 is 3.98 mm day(-1), and the modeled value is 4.15 mm day(-1); for 25 July 2024, they are 4.08 mm day(-1) and 3.95 mm day(-1); and for 3 August 2024, they are 2.60 mm day(-1) and 2.73 mm day(-1). Thus, the corresponding RMSE is 0.145 mm day-1, the mean absolute error is 4.15 %, and the fidelity coefficient is 0.959. The vegetation-temperature correlation, theta(v) = 0.9359(a) + 0.011 R-g(1-S), implies that every reduction of the short-wave shade-sensitive irradiation by 100 W m(-2) results in the decrease of the solar thermal component of approximately 1.1 degrees C. Photovoltaics correction to the evapotranspiration by the long-wave exchange leads to the change in evapotranspiration.
Heat adaptation of compact temperate neighborhoods usually relies on green spaces since additional land to accommodate larger parks is scarce. The heat mitigation capacity of such spaces cannot be estimated just in terms of their surface areas. One-hectare intervention may perform like a shade destination, cooling interface with streets, or both depending on patch division, compactness, grouping, width of streets, and direction of streets. Street-Coupled Thermal Allocation (SCTA) methodology is utilized in order to find out which one-hectare layout suits best each of four neighborhood morphologies when pedestrians’ heat stress is considered the goal of urban planning. Numerical parameter sets incorporate four types of streets and eight types of one-hectare layouts. Four street types, designated as T1 to T4, vary in street area share, height-to-width ratio, and orientation composition. Eight layouts of one hectare, referred to as S1 to S8, differ in patch area, total patch number, shape index, grouping property, and association with wide and narrow streets. Calculation is performed separately in respect of Local Green Refuge Score and Street Cooling Transfer Score with further aggregation of these two scores with coefficients 0.55 and 0.45, respectively. It turned out that grouped and compact layouts (S7, S8) ensure maximum performance with regard to local refuge, and grouped wide streets provide maximum cooling transfer capacity (S1, S3). Combining the two scores yields maximum values in favor of S1 layout within T1, T2, and T4, equaling to 0.719, 0.689, and 0.740, respectively. Layout S8 wins in terms of SCTA score for T3 with score equaling to 0.721 and also proves to be very effective for T4 neighborhood morphotype with SCTA value of 0.730. Layout S3 maintains its good performance throughout and reaches 0.728 in case of T4 type of morphology. The results suggest that one-hectare green space layout optimization is a morphology-related task, whereby grouping and wide streets are more appropriate for the street cooling transfer goal, while compact cross-street placement is better for diagonal morphology.
Siting civic facilities in semi-arid settings should take into account both the need to locate facilities within a certain range from the people in terms of access to their services and the fact that some buildings are more sensitive to temperature than others. This analysis of a 29.5 ha plot located in the Green City of BenGuerir in Morocco is based on the data such as program areas, G+ floor configurations, the distance up to which people are willing to travel for certain types of facilities, population density, lighting loads, equipment loads, ventilation and air changes per hour, cooling and heating setpoint temperatures, wall and roof surface heat transfer coefficients, window solar heat gain coefficient, and annual cooling and heating intensities. As the result of calculations, mixed-use facilities demonstrate the highest internal gain intensity (65.28 W m(-2)), followed by the gymnasium (55.05 W m(-2)), the police center (49.10 W m(-2)), the secondary school (45.52 W m(-2)), and the primary school (43.73 W m(-2)). At the same time, residential buildings and the polyvalent room show the lowest figures (18.98 W m(-2) and 19.15 W m(-2)). With regard to access requirements, primary schools and mixed-use facilities have the most important priority due to their preferred service distance being 750 m, while masjids and polyvalent rooms are second in order (1200 m). The annual cooling intensity is 51.13 kWh m(-2) year(-1), while the annual heating intensity is 25.18 kWh m(-2) year(-1). Thus, the coefficient equals 2.03. The obtained results suggest that high internal gain activities are to be avoided along.
Large metropolitan green spaces can be described using the total share of land cover types or an ecosystem-services index, but these metrics do not indicate whether vegetation producing the desired services overlaps with people affected by sealing, emissions, heating, surface water runoff, and poor local green space. This paper considers Moscow based on population-oriented ordinally sufficient analysis of the largest urbanized territory. The available data consists of 118 administrative districts, residential quarters, regular grid cells, more than 12 million residents, 841 landscaped objects of green infrastructure, 202.1 km2 of landscaped green infrastructure, 86 nature reserves covering 149.8 km2, and six physical services. Calculation is performed with thresholds and score distributions of sanitary-zone vegetation, stormwater regulation, cooling capacity, cultural green access, residential green provision, and roadside green space. Each block is assessed for adequate land share and adequate resident share such that ecological sufficiency and resident coverage will not be confused. It is concluded that there is little correlation between metropolitan green abundance and resident sufficiency. Regulating services appear to be the largest deficit, with adequate land share rising from 12.0% of district area to 19.2% of grid area, whereas adequate resident share goes up merely from 11.3% to 11.7%. Cultural access and residential provision are better accounted for by quarter level with 48.4% of adequate area and 38.3% of adequate population. Roadside green space shows greatest sensitivity to the grid-level analysis with 37.2% of adequate area and 34.2% of adequate population. Moscow therefore has plenty of green space infrastructure but lacks resident sufficiency due to insufficient overlap of ecological services and human exposure to urban environment.
While urban greening can enhance thermal comfort, public space quality and ecological continuity, the impact of daylight ozone formation hinges on the composition of tree species, local transport system and chemical reactions involving nitrogen oxide. For this analysis, Bologna's tree population-specific canopy renewal target has been calculated with ten broadleaf species as P-i = f(i)E(i), pollutant-response coefficient and receptor attenuation threshold using their isoprene emission potentials, statistics, ozone and nitrogen oxide response rates and daylight ozone increment for Irnerio, Montagnola, University Gardens and Berti Pichat receptors. Isoprene production is highly concentrated in Bologna's assemblage with Platanus & times; acerifolia, contributing 57.90% of normalized isoprene potential, and Sophora japonica making up for additional 21.08%. The two species contribute together 78.98% of normalized isoprene emission potential with first five species providing 99.25%. Ozone has a stronger response rate compared to that of nitrogen oxides (K-O3=0.783 versus K-NOx = 0.257). As such, daylight ozone increment may be adopted as the managed endpoint in canopy management. University Gardens receptor is controlled by the daylight ozone increment of 6.7% while those of Irnerio, Montagnola and Berti Pichat are 2.3%, 1.9% and 0.8%, respectively. Within the constraint of 2% daylight ozone increment, University Gardens needs to have the reduction of 70.1% isoprene production potential while Irnerio only 13.0%. Replacing completely Platanus x acerifolia and Sophora japonica results in the University Gardens' residual daylight ozone increment of about 1.41%.
Green infrastructure assessment in an urban context should make clear whether the problem in the vicinity of buildings concerns vegetation quality, accessibility to any relevant public green space or urban parks that foster daily activity. Such distinct problems imply separate meanings for green infrastructure planning when the distribution of extensive green areas in the periphery, neighbourhood vegetation, and amenity-rich parks in the urban fabric is unbalanced. The present article looks at Bratislava in Slovakia using five classes of values for close-neighbourhood green quality, wider-neighbourhood green quality, public green-space accessibility, urban-park accessibility, and vegetation-temperature association. The study investigates which of these green-service qualities constitutes the constraint in the vicinity of buildings, and whether Forest Index-land surface temperature connection influences interpretation of neighbourhood vegetation. The shares of ordinal classes are transformed to the service means, residual deficit, lower tail, share of high services, grid-building displacement measure, public green space/park separation measure, and heat-induced vegetation pressure. Public green-space accessibility scores the highest mean value of 0.473 in relation to buildings while urban-park accessibility receives the lowest mean value of 0.226. In turn, the share of low and very-low-value categories of urban-park accessibility constitutes the largest lower-tail proportion with 81.5%. Close-neighbourhood green quality and wider-neighbourhood green quality reveal service means of 0.358 and 0.380, respectively, together with corresponding proportions of lower tails of 64.8% and 62.6%, respectively. Forest Index possesses the mean Spearman absolute association coefficient with land surface temperature of 0.762, indicating strong association between vegetation deficit and thermal environment. In conclusion, Bratislava faces major problems concerning lack of urban park access and poor vegetation quality in the close vicinity of buildings.
Green roofs with large areas can contribute towards reducing roof level temperatures, although their effectiveness in densely populated urban environments is conditional upon the extent to which this cooling is experienced at pedestrian height and influenced by nearby high-rises. This study evaluates the impact of the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center green roof and the adjacent Hudson Yards area in New York City for 2014, 2018, and 2021 urban geometries. The numerical framework consists of a 27 316 m2 extensive green roof, a horizontal grid of 6 m by 6 m, vertical grid spacing of 2 m, building heights of 82 m and 740.08 m, and typical weather conditions. The maximum roof-level cooling decreases from 0.75 K in 2014 to 0.65 K in 2018 and 0.64 K in 2021, whereas the maximum pedestrian-level cooling reduces from 0.52 K to 0.45 K and 0.44 K. The transfer fraction of roof to street cooling stays almost the same at roughly 0.69, implying reduced cooling capacity without the disruption of vertical transport of thermal energy. Maximum median sky view factor is 0.184 for 2018 and 0.194 for 2021. For the 2021 form, the mean radiant temperature reduction during the day is estimated to be 1.65 degrees C, while the increase.
