T h is article examines approaches to enhancing the plasticity and toughness of multicomponent titanium alloys while minimizing energy consumption. Particular attention is given to titanium alloys VT1-00, VT1-0, OT4, OT4-1, OT4-2, VT6, VT6C, VT5-1, VT23, VT3-1, VT8, VT9, and VT22, which are key materials in aerospace and rocket engineering. Th e study analyzes the chemical composition, deformation behavior, and thermal treatment of titanium alloys with diff erent degrees of alloying: unalloyed, mediumalloyed, and high-alloyed. Th e infl uence of impurities on the mechanical properties of titanium alloys at various temperatures is also examined. It is shown that impurities of diff erent types can signifi cantly aff ect mechanical characteristics by altering crystal lattice parameters and indicators of plasticity, strength, and toughness. Alloying elements such as Al, Mo, V, Mn, and Fe deform the titanium crystal lattice to varying degrees. Th e changes in strength and plasticity at elevated temperatures were also investigated. High-alloyed titanium alloys demonstrate greater resistance to high-temperature conditions. Th e results confi rm that the structure and phase formation of titanium alloys can be eff ectively controlled by optimal selection of alloying elements and the consideration of impurity eff ects. This makes it possible to improve plasticity and toughness while reducing energy costs. Th e fi ndings are important for the continued development and optimization of titanium alloys used in critical aerospace applications.
110 years later, the first wind tunnel was built on the territory of modern Ukraine. This made it possible to start the training of engineers in the field of aviation at the Mechanical Faculty of the Kharkiv Institute of Technology (KhTI). Despite revolutions, wars, and post-war devastation, a group of enthusiasts under the leadership of Georgy Fyodorovych Proskura managed to start giving lectures on aeronautics, organize and equip an aerodynamic laboratory, and start producing aviator engineers. The article gives reasons why George Proskura was forced to change the direction of his own scientific research and start research in the field of aviation and aeronautics. Thanks to numerous petitions from the aero section, it was possible to start reading lectures on the latest aviation subjects at the beginning of the 20th century. With the construction of the wind tunnel in 1914, the opportunity appeared to conduct scientific research and train engineers in the aviation industry. Professor Dmytro Ksandrov and graduate student Lazar Shmuglyakov took an active part in the construction of the wind tunnel. The pipe was finally built at the end of 1925, and in the following year it was equipped with instruments and research on numerical models with its help began. The construction of the wind tunnel led to an increase in the number of aviation engineers, 16 of whom were released in 1923—25 alone, most of whom began working at the country’s aviation factories. Already in 1930, the Aircraft Engine Institute was opened on the basis of the Aviation Department of the KhTI University of Technology and the Research Department of Hydraulic Machines and Aviation — now the famous National Technical Uni- versity “Kharkiv Aviation Institute”
The article considers the technological features of restoring structural elements of spacecraft using the Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing (EBAM) method, which belongs to the Directed Energy Deposition (DED) class of technologies. The method involves feeding a filler wire (wire-feed) under deep-vacuum conditions that are naturally compatible with the environment of outer space. The relevance of repair and refurbishment operations in orbit and during the operation of future lunar infrastructures is demonstrated, considering the influence of micrometeoroids and orbital debris, radiation, thermal cycling, and mechanical loads. Particular attention is given to the advantages of electron-beam deposition, which is inherently suited to vacuum environments and enables precise, layer-by-layer formation of metallic structures. Experimental studies were carried out using upgraded equipment of the E. O. Paton Electric Welding Institute of the NAS of Ukraine, including the OB-1469 vacuum test facility, the PL-104 electron-beam gun equipped with a periodic beam deflection system, and a wire-feeding mechanism for filler wire made of aluminum alloy 5456. The influence of various types and frequencies of electron-beam scanning trajectories on the geometry and quality of the deposited beads was investigated. Optimal technological parameters were determined for the formation of single- and multi-layer structures, providing stable deposition, uniform bead geometry, and a minimal heat-affected zone. The obtained results confirm the feasibility and prospects of electron-beam additive technologies for in-situ restoration and manufacturing of spacecraft components directly in outer space.
An important design component of the heat engine process used in an aircraft is the selection and study of the main ener- gy-fuel characteristics, namely the combustion product temperature, the thermal effect of the chemical reaction, the compo- nents of the combustion products, etc. The search for a universal simulation approach to fuel combustion processes that would provide comprehensive, valid information to achieve the jet engine design parameters is relevant. The method’s universality should consist of the ability to calculate the fuel combustion characteristics in any aggregation state, determine the combustion product composition and obtain data to determine the main engine parameters. The use of modern mathematical modeling methods, for example, the ANSYS package, is characterized by complexity, a need for sufficient hardware resources, and a lot of time. There is an alternative method for modeling thermogasodynamic processes of thermal energy supply of jet engines. Comparison of modeling methods requires an analytical assessment of results against the criteria of minimum time and resources, with the highest possible accuracy. This task determines the relevance of this work. The existing theoretical foundations and methods for designing jet engines for various purposes, along with the world experience used in their creation, show and characterize many features in modeling thermogasodynamic processes inherent to engines with heat supply at constant pressure. The main results of using the method for modeling combustion processes in chemically reacting, multicomponent, heterogeneous thermodynamic systems, based on the principle of maximum entropy, are presented for calculating thermogasodynamic parameters of various fuels used in jet engines. Comparative results of mathematical modeling of the fuel combustion process in jet engines, along with trends in their change, are presented. The correctness of the methodological approaches to the conducted study is verified by the results of other authors. The need for clarification, addition, and ordering of the selected method of mathematical modeling is shown. The novelty of the study lies in the collection of new and comparative data on the characteristics of fuel combustion processes in thermal jet engines. The results obtained allow us to establish trends in the characteristics of the fuel combustion process. The practical significance of the presented results lies in the possibility of using the obtained data to calculate the main parameters in jet engine design.
Among the numerous problems that must be addressed in the design and analysis the fl ight phases of crewed spacecraft , one of the most important is ensuring the safe stay of astronauts in the command module during the fi nal phase, namely the period between splashdown and crew evacuation. During this time, the command module is exposed to wave loads and other marine environmental factors that directly aff ect the comfort and safety of the crew. Th e article presents the results of numerical calculations of the command module’s motion on the sea surface, as well as an analysis of the obtained kinematic and dynamic parameters. For the calculations, averaged environmental characteristics typical of the Atlantic Ocean region east of the Florida Peninsula and north of the Bahamas were used. It is shown that the Ansys AQWA soft ware package is appropriate for analytical studies of command module motion, as it allows obtaining suffi ciently accurate results describing the motion of a spacecraft command module on the sea surface. In the study, the motion parameters of the command modules of crewed spacecraft developed by the Yuzhnoye Design Offi ce were calculated and compared with those of the American crewed spacecraft Apollo and Orion. Th e results of these calculations demonstrated that the motion parameters of command modules of crewed spacecraft that use splashdown techniques for Earth return depend on their design features and can be minimized during the design process. Th e article shows that the motion parameters of the designed command module are generally within acceptable range of values, confi rming the feasibility of the selected design solutions and their potential for further practical application.
The article examines the current state of the legal framework governing space activities in Ukraine in the context of escalating national security challenges, rapid technological development, and ongoing European integration. It substantiates that the effec- tive functioning and sustainable development of Ukraine’s space sector are impossible without a coherent, modern, and internally consistent system of legal regulation. The authors demonstrate that the existing national space legislation remains fragmented, out- dated, and insufficiently aligned with international space law and contemporary regulatory standards, which significantly impedes the full implementation of the space activity cycle and the realization of Ukraine’s scientific, technological, and industrial potential. Special attention is devoted to the analysis of systemic deficiencies in the Law of Ukraine “On Space Activities”, including the lack of effective implementation mechanisms, terminological inconsistencies, regulatory gaps concerning satellite navigation, Earth remote sensing, space debris management, and the commercialization of space services. The article also explores institutional and legal challenges related to public administration of the space sector, highlighting the negative impact of frequent organizational transformations, blurred distribution of competences among state authorities, and the absence of stable strategic governance. The study critically assesses implementation of the program-target approach to financing space activities, revealing chronic un- derfunding, weak performance indicators, and the limited effectiveness of state space programs as instruments of sectoral develop- ment. In addition, the authors analyse organizational and legal transformations in Ukraine’s rocket-and-space industry, including corporatisation and prospects for privatization, as necessary preconditions for attracting investment and ensuring competitiveness in the global space market. A separate part of the article is devoted to the approximation of Ukrainian space legislation to European Union law. The au- thors examine the mechanisms of legal adaptation under the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement, sectoral cooperation within the EU Space Programme, and the implications of the draft EU Space Act for the future harmonisation of national space regulation. It is argued that alignment with emerging EU space law standards requires not only formal legal adaptation, but also conceptual modernization of Ukraine’s space governance model.
The article substantiates a methodological approach for developing a system of environmental indicators based on remote sensing data for use in landscape planning and environmental monitoring. It is shown that modern satellite missions and the global infrastructure for Earth observation data processing provide spatially consistent, quantitative, and regular information on the state and dynamics of key components of the natural environment. All of this is critically important for the inventory, assessment, and forecasting stages of landscape planning. Based on the analysis of international experience and scientific publications, the concepts of “indicator” and “index” are clarified. Their methodological differentiation is proposed, according to which indicators are considered primary numerical characteristics of the state of natural components, whereas indices are generalized indicators derived from these characteristics. A system of criteria and rules for selecting environmental indicators is proposed, along with a hierarchical classification of remote indicators based on the level of complexity of their application. This classification comprises indicators of direct satellite observation (Level I), spectral and index-based indicators with simple computational formulas (Level II), and complex model-based indicators that require additional data and calibration using in situ measurements (Level III). For practical implementation, a “traffic light” ranking of indicators is proposed to assess the effort required for implementation and the appropriateness of their use, depending on research objectives and the spatial scale of planning. The potential of the proposed approach is demonstrated using the example of the Kaniv Reservoir, one of the key water bodies of the Dnieper cascade, which is subject to significant anthropogenic and climatic impacts. It is shown that using data from the Sentinel-3 OLCI, Sentinel-2 MSI, and Landsat 8 satellites enables an operational assessment of surface waters and near-surface atmospheric conditions, identification of spatio-temporal patterns in water quality changes, manifestations of eutrophication pro- cesses, and dynamics of suspended solids and dissolved organic matter. The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of an integration indicator approach based on remote sensing data as an information support tool for landscape planning, improving the environmental monitoring system, and supporting management decision-making processes. The proposed indicator system is scal- able and adaptable to diverse natural conditions and can be expanded to assess additional components of the natural environment.
The transformation of ideas and implementation of events to form a network of GNSS stations in Ukraine to introduce RTK services are considered. Part 1 discusses attempts to establish a GNSS network in Ukraine in 1991—1999 and the problems encountered with its operation. In order to introduce GPS technology in Ukraine, Ukrainian organizations in the early 1990s established cooperation with scientific institutions in Poland, Hungary, and Germany and organized GPS observation cam- paigns in Crimea and Western Ukraine. An attempt to coordinate the actions of the National Academy of Science (NAS) of Ukraine, the Main Department of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre (MD GCC), and the Topographic Department of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (TD GSAFU) on the creation of a terrestrial reference system for the territory of Ukraine using GPS was also made. In June 1995, the EUREF-UKR’95 GPS observation campaign was organized in coope- ration with the Institute of Applied Geodesy (Germany) in order to propagate ETRF to the territory of Ukraine. However, upon submission of the TD GSAFU, the Government of Ukraine made a decision to terminate GPS observations and remove their results due to a violation of the recently adopted Law “On State Secrets” in its section on precise station coordinates. The NAS of Ukraine has appealed to the President of Ukraine with a request to open for publication the coordinates of certain observatories and observation stations. MD GCC established the fundamental geodetic GPS network in Ukraine and carried out observation campaigns, the results of which served as the basis for the creation and use of the USK-2000 coordinate system in Ukraine. MAO NAS of Ukraine began creating a Ukrainian network of permanent GPS stations to introduce the WGS-84 in Ukraine. At the end of the century, two Ukrainian stations (GLSV and UZHL) were included in the IGS and EPN. The National Space Facilities Control and Test Center of the State Space Agency of Ukraine became the state operator of the Coordinate-and-Time Support of Ukraine
The Rivne Nuclear Power Plant is one of the key facilities of Ukraine’s energy infrastructure. Given its strategic importance as a critical infrastructure facility, particularly under martial law conditions, ensuring high-precision and continuous monitoring of its territory and engineering structures is of paramount importance. An additional risk factor is associated with the complex engineering and geological conditions at the station’s location. In this context, the selection of an appropriate vertical datum becomes crucial, as it must adequately reflect the actual structure of the regional gravitational field. The aim of this paper is to provide scientific justification for and to develop a local vertical datum for the territory of the Rivne Nuclear Power Plant in the form of a high-precision geoid model adapted to the geodynamic and engineering-geological conditions of the region. The local vertical datum (local geoid model) was computed using the least squares collocation method, which is based on the stochastic representation of the disturbing potential of the gravity field as a random function with known covariance characteristics. The input data included terrestrial gravimetry, high-precision leveling, and GNSS observations. A high-precision local geoid model for the study area was developed, and its accuracy was assessed. The standard deviation of the obtained model is 0.8 cm. This value indicates a high level of consistency between independent data sources and confirms the validity of the adopted modeling methodology. The developed geoid model ensures a reliable transformation from ellipsoidal heights obtained from GNSS observations to physical heights without the need for high-precision leveling, thereby significantly increasing the operational efficiency and cost-effectiveness of monitoring activities. Its application enables maintaining consistency of multi-temporal measurements within a unified gravity- based reference system, improves the reliability of determining millimeter-level vertical displacements of structures and territory, and enhances the interpretation of deformation processes under complex geological conditions
The article provides an analytical summary of statistical data on municipal solid waste (MSW) management. The tendency towards an increase in the amount of both municipal waste generation and its disposal in landfills in Ukraine, in general, and within Rivne Oblast in particular, is characterized. Using the example of the territory of the Zdovbytske solid waste dump (Zdolbuniv Raion, Rivne Oblast), the effectiveness of geomonitoring of the condition of its individual sites and land cover of adjacent areas means remote the Earth (RSE) tools, the data which are into (GIS), is demonstrated. The dynamics of changes in geometric parameters (general configuration, perimeter, area) of the dump and localization for the waste cells within its boundaries have been determined. Spatiotemporal changes in land cover types within the dump (open MSW accumulation grounds and those covered with an insulating layer of soil and diverse vegetation, access roads, outbuildings), functional changes in ecosystem components surrounding the dump area, etc., were identified. According to results of processing multispectral satellite imaging data by means of RSE/GIS technologies (analysis of structural-textural and spectrometric characteristics of images, their problem-oriented identification, interpretation and adequate recognition of land covers), an increase in the number of sites of the Zdovbytske dump from one in August 2003 to three in May 2019 was determined, mainly due to adjacent areas of forest stands. The three sectors of dump began to merge into a single outline, at least starting in June 2018. GIS analysis of the distinguished the contours of spatial objects of the territory allowed determining experimentally that the total area of the dump increased by 7.23 times (from 6550 to 47367 m & sup2;) for the period from August 2003 to September 2025, and the total perimeter along the cell contours increased by more than 3.35 times (from 438 m of a single dump site in 2003 to about 1466 m for already combined three sites in 2025). Based on a thorough analysis of RSE data acquired in the summer months of 2008 and 2017, facts of MSW flaming within the dump were identified. Along with demonstrating the effectiveness and rationale for remote assessment of the fire hazard status of the territory, prospects for further monitoring studies of the ecological direction of the territory of the Zdovbytske municipal waste dump, using precision multispectral ultra-high-resolution space imagery integrated with ground geochemical sampling data, are outlined.
Thermo-acoustic instability is one of the problems in designing the combustion chambers of liquid rocket engines. An approach to assessing the thermo-acoustic stability margins of aerospike rocket engines with a complex spatial (toroidal) configuration of the combustion chamber structure based on finite element modeling of the dynamic interaction between chamber structure vibrations and combustion products acoustics is developed. According to the developed approach, the shape and frequency of acoustic oscillations of an annular combustion chamber, as well as the amplitudes of stresses and displacements of the combustion chamber structure, are calculated as parameters of natural oscillations of the coupled "chamber structure and combustion products" dynamic system. Pangea Aerospace designed the DemoP1 LOX/LNG aerospike rocket engine with a thrust of 2 metric tons and an annular combustion chamber. The parameters of oscillations of the DemoP1 combustion chamber pressure and structure vibrations for engine operation regimes are calculated. Modifications to strengthen the DemoP1 chamber structure made it possible to carry out the DemoP1 fire tests without degrading engine performance or causing chamber high-frequency instability in operating modes. The results of the computational high-frequency stability analysis are in satisfactory proximity to hot-fire test values of the oscillation modes of DemoP1 chamber pressure and the chamber structure accelerations. The theoretical assessment of high-frequency stability margins is based on the frequency response methods with the calculation of the logarithmic oscillation decrements of the dynamic system.
Vegetation indices are a fundamental tool for monitoring crop conditions; however, during the early growth stages, NDVI values are significantly distorted by the influence of soil background, moisture, and microrelief. The classical SAVI index partially reduces this dependency through a fixed coefficient L yet its constant value does not reflect the actual variation in the vegetation - soil signal ratio within afield. This study proposes a modified adaptive vegetation index - dSAVI, in which the coefficient L is determined dynamically using the formula L = 1 - NDVI2, where NDVI is the normalized NDVI value within the field. All calculations were performed in Google Earth Engine using Sentinel-2 L2A data with consistent cloud and shadow masking (SCL classes 3, 8, 9, 10, 11 excluded). Median composites were generated for early (01 March - 15 April, 2025) and late (01 July - 31 August, 2025) phenological periods, followed by computation of NDVI, SAVI, OSAVI, dSAVI, and a difference map Delta = dSAVI - SAVI. Comparison of the maps showed that the modified dSAVI index significantly suppresses the "patchiness" caused by soil background at early vegetation dates, particularly in areas with bare or lighter soil. The Delta map revealed zones of potential soil effects, while the L coefficient served as a diagnostic indicator of the compensation degree. The correlation between Delta and L (r approximate to 0.8) confirmed the physical validity of the approach. The proposed dSAVI vegetation index provides more stable early-season zoning and better compatibility with VRA fertilizer maps. The method is simple to implement, requires no manual parameter adjustment, and can be scaled to multiple fields. Under current conditions, the use of precision agriculture technologies by small and medium-scale Ukrainian farmers is sporadic, often limited to NDVI. Therefore, the introduction of adaptive vegetation indices such as dSAVI can be a step toward improving moni-toring accuracy and overall agricultural efficiency.
The effect of the Suns' gravity on satellite motion in nearly circular low-Earth orbits (with eccentricity around 10(-3) and altitudes up to 1000 km) is examined. These types of orbits are commonly used for satellites that conduct remote sensing of Earth. Although the Suns' gravitational effect on satellite motion is minor compared to the non-centrality of the Earths' gravitational field, modern requirements for remote sensing missions make such studies relevant. To date, many studies have focused on how the gravity of a third body (the Moon and the Sun) influences the motion of artificial satellites of the Earth. Different approaches have been used to address the problem, yielding profound and meaningful results. At the same time, in these studies, the primary focus is on the orbits of satellites with significant eccentricity, and rather cumbersome approaches and formulas make it difficult to extend the results to the case of nearly circular low-Earth orbits. Therefore, it is of interest to use simpler approaches and obtain simpler formulas and estimates of changes in the parameters of nearly circular low-Earth orbits. In the article, assuming that the Earth moves relative to the Sun along an unperturbed Keplerian orbit, the main regularities of changes in the parameters of almost circular orbits are determined, and analytical estimates describing changes in the orbital parameters of the satellite under the influence of the Suns' gravitational attraction are constructed. It is shown that short-periodic oscillations with the period of orbital motion of the satellite due to the influence of the Suns' gravitational attraction are negligibly small for the orbits under consideration. The long-periodic and secular motion of the orbital plane orientation is described by simple equations whose properties have been investigated in detail. These equations coincide with the equations of evolution of the kinetic momentum of a rotating symmetric solid body under the action of gravitational momentum and, in particular, with the equations of evolution of the dumbbell motion. For the orbits under consideration, the resonance effects leading to a change in the shape of the orbit (eccentricity growth) are negligibly small, and their study is of no practical importance.
The paper presents the application of a rigid-plastic model for analyzing the deformation behavior of solids, with particular attention to expulsion diaphragms. The rationale for adopting this model is provided, along with its mathematical assumptions and advantages. The study evaluates the model's performance in solving typical solid mechanics problems and discusses its limitations as well as potential directions for further improvement. Practical examples of using the rigid-plastic approach in engineering calculations are given, accompanied by a comparative analysis with alternative modeling methods. It is demonstrated that the rigid-plastic model provides reliable predictions of critical loads and large plastic deformations; however, it requires refinement in cases where elastic effects become significant during the initial loading stages. The findings highlight the need for developing hybrid models that combine rigid-plastic and elastic-plastic formulations to enhance computational accuracy.A detailed analysis of existing techniques based on circular-arc approximation of the meridian in the plastic deformation zone is conducted. It is shown that such methods lead to inaccuracies at boundary points, predicting an unbounded increase in the rolling zone radius and a pressure drop to zero, which contradicts the physical nature of the process.A new computational approach is proposed that is free from these simplifying assumptions. This method ensures consistent pressure values at all stages of shell inversion, including the initial and final phases. Comparative analysis with classical methods and experimental data obtained from real diaphragm specimens with predefined geometric parameters demonstrates that the proposed approach provides high accuracy in reproducing experimental pressure-differential values both at the onset of deformation and at full inversion. The results confirm the practical effi ciency of the developed methodology and its superiority for engineering analysis of axisymmetric components operating under conditions of ultimate plastic deformation.
The problem of studying the external gravitational field of the Earth is to examine the shape of the Earth. Such a problem is based on determining the theory of the potential of the Earths' gravitational force. In studying the gravitational field and shape of the Earth, in particular, the method of expanding the potential into a series of spherical functions is used. This method of depicting the potential is quite convenient for studying the shape and gravitational field of the Earth from disturbances in the motion of artificial satellites of the Earth. This method makes it possible to depict the gravitational field, known on a spherical model of the Earth, as a sum of harmonics, and the higher the ordinal number of the harmonic, the shorter its wavelength. Specifying the coefficients of such a trigonometric series is quite convenient for various calculations. Research on determining the shape and dimensions of the Earth by the method of expanding the potential into a series of spherical functions was carried out in detail by famous scientists H. Moritz, D. Zagrebin, P. Dvulit, J. Neumann, B. Hoffmann-Wellenhof, V. Heiskanen, and D. Lelgemann. Spherical approximation is still used in physical geodesy. However, this is insufficient to obtain more accurate calculation results since modern gravimetric and altimetric satellite measurements give more precise results in an order of magnitude. To obtain more accurate calculation results based on modern gravimetric measurements, which will be commensurate with the data of modern satellite measurements (for example, obtained using Global Navigation Satellite Systems), it is necessary to take into account ellipsoidal corrections to the components of the Earths' anomalous gravitational field. The article aims to determine the values of ellipsoidal corrections when calculating the heights of the quasi-geoid as one of the components of the Earths' perturbing potential. To prove or disprove the feasibility of considering ellipsoidal corrections when calculating the heights of the quasi-geoid N by comparing their results with the accuracy of modern high-precision altimeter-gravimetric observations of the Earths' anomalous gravitational field.
This article examines approaches to enhancing the plasticity and toughness of multicomponent titanium alloys while minimizing energy consumption. Particular attention is given to titanium alloys VT1-00, VT1-0, OT4, OT4-1, OT4-2, VT6, VT6C, VT5-1, VT23, VT3-1, VT8, VT9, and VT22, which are key materials in aerospace and rocket engineering. The study analyzes the chemical composition, deformation behavior, and thermal treatment of titanium alloys with different degrees of alloying: unalloyed, mediumalloyed, and high-alloyed. The influence of impurities on the mechanical properties of titanium alloys at various temperatures is also examined. It is shown that impurities of different types can significantly affect mechanical characteristics by altering crystal lattice parameters and indicators of plasticity, strength, and toughness. Alloying elements such as Al, Mo, V, Mn, and Fe deform the titanium crystal lattice to varying degrees. The changes in strength and plasticity at elevated temperatures were also investigated. High-alloyed titanium alloys demonstrate greater resistance to high-temperature conditions. The results confirm that the structure and phase formation of titanium alloys can be effectively controlled by optimal selection of alloying elements and the consideration of impurity effects. This makes it possible to improve plasticity and toughness while reducing energy costs. The findings are important for the continued development and optimization of titanium alloys used in critical aerospace applications.
This article presents a review of the current state of automated post-processing for images captured by multispectral polarimeters. It analyzes key methods and algorithms used for calibration, segmentation, and data classification. The study demonstrates that combining multispectral and polarimetric information provides a deeper understanding of object and environment properties compared to using a single modality alone. Special attention is given to modern software tools for processing polarization images, highlighting their capabilities and limitations across various application domains. The growing role of machine learning and artificial intelligence methods is emphasized, as they enable efficient automation of large-scale data analysis. The importance of high-quality postprocessing is underscored, including georeferencing of image sensor pixels, calculation of geometric parameters, and correction of instrumental errors. The article also explores the potential for integrating post-processing results with GRASP (Generalized Retrieval of Atmosphere and Surface Properties) software to improve the accuracy of aerosol and cloud property retrieval
One of the important tasks of ensuring controllability for designing rockets is the type and efficiency choice of the executive bod- ies for the thrust vector control of the rocket engine. The efficiency and physical principle analysis of executive control rocket system bodies makes it possible to state that nowadays, there is no universal executive control body applicable to different rocket types. Thus, the choice of control system type may have non-typical, alternative executive bodies or systems. The combined thrust vector control system including mechanical and gas-dynamic subsystems has been developed at the Institute of Technical Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the State Space Agency of Ukraine. This system has the combined advantages of its component subsystems. In addition, such a system obtains an additional advantage — greater thrust vector control reliability due to subsystem duplication. For such system design, the task of rational type choice of gas-dynamic thrust vector control body inevitably arises. Comparing the characteristics of different gas-dynamic thrust vector control bodies in the rocket engine development project with a combined thrust vector control system and developing recom- mendations for choosing a rational scheme for the used gas-dynamic system becomes an urgent task in engine design. Computational studies of gas-dynamic thrust vector control body characteristics have been carried out. At the same time, a semi-empirical calculation method of various gas-dynamic executive body type efficiency is used, based on ratios describing the supersonic flow disturbance in the rocket engine nozzle by different obstacles: injection, blow-in, solid obstacle on the nozzle wall. The main calculation features of gas-dynamic processes of engine control are shown. Practical recommendations have been developed for the application of gas-dynamic thrust vector control systems, which can be used in the design of various rocket engine types. This allows choosing a rational thrust vector control system and determining its characteristics at the design stage.
CubeSats have revolutionized the exploration and utilization of near-space environments, particularly in low-earth orbit. In this study, we present a systematic review of the current literature to identify and discuss the main developments, research circle, and advancements in the development of nanosatellite avionics, with a focus on onboard computers, covering both hardware and software aspects. A systematic literature review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Out of the 647 articles extracted from Science Direct and IEEE, 202 studies were selected based on rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria, revealing six major thematic areas in nanosatellite design and operation. The findings are organized into six subsections that address the most frequently discussed items in designing, developing, and operating nanosatellites. The list of topics begins with the onboarding of the mission’s analysis and overview and continues with the review of hardware and software solutions for the onboard computers, their architecture and reliability assessment, and the system engineering surrounding them. The review concludes with two applied directions for telemetry and communication, as well as the use of machine learning onboard nanosatellites. According to the results, CubeSat research and development continue growing rapidly, leveraging modern embedded technology advancements. The availability, robustness, and high integration level of commercial off-the-shelf components have brought graphics processing units, field-programmable gate arrays, and multi-core computing systems into space. These powerful and energy-efficient computers, reinforced by modern machine learning models, enable the rapid and reliable development of complex, sophisticated missions. Finally, the conclusions highlight the major findings, potential future trends, and research topics in the field. Ultimately, this article serves as a comprehensive guide for scientists, developers, integrators, and enthusiasts engaged in space technology research and development.
This paper discusses space mining as a viable solution to the growing scarcity of rare metals critical to the technology and aerospace industries. The limited availability of these resources on Earth has encouraged the exploration of nearby asteroids (NEAs), which contain significant concentrations of elements such as platinum, nickel, and iron. Several space missions, such as OSIRIS-REx and Hayabusa2, have demonstrated the potential of these celestial bodies as sources of materials thousands of times richer than terrestrial deposits. In parallel, advances in robotics and artificial intelligence have enabled the development of autonomous extraction systems adapted to microgravity conditions. Although initial costs are high, the reuse of rockets and advances in space transportation have improved their economic viability. In addition, this approach could mitigate the environmental impact of conventional mining, reducing deforestation, soil contamination, and consumption of water resources. However, significant challenges remain, such as the absence of an international legal framework governing the ownership and exploitation of resources in space, as well as technological barriers to the handling and transport of materials to Earth. Despite these limitations, space mining represents a transformative strategy to ensure the sustainable supply of strategic resources and foster long-term scientific and technological development.
