Başta tarım sektörü olmak üzere tüm sektörlerdeki su kıtlığı sürdürülebilir, yenilenebilir ve alternatif su kaynaklarının kullanımını bir zorunluluk haline getirmiştir. Bu zorunluluğu yerine getiren yağmur suyu hasadının kullanım perspektifini, önemini, avantajlarını ve bileşenleriyle teknik sınıflandırmalarını ortaya koyan bu çalışma, Türkiye genelinde sera alanlarından yağmur suyu hasadının il bazından potansiyelini belirlemeyi, bu potansiyelle o ilde üretilen domatesin sulama suyu ihtiyacını karşılama oranını analiz etmeyi amaçlamıştır. Sonuçta, ülke bazında yıllık toplam yağmur suyu hasadı 564 milyon m³ olarak bulunmuş ve bunun Türkiye’de domates üretiminin sulama suyu ihtiyacının ortalama %51’ini karşılayabileceği belirlenmiştir. Antalya, 297 milyon m³’le en yüksek yağmur suyu hasadı potansiyeline sahip il olurken, Mersin (97 milyon m³) ve Adana (77 milyon m³) bu ili takip etmiştir. Yalova ilinde hasat edilen yağmur suyu miktarının, ilde üretilen domatesin sulama suyu ihtiyacını yaklaşık 17 kat, Adana’da 5 kat, Mersin ve Antalya’da ise sırasıyla 2,9 ve 2,6 kat karşılayabildiği belirlenmiştir. Hatay, Zonguldak ve Ordu’da yağmur suyu hasadı potansiyeli, domatesin su ihtiyacının tamamını karşılayabilir potansiyelde olmuştur. Sera alanlarından yağmur suyu hasadı, sulamada su talebini önemli ölçüde azaltabilecek, düşük maliyetli ve uygulanabilir bir çözüm sunmaktadır. Bu potansiyelin değerlendirilmesi için yağmur suyu hasadı sistemlerinin teşvik edilmesi ve su yönetim planlarına entegre edilmesi çalışmanın önerilebilir bulguları arasında konumlanmıştır.
In this study, the in vitro biocontrol potential of bacteriophages against Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. phaseoli and Xanthomonas citri pv. fuscans, the causal agents of common bacterial blight in common bean, was investigated. Among the 23 pathogenic Xanthomonas strains used in the study, nine were newly isolated from diseased bean plants, while the remaining strains were obtained from the laboratory culture collection. Based on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis, the newly isolated strains were identified as X. phaseoli pv. phaseoli and X. citri pv. fuscans. To explore phage-mediated biocontrol potential, phage isolations were performed from soil and wastewater samples collected from Iğdır Province against a total of 23 bacterial strains. Six bacteriophages were confirmed using the double-layer agar method: three (Φ442-FUS, ΦMfb-50-FUS, and ΦMfb-53-FUS) were effective against Xpp strains, while the other three (Φ426-X, ΦMfb-17-X, and ΦMfb-54-X) showed activity against Xcf strains. Notably, the ΦMfb-50, ΦMfb-53, and ΦMfb-54 phage isolates exhibited broad host ranges and strong lytic activities against both pathovars, whereas Φ426-X and Φ442-FUS displayed narrower host spectra. In addition, certain phage isolates demonstrated lytic activity against Xanthomonas euvesicatoria and Erwinia amylovora strains, indicating cross-infective biocontrol potential. Except for the KVN-1 strain, all Acidovorax citrulli strains tested were resistant to the phage isolates. Overall, the findings highlight that environmentally friendly and target-specific phage-based biocontrol strategies could provide a promising alternative for managing common bacterial blight in beans.
This study examined the anatomical responses of tomato plants to water deficit and excess under different irrigation regimes to identify structural indicators of water stress. The plant exhibited organ-specific anatomical responses to water restriction (I60, I80) and excess (I120) compared to full irrigation (I100). In roots, cortex width, xylem diameter, and pith width increased under both stress conditions. At I60, cortex parenchyma cells became polygonal and shrunken. In stems, water stress (I60) caused tighter epidermal connections, wavy cell edges, and reduced intercellular spaces. Vascular bundles were continuous in I100 but discontinuous in I60. In leaves, mesophyll thickened under stress, with the greatest increase at I120, while epidermis cells shrank under limited water. Stomatal structure remained unchanged. As a result, increased xylem diameter and pith width in roots, enlarged cortex and epidermis cells in stems, altered vascular bundle arrangement, and mesophyll thickening with epidermal changes in leaves were notable findings. The results demonstrate significant stress-induced organ-specific anatomical plasticity. Structural changes in xylem can be considered fundamental criteria for efficient and safe irrigation planning.
This study presents a comparative experimental investigation into the performance of one mechanical mixer (vertical shaft mixer, VSM) and three pneumatic mixing systems (B1, B2, B3) in the preparation of urea-based liquid fertilizer solutions. Key evaluation criteria included time to reach target pH, slope behavior of pH over time (dpH dt-1), pH stability, and energy consumption. All mixing trials were conducted using 20 kg of urea dissolved in 1 ton of water at ambient temperature (approximately 22–25 °C), providing a standardized baseline for evaluating system performance. Experimental data revealed that while the B1 pneumatic system achieved the fastest pH stabilization (460 s), it also exhibited notable instability in pH slope dynamics and had the highest energy consumption (0.19 kWh). In contrast, the VSM provided the most stable mixing behavior with minimal energy use (0.0555 kWh), although at a slower rate. The B2 system offered a balanced profile, stabilizing at 520 s with a moderate energy consumption of 0.133 kWh, while B3 reached stabilization in 570 s with slightly higher variability but improved energy efficiency over B1 (0.136 kWh). The B2 mixer emerged as an alternative, combining moderate mixing speed with acceptable energy efficiency and stability. Real-time slope analysis was found to be a useful metric for characterizing dynamic mixing performance. The findings underscore the trade-offs between speed, stability, and energy cost, providing practical guidance for selecting fertilizer mixing systems based on operational priorities. These results contribute to the optimization of fertigation technologies and support the development of efficient and reliable fertilizer preparation systems for precision agriculture.
This study investigated the effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations of apple, grape, and white vinegar on the biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance of enterotoxigenic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. Biofilm formation was assessed by crystal violet staining and by evaluating Congo Red Agar morphologies, while antibiotic resistance was determined by the disk diffusion method. Two MRSA isolates previously obtained from ready-to-eat foods were examined. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the three vinegar types against the isolates were first determined, followed by an assessment of the impact of MIC/2 and MIC/4 concentrations on biofilm formation. Additionally, the isolates were exposed to MIC/2 concentrations of each vinegar for 2, 4, and 6 days to evaluate potential changes in antibiotic resistance profiles and biofilm-producing abilities. All vinegar samples exhibited an MIC value of 6.25% against the MRSA strains. At MIC/2, apple, grape, and white vinegar reduced MRSA DS18 biofilm formation by 57–76%. The same concentration decreased biofilm formation in MRSA SS24 by 36%, 43%, and 74%, respectively. In contrast, MIC/4 concentrations increased biofilm production in MRSA SS24, with increases of 108%, 88%, and 71% for white, grape, and apple vinegar, respectively. No alterations in the antibiotic resistance profiles were observed following vinegar exposure. Biofilm formation varied depending on vinegar type, incubation temperature, and bacterial strain.
This study examines the long-run effects of temperature change, number of tractors, cereal acreage, fertilizer consumption, and rural population on cereal yields using annual data for the period 1988-2022 in Türkiye. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is applied to analyze the long-run relationships among the variables. Empirical findings show that all independent variables in the model have statistically significant long-run relationships with grain yield. The number of tractors, fertilizer consumption, and rural population have a positive effect on grain yield, while temperature change and grain cultivation area have a negative effect. In terms of positive effects, the rural population was identified as the most influential variable, followed by the number of tractors and fertilizer consumption. In terms of negative effects, the grain cultivation area has the most significant negative effect, followed by temperature change. The findings reveal that the efficient and productive use of capital (mechanization) and labor should be encouraged to increase productivity in cereal production; uncontrolled land expansion should be prevented by keeping unproductive areas out of cultivation; and climate change poses a structural threat to production.
Members of the Thymus genus are known worldwide as popular functional foods and folk medicines. The chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oils obtained from aerial parts (flower, leaf and stem) of Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis collected from Kaledibi village of Alucra district of Giresun and the antimicrobial properties of ethanol and methanol extracts were investigated. Twenty components representing 95.7% of the essential oils were identified. The main compounds in the essential oil of T. longicaulis subsp. longicaulis are: Thymol (37.96%), p-Cymene (22.17%), Carvacrol (11.75%), and L-Borneol (4.90%). The essential oil and extracts were screened for their antimicrobial activities against 7 bacterial and 2 fungal species using disk diffusion method. It was observed that the essential oil exhibited better antibacterial activity than ethanol and methanol extracts.
The study investigates the utilization of strained yogurt wastewater (SYW) as a nutrient source for cultivating Arthrospira platensis and Haematococcus pluvialis in mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. SYW, a by-product of strained yogurt production, is rich in organic carbon and proteins. A. platensis was grown in Zarrouk medium (pH 9.0, 30°C) and H. pluvialis in Basal Bold Medium (pH 7.0, 28°C). Mixotrophic and heterotrophic experiments were carried out by adding different concentrations of SYW (1, 10 and 30%, v/v) to the growth medium. A. platensis exhibiting superior lipid, protein, and carbohydrate production compared to H. pluvialis. Optimal lipid production was achieved in A. platensis with a 2-fold increase over H. pluvialis in mixotrophic conditions. In the next stage, the effect of magnesium, calcium and sodium metals on the lipid production of these two microalgae was examined. H. pluvialis achieved its highest lipid (2.68 mg lipid g-1 biomass) production in a non-magnesium heterotrophic medium. In contrast, A. platensis's highest lipid production (5.31 mg lipid g-1 biomass) was achieved in a medium where magnesium was present at three times the concentration of the normal growth medium. The fatty acid profiles of lipids obtained by both microalgae have been determined, revealing a high proportion of unsaturation in the total fatty acid content. This research demonstrates the potential of SYW, which has been used for the first time for microalgae cultivation, as a sustainable food source; it provides economic and environmental advantages in microalgae production, while also contributing to wastewater treatment and algal bloom control.
This study undertakes a taxonomic examination of hypogeous fungi collected in Konya Province, Türkiye, on May 11, 2023. An integrative method merges macroscopic and microscopic morphological evaluations with molecular phylogenetic assessments of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) region. The phylogenetic analysis indicates more than 99% sequence similarity to Terfezia albida Ant. Rodr., Mohedano & Bordallo, thus confirming the specimens' taxonomic classification. Although Terfezia albida was previously reported in Türkiye based on morphological features, this research marks the first molecularly verified occurrence outside the Iberian Peninsula, supported by comprehensive morphological and ecological data. The study also includes documentation of habitat specifics, geographic coordinates, collection dates, and photographic evidence. These results expand the range of Terfezia albida and highlight the importance of integrative taxonomic methods in deepening our understanding of hypogeous fungal diversity.
This study involved broiler chicks from two genotypes, Anadolu–T and Cobb500, sourced from parent flocks of the same age (32 weeks). A total of 240 chicks were distributed into four replicates per genotype, with 30 birds in each replicate (2 genotypes × 4 replicates × 30 chicks). The birds were fed three commercial diets starter, grower, and finisher provided by a commercial feed supplier. Post-slaughter, carcasses were chilled at 4 °C for 24 hours, and excess surface moisture was removed. Heads, feet, and visceral organs were excluded before the carcass was dissected into standard commercial parts (breast, thigh, wings, back, neck, and abdominal fat). These parts were weighed and their proportions calculated relative to cold carcass weight. Water holding capacity (WHC) of thigh and breast muscles was also assessed, alongside economic performance metrics. Cobb500 broilers showed significantly greater carcass weights and higher carcass yield percentages than Anadolu–T. While sex influenced carcass yield and internal organ ratios, no significant interaction between genotype and sex was observed. Furthermore, Cobb500 exhibited heavier cut-up parts and higher breast yields, although genotype had minimal impact on thigh and neck proportions relative to live weight. Abdominal fat weight and proportion were significantly affected by genotype, with Anadolu–T broilers exhibiting higher abdominal fat deposition than Cobb500. Genotype had a significant effect on WHC, with the Anadolu–T genotype exhibiting higher overall water holding capacity (WHC) values than Cobb500. Despite higher production costs, Cobb500 outperformed Anadolu–T in economic efficiency. These findings highlight the significant influence of genotype on both carcass traits and economic returns in broiler production, emphasizing the importance of genetic selection to optimize meat yield and profitability.
This study was conducted to compare the welfare parameters of the local broiler genotype, Anadolu-T, with the commercial genotype, Cobb 500. The research was carried out at the fully controlled R&D poultry house of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, using a total of 240 chicks (120 from each genotype). During the experiment, body weights (BW), rectal temperatures (RT), tonic immobility (TI) durations, and bilateral body measurements were measured to determine developmental stability. Rectal temperature (RT) at 3 weeks of age was significantly affected by genotype, with Anadolu–T chickens exhibiting higher RT values than Cobb 500. At 6 weeks, RT was significantly influenced by both genotype and sex. Anadolu–T chickens continued to maintain higher RT values than Cobb500, while females showed higher RT than males. Tonic immobility durations revealed no statistically significant differences between the genotypes, suggesting that both groups experienced similar fear levels under the experimental conditions. Furthermore, the fluctuating asymmetry values calculated from bilateral measurements showed that both genotypes exhibited similar performance regarding environmental factors and developmental stability. In conclusion, while the local Anadolu-T genotype lags behind its commercial counterpart in terms of growth rate, it was determined to be comparable to Cobb 500 regarding welfare parameters, demonstrating a healthy developmental pattern.
Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, sığırlarda yemleme öncesi ve sonrası biyoelektrik aktivitede meydana gelen değişimleri belirlemektir. İkincil olarak, biyoelektrik aktivitenin şehir, cinsiyet, yaş, fizyolojik durum ve canlı ağırlık gibi bireysel ve çevresel faktörlere göre nasıl farklılaştığı değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada, Van ilinden 16 ve Kars ilinden 14 adet olmak üzere toplam 30 adet Simmental Melezi sığır kullanılmıştır. Çalışma, Van (1.726 m) ve Kars (1.768 m) illerinde bulunan benzer rakımsal özelliklere sahip işletmelerde yürütülmüştür. Hayvanlar, 15 dişi ve 15 erkek hayvan olacak şekilde dengeli bir dağılım gözetilerek seçilmiştir. Çalışmaya dâhil edilen hayvanların yaşları 1 ile 6 yıl arasında değişmekte olup, canlı ağırlıkları yaklaşık 200–650 kg aralığında sınıflandırılmıştır. Hayvanların biyoelektrik aktivitesi, 35 gün boyunca her gün akşam yemleme öncesi ve sonrasında Avometre cihazı ile yalıtkan bir platform üzerinde ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen verilerle hayvanların cinsiyet, yaş, ağırlık ve şehir gibi faktörlere göre istatistiksel analizleri yapılmıştır. Her iki ilde de hayvanların su ihtiyaçlarının ad libitum olarak karşılandığı ve besleme programlarının işletme rutinlerine uygun şekilde sürdürüldüğü gözlenmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan hayvanlar, deney süresince aynı barınma koşullarında tutulmuş ve ölçüm dönemleri boyunca herhangi bir müdahale bulunmamıştır. Ölçümler sonucu; yemleme öncesi 0.517±0.011 V ve yemleme sonrası 0.507±0.010 V biyoelektrik aktivite bulundurdukları tespit edilmiştir. Yemleme öncesi ve sonrası ölçülen biyoelektrik aktivite değerlerinin cinsiyet, yaş, durum, ağırlık ve şehir bakımından önemli bir fark oluşturdukları tespit edilmiştir. Vücut biyoelektrik aktivitesi, hücre içi ve hücre dışı iyonların (özellikle sodyum, potasyum ve kalsiyum) dağılımı ile doku su içeriğine bağlı olarak şekillenmektedir. Yemleme sonrası dönemde dolaşım sistemi, hormonal yanıtlar ve sindirim sürecine bağlı olarak sıvı–elektrolit dengesinde meydana gelen geçici değişimler, ölçülen biyoelektrik aktivitede dalgalanmalara yol açabilmektedir. Bu durum, sindirimle birlikte metabolik aktivitenin artması ve organizmanın yeni bir fizyolojik denge durumuna uyum sağlaması süreciyle açıklanabilir. Sonuç olarak, sığırlardaki biyoelektrik aktivitenin yemlemeden önce yüksek, yemlemeden sonra ise önemli oranda düştüğü tespit edilmiştir. Bu bulgular, yapılacak çalışmalarda biyoelektrik aktivite ölçümlerinin dinamik bir süreç olarak ele alınması gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışma, hayvanlardaki biyoelektrik aktivitenin günlük yaşam döngüsü içindeki değişimlerini anlamak için önemli bir ilk adımdır ve gelecekte bu konuda yapılacak araştırmalar için bir temel oluşturabilir.
Bu çalışma, 2023 ve 2024 yıllarında Aksaray ili Gülağaç ilçesindeki şeker pancarı tarlalarında çizgili yaprak kurdu [Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)]’nun popülasyon takibi ve bulaşma oranlarını belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırma, Merkez, Demirci ve Bekarlar olmak üzere üç farklı lokasyonda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Her bir lokasyonda seçilen üç ayrı tarlaya, mayıs ayının ilk haftasından itibaren feromon tuzakları yerleştirilmiş; tuzaklarda yakalanan ergin birey sayıları haftalık olarak kaydedilmiştir. Ayrıca, bitkilerde yumurta paketi ve larva varlığı haftalık periyotlarda incelenerek bulaşma oranları belirlenmiştir. Her iki yılda da ilk ergin çıkışları mayıs ayının son haftasında gözlemlenmiş ve popülasyonun eylül ayının son haftasına kadar tarlada aktif kaldığı belirlenmiştir. Feromon tuzaklarıyla takip edilen ergin popülasyonunda en yüksek haftalık yakalama sayıları; 17 Haziran 2023 tarihinde Demirci lokasyonunda (32 birey) ve 22 Haziran 2024 tarihinde Merkez lokasyonunda (34 birey) kaydedilmiştir. Ayrıca her iki çalışma yılında da ergin popülasyonunun; haziran, temmuz ve ağustos aylarında üç belirgin tepe noktası oluşturduğu gözlenmiştir. Gülağaç ilçesine ait günlük sıcaklık verileri ile S. exigua için literatürde bildirilen gelişme eşiği (12.98 °C) ve termal konstant (294.99 gün-derece) kullanılarak yapılan gün-derece modellemesi sonucunda, türün 2023 ve 2024 yıllarında sırasıyla teorik olarak 3.23 ve 3.92 döl tamamlayabileceği hesaplanmıştır. Ortalama bulaşma oranları, 2023 ve 2024 yılları için sırasıyla Merkez lokasyonunda %1.88 ve %2.10, Demirci'de ise %2.35 ve %0.42 olarak tespit edilirken, Bekarlar’da ise her iki yıl boyunca herhangi bir bulaşıklık tespit edilmemiştir. Sonuçlar, S. exigua'nın Gülağaç ilçesindeki şeker pancarı tarlalarında ciddi bir ekonomik zarar oluşturmadığını göstermektedir. Ancak, 2024 yılında gözlenen popülasyon yoğunluğundaki artış, gelecekte bu türün ekonomik açıdan potansiyel bir zararlı olabileceği öngörülmektedir. Salgın oluşturma potansiyeli taşıyan bu zararlının ergin çıkışlarının feromon tuzakları aracılığıyla düzenli olarak takip edilmesi ve popülasyon yoğunluğu, bitkinin fenolojik dönemi ile iklimsel koşullar doğrultusunda mücadele zamanlamasının belirlenmesi, etkin zararlı yönetimi açısından hayati önem taşımaktadır.
This study aimed to determine the effects of some environmental factors on milk and fertility traits of Anatolian buffaloes raised in Bitlis province within the scope of the "Anatolian Buffalo Breeding in Public Hands Project" carried out by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF), General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policy (GDARP). In the study, phenotypic parameters of performance traits, including lactation period, total milk yield during lactation, 305-day milk yield, average daily milk yield, calving interval, and service period, were estimated using 2012-2019 records.The average total values of the corresponding traits were 241.28±0.301 days (lactation duration), 1011.38±3.58 kg (lactation milk yield), 1278.37±3.77 kg (305-day milk yield), 4.19±0.012 kg (average daily milk yield), 438.32±1.110 days (calving interval), and 111.39±0.148 days (service period). The coefficients of variation for these values were 12.27%, 28.35%, 23.66%, 23.66%, 23.69%, 24.86% and 13.12%. The statistical analyses showed that environmental factors such as year and season of calving, order of lactation, and place of rearing had significant effects on these traits (p<.05). Eight years of research data indicate that positive phenotypic progress has been recorded in terms of milk and fertility in the Anatolian buffaloes population. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of selection programmes and reveal that productivity can be sustainably increased by optimising genetic improvement and environmental management strategies.
Propolis is a natural resinous substance produced by honeybees. Its physicochemical and antioxidant properties vary significantly with geographical origin, as shown in this study using samples from three Meshgin apiaries (Qara Dagh, Meshgin, and Yilagh). Collected during spring 2024, the propolis was analyzed for moisture, pH, ash, soluble/insoluble solids, phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content, alongside antioxidant activity and mineral composition. Results revealed consistent physicochemical parameters across samples, with dry matter exceeding 98% and ash content ranging 3.18–3.92%, aligning with national standards. However, Meshgin propolis displayed superior bioactive properties, including the highest total phenolic (18,402.1 µg GAE/g) and flavonoid content (1,575.3 µg QE/g), alongside elevated tannin levels (7275.6 µg GAE/g) and antioxidant activity (91.33% DPPH inhibition, 73.52% ABTS inhibition), attributed to the region’s rich biodiversity of medicinal flora. Mineral analysis highlighted significant geographical variations in nickel, copper, phosphorus, and calcium concentrations, with Yilagh showing the highest calcium content (69.90 mg/kg). These findings underscore the profound influence of local botanical sources and environmental conditions on propolis composition, positioning region-specific propolis, especially from Meshgin, as a potent natural resource for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.
Dicle Nehri’nden izole edilen Vaucheria aversa’nın antioksidan kapasitesi ve antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri ile fenolik bileşik kompozisyonunu belirleyerek, farmasötik potansiyelini değerlendirmektir. Bu çalışmada, bentik habitatlardan toplanan örnekler mekanik izolasyon yöntemi kullanılarak saflaştırılmıştır. Hazırlanan ekstraktların fenolik ve flavonoid içerikleri spektrofotometrik yöntemlerle ölçülmüş, fenolik profilleri ise LC-MS/MS analizi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Antioksidan aktiviteler FRAP, DPPH ve ABTS testleri kullanılarak değerlendirilmiş, antimikrobiyal aktiviteler ise kuyucuk difüzyon yöntemi ile E. coli, S. aureus ve C. albicans üzerinde test edilmiştir. V. aversa’nın toplam fenolik içeriği 64,28 ± 2,11 mg GAE/g, flavonoid içeriği ise 15,21 ± 0,89 mg QE/g olarak belirlenmiştir. Antioksidan aktiviteler açısından FRAP değeri 65,55 ± 3,18 mg TE/g, DPPH IC₅₀ değeri 38,25 ± 1,41 µg/ml ve ABTS IC₅₀ değeri 16,39 ± 1,02 µg/ml olarak ölçülmüştür. LC-MS/MS analizleri, sinnamik asit ve gallik asit düzeylerinin diğer fenolik bileşiklere kıyasla daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Antimikrobiyal testlerde ise etanol ve metanol ekstraktlarının E. coli ve C. albicans üzerinde güçlü inhibisyon zonları oluşturduğu gözlemlenmiştir. V. aversa’nın özellikle Gram (-) negatif bakterilere ve funguslara karşı gösterdiği aktivite, diğer Vaucheria türleriyle karşılaştırıldığında dikkat çekici bulunmuştur. Antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal kapasitelerinin, içerdiği fenolik bileşiklerle doğrudan ilişkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular, V. aversa’nın farmasötik araştırmalarda doğal bir antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal ajan olarak değerlendirilebilmesi için, bileşik izolasyonu ve in vivo testlerin gerçekleştirilerek etkili farmasötik potansiyelinin ayrıntılı biçimde ortaya konulması gerektiğini göstermektedir
Amaranthus blitum L. subsp. pseudogracilis (Thell.) N. Bayón was collected from Bingöl province in Türkiye and it was given a new record for the flora of Türkiye. In this study, the description of the taxon, the general appearance of its habitus, the images of its parts taken from the scanner, the photograph taken in its natural environment and the distribution map are given.
Deciphering the functional architecture of the transcriptome is essential for understanding molecular regulation and biological complexity, particularly in non-model plant species. Most transcriptomic studies rely primarily on expression-level comparisons, which may overlook higher-order functional organization. Here, we aim to identify functionally coherent transcript modules in Cinnamomum species using an annotation-driven unsupervised clustering framework. Transcripts were characterized using Gene Ontology (GO) terms, KEGG pathways, protein domains, and BRITE classifications, followed by principal component analysis (PCA) for dimensionality reduction and K-means clustering (k = 4). The resulting clusters exhibited distinct functional profiles, including modules enriched in stress response, signal transduction, primary metabolism, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis further supported the biological relevance of these modules, highlighting metabolic specialization and adaptive strategies. Overall, this study demonstrates that annotation-based unsupervised clustering provides an effective alternative to expression-only analyses for revealing biologically meaningful transcript organization in Cinnamomum, with implications for plant functional genomics and chemical biology.
Solid fumigants are commonly used for pest control in cut flower exports, but low temperatures and poor gas-tightness limit their effectiveness. A gas-based fumigant, ECO₂FUME® (2% phosphine, 98% CO₂), offers faster and more uniform distribution. This study aims to identify the most tolerant life stage and mortality of two target pests at sub-recommended concentrations simulating gas leakage, and to assess phytotoxic effects of a higher concentration that may be used to compensate for such loss. In this study, cut flowers naturally infested with Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Tetranychus urticae (Tetranychidae: Acari) were collected from production areas and exposed to fumigant concentrations of 250, 400, 500 (recommended), and 750 ppm. Treatments were conducted at 4 °C in gas-tight units within a refrigerated container for three days. Flower quality was assessed visually over a 14-day period following fumigation. According to the obtained results, at a concentration of 400 ppm, the egg stage of T. urticae and the egg and pupal stages of F. occidentalis survived. Complete mortality (100%) was observed in all developmental stages of both species at ≥500 ppm. At the lowest concentration (250 ppm), the most tolerant stages were T. urticae eggs (65.2% mortality rate) and F. occidentalis pupae (69.3% mortality rate). No negative effects on flower quality were observed 14 days post-treatment. Under conditions of inadequate gas-tightness, pest survival may lead to the development of resistance and export failure. To address these issues, survival rates measured at low concentrations will inform fumigation planning. Additionally, increasing the concentration to 750 ppm in cut flowers exported under cold-chain conditions is a feasible option to address gas-tightness issues without compromising flower quality. In this context, concentration–stage susceptibility can inform fumigation planning under low-temperature and gas-tightness constraints, and the most tolerant life stages should be considered.
Maize (Zea mays L.) indicates strong vulnerability to drought conditions, particularly during early vegetative stages, which severely limits plant development and yield potential. This study investigated the effects of commercial apple vinegar (5% acetic acid) on morphological and biochemical responses and evaluated its potential as a biostimulant under drought conditions. Conducted under controlled growth chamber conditions, two maize cultivars (Pi0937 and DKC6050) were grown under adequate irrigation (80% FC) and severe drought (40% FC), with apple vinegar applied via foliar (FAV) and soil (SAV) methods at a 1:40 (v v-1) dilution during the V4–V6 and V6–V8 growth stages at one-week intervals. Morphological traits such as plant height, root length, leaf area, and biomass, together with total protein levels and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, POD), were evaluated. The results demonstrated that FAV application significantly enhanced plant height, root length, and biomass under drought, while Pi0937 exhibited higher biomass and root development compared to DKC6050, indicating greater drought tolerance. Moreover, apple vinegar application enhanced total protein accumulation and significantly promoted the activities of SOD, CAT, and POD, contributing to improved detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The stronger antioxidant response of Pi0937 highlights the role of genotype-specific differences in drought resilience. Overall, commercial apple vinegar application, particularly via foliar spraying (FAV), emerged as a low-cost, readily available, and environmentally sustainable biostimulant that effectively enhanced growth and physiological resilience of maize under drought stress, with the Pi0937 genotype showing a notably stronger and more consistent response than DKC6050, highlighting the genotype-dependent nature of vinegar-mediated drought tolerance.
