With online games becoming a global phenomenon, the loss of control over gaming behavior is being discussed as a behavioral problem. This type of problematic gaming behavior is treated as a research diagnosis of Internet Gaming Disorder in the DSM-5, while in the ICD-11, Gaming Disorder is classified as an official diagnostic category. In this study, the aim is to examine scientific output in the field of online gaming addiction using fundamental performance indicators, including the distribution of publications by year, the most productive authors, journals, and countries, and the most frequently used keywords. The study is a quantitative study conducted using bibliometric analysis. The study dataset comprises publications indexed in the Scopus database with the keyword “online gaming addiction.” The scope of the research is limited to 303 articles, obtained by excluding those not directly related to the subject from among 624 accessible studies, in line with the determined criteria: publication language: English; time span: all years; subject areas: social sciences and psychology; and document type: article. The study employed document review as the data collection method, bibliometric analysis as the data analysis method, and the VOSviewer program as the data analysis tool. According to the research findings, most articles on the subject were published in 2024. In the study, it was determined that the most productive author is Griffiths, M.D., the most productive journal is the Journal of Behavioral Addictions, and the most productive countries are the United States and the United Kingdom. Additionally, the study found that the most frequent keyword is Internet Gaming Disorder.
People need someone around them who listens attentively, and they enjoy talking about themselves. They feel comfortable and can more easily express their feelings in the presence of a good listener. Listening and showing that they are being listened to is the best support a person can receive. A person who can express themselves is more willing to share their experiences and knowledge. Adolescents who feel heard by their parents can express themselves comfortably and in healthy ways. Listening to a child doesn't mean fulfilling all their needs. Even just feeling listened to will meet their needs. In light of this information, the aim of this study is to examine listening barriers in communication between mothers and adolescents and thus to advance the literature. Accordingly, the views of mothers with children aged 12-18 regarding listening barriers in mother-child communication were examined. The research was designed and conducted within a phenomenological qualitative framework. The study group consisted of 20 mothers living in Konya province who had at least one child aged 12-18. Participants were asked questions from a semi-structured interview form prepared by the researcher. The answers were coded using MAXQDA 24, and the resulting themes were analyzed. Findings: The identified themes were "Listening Barriers" and "Solution Suggestions and Approaches." In conclusion, the mother's workload and fatigue, the communication b environment, and physical barriers were among the main causes of listening barriers. The most frequently highlighted attitude and approach was judgmental and critical. Restricting the child's speech, interrupting them, and using critical, judgmental, and prejudiced language were found to create listening barriers to effective communication. The findings offer suggestions for developing parent education programs and strengthening mother-adolescent relationships. Furthermore, the study has the potential to provide a foundation for future research and family-based interventions.
This study aimed to examine the relationship between sensation-seeking levels and death anxiety among male motorcycle riders. Conducted using a descriptive, cross-sectional design, the study population comprised motorcycle club members in Türkiye. A total of 255 male motorcycle riders who participated online between September 25 and October 20, 2025, were included in the study. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form, the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale, and the Templer Death Anxiety Scale. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analysis were used, with statistical significance set at p < .05. The mean age of the participants was 40.59±9.82 years, with 49.8% aged between 30 and 44 years. The mean scores were 23.45±6.61 for sensation seeking and 5.90±2.59 for death anxiety. High levels of death anxiety were identified in 39.6% of the participants. According to the logistic regression analysis, age, marital status, alcohol use, motorcycle type, and the presence of family members who ride motorcycles were significant predictors of high death anxiety (p < .05). Moreover, each one-point increase in sensation seeking was associated with a 17% decrease in the likelihood of experiencing high death anxiety. The findings indicate that male motorcycle riders exhibit moderate to high levels of sensation seeking and that a considerable proportion experience high death anxiety. Sensation seeking may serve as a short-term coping mechanism that alleviates death anxiety; however, in the long term, engagement in risky behaviors may have adverse effects on psychological well-being and overall health. The study highlights the importance of developing psychosocial support programs for male motorcycle riders and strengthening their coping capacities to manage death anxiety.
This study aims to analyze the psychological representations of school shootings in cinema. The films analyzed within the scope of the study are 22 July (2018), Bowling for Columbine (2002), Lessons from a School Shooting: Notes from Dunblane (2018), We Need to Talk About Kevin (2011), Polytechnique (2009), Klass (2007), and Elephant (2003). Selected through purposive sampling and a maximum diversity strategy, these films comprise documentary, docudrama, and entirely fictional genres. Thematic content analysis was used in the study; analysis was conducted particularly on psychological themes such as individual psychopathology, post-traumatic stress processes, cycles of shame, identity crises, breakdowns in family-child relationships, and peer bullying. The findings show that documentary films reveal systemic dimensions such as gun culture, media discourse, and social trauma; docudrama films focus on factors such as ideology, gender inequality, and family breakdown; and fictional films highlight problems in parent-child relationships and the psychological effects of peer bullying. Consequently, school shootings are complex phenomena that can be understood not only in terms of security and sociological dimensions but also in terms of individual psychological vulnerabilities. By representing this multilayered structure, cinema contributes to developing a deeper understanding of the causes and consequences of violence. The study emphasizes the need for future research to examine psychosocial support mechanisms, family-child communication, and media representations with larger samples.
Melancholia, historically rooted in ancient Greek humoral theory, was conceptualized as a disorder arising from an excess of black bile and affecting both bodily and mental functions. Through the translation movements, this medical heritage entered the Islamic world, where Ibn Sīnā reformulated it within a systematic philosophical and clinical framework. Despite extensive scholarship on humoral medicine and medieval Islamic thought, there remains a gap in the literature concerning the systematic comparison of Ibn Sīnā’s account of melancholia with contemporary psychiatric and biopsychosocial models of mood disorders. This study addresses this gap by analyzing Ibn Sīnā’s conceptualization of melancholia across its medical, psychological, and philosophical dimensions and by examining its relevance to modern psychiatric frameworks. A descriptive qualitative literature review was conducted, using al-Qānūn fī al-Tibb as the primary source and drawing on secondary academic studies from the medical, philosophical, and psychiatric literature. The analysis employed thematic coding to identify historical, conceptual, and clinical correspondences. The findings indicate that Ibn Sīnā attributes melancholia to disturbances in black bile and to dysfunctional processes involving organs such as the spleen, liver, and intestines. He describes symptom patterns that resemble modern classifications of major depression, bipolar disorder, and mixed affective states, including fear, obsessive ideation, delusional beliefs, and psychomotor agitation. His therapeutic recommendations combine humoral regulation, dietary and bodily interventions, and psychological support through conversation, music, and social engagement. The study’s original contribution lies in demonstrating that Ibn Sīnā’s account of melancholia constitutes an early integrative, psychosomatic perspective that anticipates elements of contemporary mood-disorder theories. By foregrounding the interplay among physiological imbalance, cognitive processes, and emotion regulation, this study highlights the relevance of Ibn Sīnā’s framework to current biopsychosocial approaches in psychiatry.
The aim of this methodological study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Food Cravings Questionnaire–Trait Short Form (FCQ-T-r) in an adolescent sample and to evaluate its validity and reliability. The main sample consisted of 340 adolescents aged between 10 and 17 years (M = 14.3). The language and content validity process was conducted systematically through forward translation, expert evaluation, and back-translation procedures. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed on an independent pilot sample (n = 110) using the principal axis factoring method. The single-factor structure obtained from the EFA was subsequently tested through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in the main sample, excluding the pilot participants. Twenty-one participants with chronic conditions that might affect eating behavior were excluded, and CFA analyses were conducted with 319 adolescents. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was .947, and Bartlett’s test of sphericity was significant (χ² = 3722.381, p < .001). EFA results indicated a single-factor structure explaining 58.2% of the total variance. CFA findings (χ²/df = 3.77; GFI = .905; AGFI = .924; NFI = .901; CFI = .922; RMSEA = .008) demonstrated acceptable model fit. Internal consistency was high (Cronbach’s α = .947). The preservation of the single-factor structure supports structural consistency with the scale's original form. The high internal consistency coefficient indicates that the items represent the measured construct homogeneously. Overall, the findings suggest that the FCQ-T-r is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing food cravings among Turkish adolescents and is suitable for research use in this population.
This study aims to identify the general trends, research orientations, and existing gaps in the academic literature on social cyberloafing. This phenomenon has attracted increasing scholarly attention in recent years. A total of 111 studies indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) database were examined using a bibliometric research design. The findings reveal that academic interest in social cyberloafing has grown significantly over the past decade and that the topic exhibits a multidisciplinary character, drawing attention from various fields. The United States, the United Kingdom, and the People’s Republic of China stand out as the leading countries in publication output, with studies from these countries also achieving high citation levels. A large portion of the existing research is concentrated in computer science, engineering, information technologies, and cybersecurity. In contrast, the psychological, sociological, behavioral, and organizational dimensions of the phenomenon remain comparatively underexplored. Keyword analyses highlight the prominence of terms such as “cybersecurity,” “social engineering,” “online behavior,” and “employee performance,” indicating that scholars predominantly approach social cyberloafing from the perspectives of technical risks, information security threats, and productivity loss in work environments. Overall, the findings suggest that social cyberloafing is not merely a technical or security-related behavior but rather a multifaceted phenomenon influenced by individual motivations, social interaction dynamics, organizational climate, and workplace culture. Therefore, future studies would significantly benefit from placing greater emphasis on psychological processes, employees’ digital habits, intra-organizational norms, and managerial strategies.
In recent years, the increasing prevalence of gambling disorder has prompted mental health professionals to explore various treatment modalities. Although several therapeutic approaches have been proposed, there is still a lack of robust empirical evidence regarding their effectiveness. Intervention-based studies have emphasized the need to move beyond symptom reduction and behavioral control by incorporating multidimensional aspects of recovery, thereby highlighting the necessity for innovative therapeutic frameworks. This case report aims to describe and analyze the clinical story and therapeutic process of a 25-year-old male who was considered to have a gambling disorder due to repetitive engagement in online betting and who underwent treatment through the Narrative Therapy approach. The client's symptoms were assessed using the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder, along with the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS). The client was followed for over a year, during which 28 individual therapy sessions were conducted. This case report discusses the role of values and hopelessness within the context of Narrative-based psychotherapy. Narrative-specific techniques such as externalization and alternative story development are addressed in relation to diagnosis, intervention, and follow-up. Rather than aiming to eliminate the gambling behavior directly, the intervention focused on uncovering and engaging with the underlying values and hopes that drive such behaviors—underscoring a shift from pathology to meaning-making. Narrative Therapy offers practical and applicable techniques for addressing gambling disorder, especially by facilitating a value-oriented and individualized therapeutic process.
This study approaches the search for meaning in leadership through the holistic subdimensions of resonant leadership: compassion, mindfulness, and hope. It evaluates the interaction of the two constructs from a multidimensional perspective by examining organizational commitment with its subdimensions of affective, continuance, and normative commitment. The population of this study, which is a quantitative research design, consists of employees working in private-sector organizations in the Marmara Region. In the study, convenience sampling was preferred, and employees from different sectors were reached via face-to-face and online methods using a questionnaire. Analyses were conducted on a complete and valid data set obtained from 405 voluntary business employees. The study reveals that resonant leadership significantly affects all subdimensions of organizational commitment, particularly affective commitment. The findings offer an original perspective by considering the holistic functions of compassion, hope, and mindfulness as components of leadership, not only as human emotions but also as strategic elements that influence the psychological dynamics of organizations. This holistic approach, which integrates fields such as management psychology, human resource management, organizational psychology, and organizational behavior, has important implications for enhancing employees’ psychological experiences within organizations.
The use of social media has been increasing steadily. Rising levels of social media addiction among healthcare professionals may affect their emotional intelligence and communication skills. This study aimed to determine the predictive effect of social media addiction on emotional intelligence and communication skills among healthcare professionals. This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted between June 15 and August 15, 2024, with 260 healthcare professionals employed at a state hospital in Yalova; 74.8% of participants were female. The Personal Information Form, the Social Media Addiction Scale–Adult Form, the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale, and the Communication Skills Scale were administered. Using SPSS for Windows version 25.0, the predictive effect of social media addiction on emotional intelligence and communication skills was analyzed with simple linear regression. The findings indicated a significant negative association between social media addiction and both emotional intelligence and communication skills (p < .05). However, the predictive power of social media addiction was low for emotional intelligence (adjusted R² = 0.018) and for communication skills (adjusted R² = 0.068). These findings indicate that social media addiction explained 1.8% of the variance in emotional intelligence and 6.8% of the variance in communication skills. The relationship between social media addiction and emotional intelligence and communication skills appears to be limited. To increase the model’s explanatory power, incorporating additional variables related to social media use is recommended, along with developing awareness programs on responsible social media use.
This study aims to examine university students’ experiences of cyberbullying in relation to gender role perceptions and emotion regulation skills. The research was conducted with data obtained from 308 university students aged 18-29 who had social media accounts. Participants were recruited through the snowball sampling method. The data collection tools were the Personal Information Form, the Cyber Victimization and Bullying Scale, the Gender Perception Scale, and the Emotion Regulation Skills Scale. The data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0, and nonparametric tests were used for data that did not meet the assumptions of normality. The findings revealed no significant relationship between cyber victimization and gender role perceptions, whereas a weak negative relationship was found between cyberbullying and gender role perceptions. Specifically, individuals with more traditional gender role perceptions displayed higher tendencies toward cyberbullying. Furthermore, a weak negative relationship was detected between cyberbullying and emotion regulation skills. Negative correlations were particularly observed between cyberbullying and sub-dimensions such as attention to emotions, bodily awareness of emotions, understanding emotions, resilience, and self-support. In contrast, no significant association was identified between cyber victimization and emotion regulation skills. The results also indicated that students not only experienced victimization but also actively engaged in bullying behaviors. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of incorporating gender equality awareness and the enhancement of emotion regulation skills into intervention programs aimed at preventing cyberbullying.
This study aims to examine the dissemination and thematic orientations of academic research on the concept of nomophobia—a form of dependence and fear associated with technological devices, particularly mobile phones. Accordingly, the primary objective of this study is to identify the developmental trajectory and research foci of scientific publications concerning nomophobia over the years. The study employs a quantitative bibliometric analysis, using data from the Web of Science (WoS) database. All studies indexed with the keyword “nomophobia” were examined, and a total of 472 academic publications were analyzed using bibliometric data. The findings reveal a remarkable increase in research on nomophobia, particularly in the last eight years (n = 456). At the country level, the highest number of publications was produced by researchers from Turkey, while Nottingham Trent University was identified as the most prolific institution in this field. Keyword analyses indicate that the concepts of “excessive smartphone use” and “behavioral addiction” have appeared only infrequently within nomophobia-related studies. The discussion highlights that research on nomophobia has predominantly focused on psychology, psychiatry, and education, while studies in the communication discipline—despite its high relevance to the topic—remain limited. In conclusion, this study reveals the developmental trends of the literature on nomophobia and provides a guiding framework for researchers to monitor existing trajectories and identify new research avenues. Future studies are recommended to examine, in greater depth, the psychosocial impacts of nomophobia across different cultural contexts and its connections to digital health policies.
The rapid advancement of technology and widespread use of smart devices have led adolescents to engage more intensively with digital environments, increasing the risk of digital addiction. This situation can also affect the psychological and emotional development of young individuals. This study aims to analyze the relationship between digital addiction and anti-mattering (the feeling of being worthless and insignificant) among high school students. Additionally, it investigates whether students’ levels of digital addiction and anti-mattering vary according to gender, perceived family income, and family attitudes. A quantitative relational survey model was employed to examine relationships between variables. The population consisted of high school students enrolled in public schools in three major cities during the 2022-2023 academic year. A total of 472 students participated voluntarily through convenience sampling. The “Digital Addiction in Adolescents” and “Anti-Mattering” scales were administered. Parametric tests were applied to analyze the data, which were found to be normally distributed. The findings indicate a positive and moderately significant relationship between digital addiction and feelings of worthlessness among high school students. Anti-mattering levels were found to significantly and positively predict digital addiction. Furthermore, significant differences were observed in students’ levels of digital addiction and anti-mattering according to gender, perceived family income, and family attitudes. These results highlight the importance of the relationship between digital addiction and psychological well-being, suggesting that adolescents’ experiences of feeling worthless may influence their digital behaviors. The findings provide guidance for educators, families, and policymakers to promote healthy digital use and support adolescents’ psychological well-being.
A good death is a process in which the individuals can manage factors related to death, such as knowing its cause and predicting when and where it will occur, allowing planning and preparation for the EOL. ICU nurses, who most frequently encounter death and are at the center of EOL care, are significantly affected in terms of their perceptions, attitudes, and quality of care regarding a good death. This study aimed to determine the levels of good death perception among ICU nurses and the factors influencing it. A descriptive and correlational study was conducted with 384 ICU nurses. Data were collected using the "Good Death Scale" and an online survey administered via snowball sampling. The mean Good Death Scale score for the nurses was 55.59 +/- 7.78. Among the characteristics examined in nurses, only satisfaction with working in intensive care was associated with more positive perceptions of death. It was found that there was a low-level and significant correlation between good death perceptions and the fears of the nurses. The presence of a certain level of fear of death indicates that nurses develop defense mechanisms to maintain mental balance. The findings revealed that intensive care nurses held a positive view of a good death, seeing the dying process not merely as a clinical event but as a multidimensional psychosocial experience. It is recommended to provide psychosocial support for nurses, establish standardized procedures on death and grief management, and organize in-service training programs on these issues.
The present study investigates the effect of perceived organizational support (POS) and perceived role clarity on the organizational commitment of IT professionals in India. As the labor market faces intense competition and work arrangements reorganize, it becomes critical to understand the psychological bond employees develop with their institutions to improve retention, job performance, and overall well-being. A cross-sectional survey design has been adopted for the present study. The data were collected from 450 IT professionals (320 male and 130 female) in the Delhi-NCR region through stratified random sampling. Participants responded to standardized measures such as the Survey of Perceived Organizational Support (SPOS), the Role Clarity Scale (RCS), and the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ). The linear regression analysis showed that POS and role clarity are significant positive predictors of organizational commitment. This research found that POS accounted for 40% of the variance (R-2 = 0.40, F = 275.48, p < 0.01), and role clarity accounted for 23% of the variance (R-2 = 0.23, F = 126.24, p < 0.01). The results indicate that POS is more influential than role clarity. In other words, feeling valued and supported creates a stronger emotional obligation to repay the favor with loyalty than merely understanding job expectations does. IT organizations need to invest in employee well-being by implementing wellness programs, offering job flexibility, and clearly communicating roles and responsibilities. To obtain a committed, engaged, and loyal workforce in the fast-moving industrial sector, strong recognition systems and regular performance feedback are essential.
Raising global awareness of blood donation is of utmost importance. Consequently, it is crucial to identify factors that undermine people's perceptions of blood donation and devise appropriate remedies. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between attitudes of adults living in T & uuml;rkiye toward blood donation and their levels of spiritual well-being. This descriptive correlational study was conducted from June to September 2022 with 475 participants aged 18 years and older residing in T & uuml;rkiye. Research data were obtained using the researchers' Individual Characteristics Questionnaire, the Blood Donation Attitude Scale, and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale. The mean age of the participants was 32.64 +/- 9.69 years, and 70.1% were women. It was found that 57.7% of participants had never donated blood, 65.9% had not received training on blood donation, 49.1% had received training from healthcare personnel, and 55.8% stated that the training they received was insufficient. A significant but weak positive correlation was found between Blood Donation Attitude Scale total score and Spiritual Well-Being Scale; Transcendence, Harmony with Nature, and the Anomie subscales (p<0.01; p<0.01; p<0.05; r=0.096, respectively). There was a positive correlation between Blood Donation Attitude Scale Societal and Social Responsibility subscale score and Spiritual Well-Being Scale Transcendence and Harmony with Nature subscales, and a weak negative correlation between Anomie subscale scores (p<0.01, r=0.122; p<0.01, r=0.296; p<0.05, r=- 0.112, respectively). It was found that as the spiritual well-being of adult individuals improved, their attitudes toward blood donation also increased. In conclusion, findings highlight the critical role of nurses in promoting blood donation through effective educational and awareness initiatives.
This study aims to examine the effects of health literacy and health perception on health anxiety among university students. The research population comprised 16,911 undergraduate students, and the sample included 468 participants. Since the assumptions of parametric tests were not met, the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare two groups, and the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare three or more groups. Of the participants, 67.9% were female, and 32.1% were male; 61.1% were between 17 and 20 years old. Additionally, 86.5% reported no chronic disease, and 83.8% reported not regularly using medication. The mean general health status score was 7.132, and the mean number of physician visits in the past year was 3.991. A negative and significant relationship was found between health anxiety and health perception (r = -0.274, p < 0.001), as well as between health anxiety and health literacy (r = -0.206, p < 0.001). Furthermore, a significant positive relationship was identified between health perception and health literacy (r = 0.427, p < 0.001). Individuals with higher levels of health anxiety were observed to have lower levels of health perception and health literacy. In contrast, individuals with higher health perception demonstrated stronger abilities to access, understand, and evaluate health-related information. The findings indicate that the interaction among health literacy, health perception, and health anxiety has important implications not only at the individual level but also for public health and health policies. Therefore, adopting a holistic approach that encompasses both individual and societal health is recommended.
This study aimed to evaluate the psychosocial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers and the reflections on these impacts within the field of health management, using a bibliometric analysis. To this end, a systematic search was conducted in the Web of Science database using the keywords “COVID-19,” “healthcare workers,” “psychosocial effects,” and “health management.” Research articles published after 2019, written in English, and indexed in SCI, SSCI, A&HCI, ESCI, and SCI-Expanded were included in the analysis. Within the scope of the bibliometric analysis, keyword co-occurrence networks, co-authorship collaboration patterns, and the contributions of leading institutions and countries to the field were examined. A total of 6,341 articles were analyzed. The findings indicate a substantial increase in research attention after 2021, particularly regarding mental health, burnout, stress, and workload among healthcare workers. The most frequently used keywords were “mental health,” “burnout,” and “psychological distress.” Additionally, a notable rise in international and interdisciplinary collaborations was observed. Among the institutions contributing most prominently to the field were Harvard University, King’s College London, and the University of Melbourne. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly intensified the psychosocial burden on healthcare professionals. The growing body of research in the post-pandemic period underscores the importance of global collaboration and interdisciplinary approaches to support healthcare workers’ mental well-being and resilience.
Adolescence is a critical developmental period characterized by significant cognitive, emotional, and social changes that shape psychological adjustment, during which well-being and life satisfaction emerge as important indicators of mental health. Within this context, problem-solving skills are theoretically considered a potential mediating mechanism, as they facilitate adaptive coping, cognitive appraisal, and effective management of daily stressors. This study examined the mediating role of problem-solving skills in the relationship between adolescents' well-being and life satisfaction using a correlational research design with 460 high school students in Sakarya, T & uuml;rkiye. The findings indicated a moderate, positive association between well-being and life satisfaction. Gender differences revealed that female adolescents reported higher levels of well-being and problem-solving skills, whereas male adolescents reported higher life satisfaction. Contrary to expectations, problem-solving skills did not significantly mediate the relationship between well-being and life satisfaction, suggesting that cognitive problem-solving abilities may not be a primary explanatory mechanism for this association in adolescence. Instead, affective and relational processes, such as emotional regulation and perceived social connectedness, may play a more central role by directly influencing adolescents' emotional experiences and overall life evaluations. Overall, these findings underscore the importance of multidimensional and gender-sensitive approaches in interventions aimed at enhancing adolescents' psychological well-being.
This study investigates the psychosocial relationship between social media engagement, personal care routines, and social communication practices. Using a quantitative cross-sectional survey design, data were collected online from 400 participants aged 18 and over in Turkey. An original scale comprising three dimensions-personal care routines, appearance satisfaction, and social communication effects-demonstrated strong reliability and construct validity. The findings indicate that social media significantly influences both grooming frequency and satisfaction with appearance. While 68.2% of women reported being affected by social media content, the rate among men was 38.3%. Women engaged more frequently in personal care practices, whereas men reported higher levels of social anxiety related to skin concerns. Higher educational attainment was associated with lower susceptibility to social media influence, suggesting a protective role of media literacy. Occupational identity and income level further shaped perceptions of appearance, with teachers and beauty-sector professionals reporting more regular self-care routines. The results are consistent with theories of self-presentation, social comparison, social learning, and bodily capital. Overall, the study demonstrates that social media reshapes body image, self-presentation strategies, and confidence in social communication, while the emergence of appearance-related anxiety among men points to shifting gender norms in digital culture.
