The integration of immersive technologies into museum exhibitions has profoundly reshaped the ways in which cultural heritage is accessed, interpreted, and experienced. Through the use of virtual reality, augmented reality, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, cultural institutions have developed new forms of engagement with historical artifacts and narratives. However, these innovations raise significant legal and ethical challenges, particularly at the intersection of intellectual property law and cultural heritage protection frameworks. This chapter explores the complex relationship between digital innovation and cultural stewardship, analyzing issues such as the legal status of digital surrogates, the commercialization of public domain works, the rights of source communities, and the regulatory implications of emerging technologies. It highlights the tensions between exclusive proprietary claims and collective heritage obligations, underscoring the risk of digital enclosure and cultural commodification. Drawing on comparative legal analysis, international instruments, and best practice frameworks, the chapter offers strategic recommendations for museums, content creators, and policymakers. These include the adoption of open access policies, the integration of ethical and participatory curatorial models, the proactive management of technological and legal risks, and the promotion of transparency, inclusivity, and public accountability. Ultimately, the chapter argues that the sustainable future of immersive exhibitions lies not only in technological advancement but in the cultivation of ethical, legal, and social frameworks that prioritize cultural rights, historical integrity, and public engagement.
The concept of artificial intelligence first emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century with the goal of enabling machines to perform tasks similar to those performed by humans. Since then, various theories have been presented regarding the scope of liability for errors made by artificial intelligence systems, particularly from a criminal law perspective. This study aims to outline this issue through an examination of the legal hurdles surrounding the concept of penal liability for actions taken by artificial intelligence. Furthermore, the objective of this study is to analyse the ethical and social implications arising from the adoption of artificial intelligence in penal justice and provide recommendations for the responsible development and use of artificial intelligence technologies in penal justice, identifying the key factors affecting the effectiveness and fairness of artificial intelligence tools in the penal justice sphere. The aim of the study is to demonstrate the applications of artificial intelligence, identify its corresponding areas, clarify its benefits and predict its anticipated impact. Furthermore, it seeks to highlight proposed penal law regulations governing the use of artificial intelligence and analyse the suitable sanctions suggested for artificial intelligence entities.
This research examines the impact of digitalization in the criminal justice system, highlighting the advances and challenges arising from the implementation of new technologies in judicial procedures. Through an analysis of Organic Law 1/2025, Royal Decree 6/2023, and various key rulings from the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court, it addresses topics such as the right to due process, personal data protection, and the technological gaps that affect equality of arms. The article concludes with proposals for improvement, including legal harmonization and technological training for legal practitioners to ensure justice that is more accessible, efficient, and respectful of fundamental rights.
This chapter examines the complex relationship between civil society and military institutions in shaping security and defense policies in Latin America. Defining key concepts (civil society, military, and security types) and critically reviewing civil-military relations (CMR) theories alongside Security Sector Governance (SSG), it argues interaction models are more relevant than strict separation for the region. It analyzes Latin America's historical evolution, marked by militarism and transitions, identifying recurring tensions like democratic oversight versus military autonomy and internal security militarization. The analysis assesses the impact of these interactions on policy legitimacy and effectiveness, addressing emerging challenges from new threats and technologies. It concludes by emphasizing the need to strengthen democratic civilian oversight and capabilities within the security and defense sector.
The Guidelines on Prohibited Artificial Intelligence Practices, as defined by Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonized rules on artificial intelligence and amending certain regulations, provide an overview of AI practices that are considered unacceptable due to their potential risks to European values and the fundamental rights of its citizens and thus of societies and states themselves. This paper provides a summary analysis of the rules contained in these Guidelines as they apply to the fight against hybrid threats, disinformation campaigns and the manipulation of foreign information and interference in the states of the European Union.
