Physical exercise confers systemic immunomodulatory benefits, yet the molecular mediators linking metabolic stress to immune cell reprogramming remain incompletely defined. N-lactoyl-phenylalanine (Lac-Phe), a lactate-phenylalanine conjugate synthesized by carnosine dipeptidase 2 (CNDP2), has emerged as a critical exercise-derived metabolite that bridges peripheral energy metabolism with central and peripheral immune regulation. This review systematically summarizes the biosynthetic regulatory network of Lac-Phe, with emphasis on its immunomodulatory functions. And translational advances include biomimetic scaffolds enabling localized Lac-Phe release for tissue regeneration and the first human clinical trial (NCT06743009) evaluating its metabolic and immunomodulatory efficacy. Nevertheless, the unidentified direct membrane receptor on immune cells, unaddressed safety risks of long-term immune modulation, and immature immune-targeted delivery approaches impede clinical translation. Future priorities should focus on receptor identification through chemical proteomics and CRISPR screening, determination of the pharmacological safety window for chronic immunomodulation, and development of localized delivery strategies to accelerate clinical application in immune-mediated disorders.
The anti-tumor immune response includes both acquired and innate immunity, with T cells playing a central role. Recent advances in immunotherapy have shown great promise, but only a small percentage of patients benefit. The low efficacy of immunotherapy is often linked to the tumor microenvironment (TME), which hampers immune responses. Tumor cells undergo metabolic reprogramming, significantly affecting the TME and immune cell function. Tumor cells not only deplete nutrients from the TME, limiting immune cell activation, but also accelerate the efflux of metabolites, further suppressing immune responses. Additionally, the poor vascularization and low material exchange in the TME result in metabolite accumulation, which inhibits immune cell activation. Tumor-specific metabolic pathways can also evade immune surveillance by reducing the immune system's constraints on tumor tissue. This article focuses on the roles of key metabolic pathways, such as aerobic glycolysis, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, in tumor immunity. Understanding the relationship between tumor metabolism and anti-tumor immunity is crucial for developing more effective therapeutic strategies, including improving immune response efficiency by modulating nutrient flow and reducing the adverse effects of metabolites.
The adoptive infusion of natural killer (NK) cells is a promising immunotherapy for cancer, viral infections, and aging-associated diseases. Clinical responses have been linked to enhanced cytotoxicity and sustained NK cell persistence in vivo. While preconditioning and/or cytokines support improvement in vivo persistence of infused NK cells. However, the effects of ex vivo expanded natural killer (eNK) cells infusion on peripheral blood NK cells-without these interventions-remain unclear. This study analyzed peripheral blood NK cell phenotypes and functions using flow cytometric analysis and Tarascan VP system in healthy subjects. Results showed that autologous eNK cells infusion transiently increased in NK cell proportions and altered subsets and functions. Notably, CD56bright NK cells significantly increased on day 1, accompanied by upregulated expression of activating receptors (NKG2D, NKp30), cytolytic molecules (perforin, granzyme B), and the degranulation marker CD107. By day 7, CD56dim NK cells increased, with significantly enhanced NK cell activity in peripheral blood. These findings indicate that eNK cells infusion induces transient phenotypic and functional changes in peripheral blood NK cells, enhancing their activity in vivo. This study provides insight into optimizing adoptive NK cell therapies to improve therapeutic efficacy.
Puerperium is defined as the period of six weeks after child birth during which the mother's reproductive organs return to their original non-pregnant condition. Perianal problems including Constipation, Hemorrhoid and Fissure are among the most common complications among women during puerperium, observed in about 30 to 50 percent of women. Considering this great prevalence and the paucity of similar research in Ethiopia, this study was done to assess the prevalence of perianal problems during puerperium and the risk factors associated with them.
Ageing is a slow and continuous process that is associated with the decline in the functioning immune system. These changes are now recognized and appreciated under the canopy term 'Immuno-senescence' [1]. Immuno-senescence is not due to a lack of immune cells but reduced diversity in the repertoire - with reduced naive cells and increased memory cells. Secondly, the ageing immune system is subject to inflammaging, elevated self-reactivity leading to chronic low-grade inflammation .
Nanotechnology means measurements estimated by nanometers or one-billionth of a meter- - to make structures, medical devices, gadgets and frameworks for medical, clinical and other uses, such as disease diagnosis. Cancer immunotherapy uses medications or drugs to help a patient's immune system fight cancer, as opposed to chemotherapy, which uses drugs to directly kill cancer cells, according to the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Antigen-consolidating nanoparticles with immunomodulatory agents activate immune cells and modify the tumor microenvironment to boost antitumor immunity.
SARS-COV-2 pandemic is almost 3-years-old and remains a case for concern. An overwhelming production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the context of COVID-19, not only impairs viral clearance but also promotes paradoxically hyperinflammation including cytokine storm; an unfortunate event leading to organ failure following long term damage due to inflammation and even death.
Since December 2020, the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT16B2b2 mRNA vaccine has been widely used to prevent COVID-19 infection. Vaccination is now widely regarded as the most effective way to reduce the pandemic's morbidity and death. Except for mild and infrequent adverse effects, almost all vaccinations are considered safe. One of the documented adverse effects of the COVID-19 immunizations is vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenic purpura.
From the different causes of death diabetes has an advanced rank in the first 10. So the aim of this study was to relate between some pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and TGF-β1) and infection with diabetes as biomarkers for infection. Forty male Wister albino Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats were used as a model for estimation of the related cytokines.
The article discusses two forms of resonance in medicine in the treatment of Autoimmune diseases. The first form is the destruction resonance. It is well known and we have used it to destroy tumors or infection diseases. The second form of resonance is the resonance of creation. It leads to the restoration of degenerated or destroyed organs. We have used the resonance of creation to repair organs.
Survival rates of metastatic lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and poor lung cell cancer (SCLC) are poor with a survival rate of less than 5%.The use of cell-oriented therapies has improved the overall survival of the median (OS) in a limited group of NSCLC patients whose tumors undergo certain genetic mutations.However in a large group of NSCLC and SCLC cell mutations are not available to lead to targeted targeted treatment.Recent positive results from new medical research and checkpoint inhibitors have proven against the common belief that lung cancer is not immune.In particular, checkpoint inhibitors targeting the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and the proposed death-1 pathway (PD-1) have shown long-term clinical responses with controlled toxicity.Several phase II and III clinical trials examining the combination of different chemotherapy schedules with immuno-therapy or immuno-therapy alone continue with lung cancer and significant results are expected in the near future.However, further research is needed to understand the appropriate combination of immuno-therapeutic agents with chemotherapy and radiation therapy for NSCLC and SCLC.
Sera samples from 43 Hepatitis B infected patients were collected from a tertiary care hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal along with its corresponding control. The information on the patients' age, gender, clinical and biochemical history and controls was collected. Further, serology, copy number detection and genotyping of the selected samples were performed.
Lymphocytes are cells within the immune system that originate in the bone marrow (B lymphocytes) or thymus (T lymphocytes). It was thought that lymphocytes are not implied in the pathogenesis of vitiligo, but now we can confirm that T cell response rather than B cell humoral immune response is essential in the pathogenesis of vitiligo.
Introduction: In HIV infected children, skin disorders are important as they serve as clue to diagnosis of the HIV disease. The Skin is one of the early systems affected by HIV/AIDS, which can affect almost all organs and systems in the body. Prevalence of skin disorders among HIV infected children is up to 90% in some studies. Objective: To determine the prevalence of skin disorders among HIV infected children attending paediatric infectious disease clinic in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of skin manifestations among HIV infected children attending paediatric infectious disease clinic of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. A total of 223 HIV infected participants aged 6weeks to14 years were recruited for this study. Results: The prevalence of skin disorders among HIV infected children was 78.0%. The leading categories were infections and infestations accounting for 55.1% then inflammatory skin disorders (20.6%) Dermatophytoses were the commonest specific skin disorders observed. Conclusion: Therefore, the prevalence of skin disorder among HIV infected children in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital is high (78%). Infections and infestations were the commonest category found followed by inflammatory skin disorders.
We investigated the incidence and antibiogram profile of Serratia marcescens among hospitalized individuals, hospital environments and halls of residence of Obafemi Awolowo University in Ile Ife, Osun state. These were with a view to provide key information at molecular level that are of epidemiological and therapeutic importance. Two hundred and twenty samples from clinical and nonclinical sources were collected with ethical clearance approval (ERC/2018/09/02) from the hospital advisory committee. They were cultured on sorbitol Mcconkey agar infused with 200 U/ml of colistin for the selective isolation of Serratia species. Non-duplicate colony was picked from each cultures and characterized biochemically with the use of microbat 24E kit to identify various species isolated. The susceptibility profile of the isolates against selected antibiotics were studied by the Kirby-baeur disc-diffusion technique and screened for extended spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase enzymes using double disc synergy test (DDST) and modified carbapenem inactivation assay (mCIM) respectively. Results were interpreted. They were also profiled for selected resistance genes through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Serratia marcescens showed great susceptibility to meropenem (100%), of loxacin (100%), ciprofloxacin (90.5%) and gentamicin (84.6%), and total (100%) resistance to ceftazidime, cefuroxime, ampicillin and augmentin. All the isolates (100%) were ESBL producers while 33.3% demonstrated carbapenemase production. The incidence of ampicillinase (AmpC), cefoxitin variant (FOX-1) ampicillinase, cefotaximase (CTX-M), sulphyhydryl variable (SHV), and temoniera (TEM) beta lactamase resistance genes among Serratia marcescens were 15.4%, 0.0%, 53.9%, 38.5% and 15.4% respectively. Equally, four (30.8%) and one (7.7%) isolates expressed co-carriage of two and three different resistance genes. The study concluded that occurrence of multidrug resistant S. marcescens pose a public health threat in the study area considering their carbapenemase production and carriage of various resistance genes. The expression and cocarriage of resistance genes makes these isolates potential resistance-genes donor to other microorganisms.
Background: Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the anesthesiologists are involved in the riskiest interventions e.g. airway management, and resuscitation. So, they are subjected to a higher risk of infection compared to other medical specialties. This study aimed to assess the level of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder during COVID-19 pandemic among anesthesiologists. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, hospital-based survey conducted after getting IRB approval. The primary outcomes are to evaluate the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among anesthesiologists working in Saudi Arabia. The secondary outcomes include the association of the socio-demographic and occupational characteristics with mental health in the study sample. The survey sent to the target participants using a web-based software platform (https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/ZJ98BTJ) though the Saudi Society of Anesthesia. The study sample included anesthesiologists and their allied health care providers (nurses and technicians) involved in the management of COVID-19 patients. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21. Descriptive analyses were conducted, and the ranked data for each level for symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD were presented as numbers and percentages. Multi-variable logistic regression analysis was used to explore potential influence factors on the outcomes. P-values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The survey sent to (1024) anesthesiologists and anesthetists, through the Saudi Anesthesia Association (SAS). A total number of 347 participants involved in the survey with a response rate (33.887%), while 296 of them completed the survey and included in the statistical analysis. Males represented (71.3%) of the sample, Saudis (58.8%), two-thirds aged 30-50 years, (83.4%) were married, physician anesthesiologists represent (81.3%). The prevalence of PTSD, anxiety, and depression among the included sample were (25.3%, 29.4%, and 30.7%) respectively. The following factors were associated with a higher prevalence of psychological stress: age categories below 40 years, being unmarried, those having relatives diagnosed with COVID-19, unsatisfied by the safety measures, smoking habits, and among female gender compared to males. Also, the prevalence of stress was higher among resident anesthetists compared to the nurses, technicians, and consultants. The association of psychological outcomes and other factors were inconsistent. OrigiNAl rESEArcH
Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency in humans causes lymphopenia and this provided the rationale for developing PNP inhibitors as immunosuppressive agents. However, carefulre-evaluation of clinical history of PNP deficient patients and clinical experience with PNP inhibitors together with new experimental data suggest inhibition of PNP may have immune activating effects through elevation of guanosine and activation of various toll-like receptors (TLRs). This paper proposes a mechanism of action for the immune activating effects of PNP inhibition.
The world experienced the outbreaks of coronavirus infection that threaten global pandemic in 2002-2003 by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and in 2011 by Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). The genomic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 showed similar, but distinct genome composition of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV [1,2]. On an average corona hit the 1.5% to 2020 global GDP and 0.2% to long-run global GDP. We forecast a muted longterm impact because damage to productive capacity will be small, plus economic confidence should quickly return once the virus subsides. The body’s immune system is, at the moment, the most effective weapon people have against COVID-19. The majority of patients can cure themselves of the disease simply by resting at home enabling a small army of their own cells to attack the infection. The some antiviral, anti-malarial, spiked protein based vaccine and antibody plasma therapies as a cure and phytochemical, stronger immune system and guideline given by health agencies discussed as a preventive approach discussed in this article.
