ABSTRACT Reduced graphene oxide (rGO)‐based microwave absorbers generally exhibit strong dielectric attenuation but unsatisfactory impedance matching, while simply increasing the magnetic‐component loading does not necessarily improve microwave absorption. Herein, Ni nanoparticle‐decorated rGO hybrids were prepared through coprecipitation followed by chemical vapor deposition‐assisted thermal reduction. A dual‐comparison framework combining Ni‐loading‐state regulation and same‐precursor NiO‐to‐Ni phase evolution was employed to clarify the relationships among nanoparticle dispersion, phase composition, electromagnetic response, and microwave absorption performance. Increasing the initial Ni precursor concentration increased the mean Ni nanoparticle size from 23.25 to 25.48 and 29.98 nm and promoted more pronounced aggregation, whereas the absorption performance exhibited a nonmonotonic dependence on the nominal Ni loading. For the optimized rGO/Ni‐5 hybrid, the Ni content was estimated to be approximately 32.6 wt.% by thermogravimetric analysis and 30.36 wt.% by semi‐quantitative energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis. At a filler loading of 15 wt.%, rGO/Ni‐5 achieved a minimum reflection loss of −35.5 dB at 8.4 GHz with a thickness of 3.0 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth of 3.28 GHz from 9.52 to 12.80 GHz at 2.3 mm. Vibrating sample magnetometer measurements showed that rGO/Ni‐5 exhibited the strongest static magnetic response among the investigated rGO/Ni hybrids, while radar cross‐section simulations demonstrated reduced electromagnetic scattering compared with pure rGO and the rGO/NiO‐5 phase control. These results indicate that the superior performance of rGO/Ni‐5 originates from the coordinated regulation of nanoparticle dispersion, phase composition, dielectric–magnetic response, impedance matching, and attenuation capability, rather than from simply maximizing Ni loading or any individual loss parameter.
ABSTRACT ZnO nanowires grown by chemical bath deposition have emerged as versatile building blocks for a wide range of functional devices, thanks to their unique electronic, optical, and piezoelectric properties. However, despite its relative simplicity to control the structural morphology and properties of ZnO nanowires, achieving precise control over their doping remains a significant challenge, while being highly critical to meet the requirements of the targeted functional devices. The present review provides a comprehensive analysis of the state‐of‐the‐art and scientific challenges associated with the residual and intentional doping processes of ZnO nanowires, including the role of native point defects, hydrogen‐related defects, and extrinsic dopants. The intentional incorporation processes of shallow donors (e.g., Al, Ga, In, Cl) and deep acceptors (e.g., Cu, Sb) are discussed in detail, along with the effects of transition metals (e.g., Cr, Co, Mn, Ni) and rare earth elements (e.g., Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb) on the structural and optoelectronic properties of ZnO nanowires. Additionally, the review highlights the background and latest advancements in ZnO nanowire‐based functional devices in the fields of electronics, optoelectronics, photovoltaics, piezoelectricity, photocatalysis, and chemical/biological sensing. The interplay between doping strategies and device performance is eventually emphasized, offering careful insights into the optimization of ZnO nanowires for next‐generation technologies.
ABSTRACT Public health emergencies and the escalating burden of chronic diseases necessitate a paradigm shift from centralized laboratory testing to rapid, decentralized, and point‐of‐care (POC) diagnostics. Optical nanobiosensors have emerged as transformative tools, exhibiting high sensitivity, label‐free detection, and real‐time monitoring efficacies essential for addressing biomedical complexities. In this review, we critically examined the evolution of optical POC nanobiosensors from fundamental nanomaterial engineering to trans‐scale autonomous bio‐integrated systems. We discussed the physicochemical engineering of advanced nanomaterials, such as plasmonic nanomaterials, quantum dots, metal–organic frameworks, and 2D materials like MXenes, which considerably improved signal amplification and detection limits. It is attributed to the ability of nanomaterials to modulate light–matter interaction at the nanoscale using various physics principles such as fluorescence, photonics, plasmonic, fiber optics, interferometry, and spectrometry. Furthermore, we critically examined the convergence of nanophotonics with microfluidics, artificial intelligence, and 5G‐supported Internet of Medical Things to develop smart and data‐driven diagnostics. Innovative POC modules are explored, ranging from lab‐on‐chip and hospital‐on‐chip platforms to wearable, skin‐embedded, and tattoo‐based biosensors capable of continuous physiological monitoring. Besides, we address translational challenges related to scalability and biocompatibility, providing sustainable frameworks using green nanotechnology and self‐powered triboelectric technologies to reduce ecological footprints. Future advancements depend on interdisciplinary collaboration to bridge the gap between laboratory innovations and clinical implementation. It will pave the way for sustainable, POC, and smart global healthcare solutions, raising an era of sensor intelligence.
ABSTRACT Nickel‐based catalysts hold significant promise for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) due to their dynamic reconstruction capability. However, uncontrolled reconstruction promotes lattice oxygen participation, triggering the destructive lattice oxygen‐mediated mechanism (LOM) that causes rapid catalyst disintegration at industrial current densities. Herein, we resolve the challenge through Fe doping‐enabled selective adsorbate evolution mechanism (AEM) pathway engineering in a Ni 2 P/NiMoO 4 heterostructure (Fe‐Ni 2 P/NiMoO 4 ). During OER, Fe doping triggers deep reconstruction into Ni(Fe)OOH while suppressing the LOM via electronic modulation, yielding an AEM with optimized OH* adsorption. This mechanism‐selective design delivers exceptional bifunctional performance: 140 mV (HER) and 256 mV (OER) overpotentials at 100 mA cm −2 , sustained stability at 200 mA cm −2 for 100 h (HER and OER) and 50 mA cm −2 for 100 h (overall water splitting). Mechanistic studies reveal Fe doping's dual role: (i) accelerating reconstruction kinetics to form Ni(Fe)OOH as the AEM‐active phase and (ii) stabilizing the Fe‐Ni 2 P conductive backbone by eliminating oxygen‐loss pathways. This work pioneers mechanism‐selective reconstruction as a design principle for industrial electrocatalysts, moving beyond empirical activity optimization toward rational pathway control.
ABSTRACT Organic photodetectors (OPDs) and sensors have emerged as a potential class of optoelectronic devices. They are capable of detecting light at many different wavelengths, including infrared (IR) and low light. Their special advantages, which open up new possibilities for sensing technologies in the future, include mechanical flexibility, inexpensive processing, and changeable light response. Recent developments in the creation and enhancement of organic semiconducting materials are examined in detail in this article. It emphasizes molecular strategies to enhance stability, light absorption, and charge transfer in low‐light conditions. High detectivity, fast reaction times, and spectrum selectivity are the main goals of the review's discussion of device architectures. It investigates important application domains such as wearable and flexible electronics, low‐light environmental sensing, and biomedical imaging. In several domains, OPDs have clear benefits over conventional inorganic technologies. Major issues including long‐term stability, noise reduction, and large‐area integration are also discussed. The review offers ideas for possible solutions utilizing innovative material designs and interface engineering. This paper provides a thorough overview of the state and future trends of OPDs and sensors for low‐light and infrared applications by tying together developments in organic materials chemistry and device physics.
ABSTRACT Photocatalytic CO 2 reduction to CH 4 has attracted notable focus because of its capacity to convert CO 2 into high‐value hydrocarbon fuels. Among the different photocatalysts, g‐C 3 N 4 (graphitic carbon nitride) has emerged as an attractive candidate due to its stability, nontoxicity, and facile synthesis. However, its poor crystallinity and inefficient charge separation severely limit its photocatalytic efficiency. Herein, K + ions were introduced into the g‐C 3 N 4 framework to improve its crystallinity, which was followed by coupling with CuO to form a CuO/K‐g‐C 3 N 4 heterostructure to improve charge separation. The CuO/K‐g‐C 3 N 4 photocatalysts achieved excellent CO 2 photoreduction performance, yielding 41.21 μmol/g/h CH 4 with 93.03% selectivity upon visible‐light illumination. The augmented conversion ability was mainly due to the synergistic effects of better crystallinity, light arrestation, exciton dissociation, charge separation, and CO 2 adsorption. This work discloses a g‐C 3 N 4 ‐derived photocatalyst design as well as stresses the capability of CuO/K‐g‐C 3 N 4 as a photoactive catalyst for elevated CH 4 selectivity, contributing to renewable energy and environmental protection.
ABSTRACT Ultraviolet photodetectors (UVPDs) operating at high temperatures are critical for sensing in extreme environments such as aerospace, nuclear electronic systems, and flame warning. However, most existing UVPDs suffer from severe performance degradation, increased dark current, and the need for external bias as the operating temperature rises. Here, we report a self‐powered UVPD based on an unintentionally doped/boron‐doped diamond homojunction. Benefitting from the ultra‐wide bandgap and excellent thermal stability of the diamond, the device has achieved high optoelectrical properties under UV illumination with negligible performance degradation even at an operating temperature of up to 250°C. The device demonstrates a high rectification ratio of 1.8 × 109, high specific detectivity of over 1012 Jones, and fast response times of 3.45 ms/2.68 ms under 0 V bias. Moreover, the device shows excellent long‐term operating stability and achieves high‐contrast imaging applications with excellent temperature tolerance. These results highlight the promise of diamond homojunctions for reliable UV detection and imaging in harsh operating environments.
ABSTRACT Two‐dimensional (2D) gallium oxide (Ga2O3) holds great promise for photocatalysis due to its intrinsic out‐of‐plane polarization and built‐in electric field, which facilitate charge separation. However, its wide bandgap severely limits visible‐light absorption. Herein, first‐principles calculations are employed to explore two complementary strategies for bandgap engineering in polar 2D Ga2O3. In bilayers, reversing the polarization direction of one monolayer switches the interlayer band alignment from staggered to broken‐gap, enabling giant tunneling electroresistance for ferroelectric/antiferroelectric tunnel junctions. Nevertheless, this approach is insufficient for photocatalysis, as parallel polarization causes bandgap closure while antiparallel polarization yields only marginal bandgap reduction. To address the visible‐light limitation while preserving the built‐in field, site‐selective sulfur doping is introduced in the lowest‐energy FE‐ZB′ monolayer. Substitution at O1 or O2 sites significantly narrows the bandgap, through synergistic upward valence band maximum shifting and built‐in field modulation, whereas O3 substitution widens it. The doped systems maintain strong surface potential differences, enabling spatial separation of photogenerated carriers and satisfying water redox potentials. Enhanced visible‐light absorption and favorable OER/HER overpotentials confirm their viability for overall water splitting. Strain engineering further demonstrates robust tunability. This work establishes a synergistic framework combining polarization control with atomic‐scale doping for high‐performance 2D Ga2O3‐based photocatalysts and optoelectronic devices.
Understanding the structural formation mechanism of hard carbon and the relationship between its microstructure and sodium-ion storage performance is critical for the precise fabrication of hard carbon. Herein, lignin-derived hard carbons with tunable microstructures were prepared via one-step carbonization by tuning carbonization temperatures (600 degrees C-1600 degrees C) and time (0-6 h). The graphitic microcrystalline structures in hard carbons become more ordered with increasing carbonization temperature and time, which in turn leads to the reduced interlayer spacing of graphene layers, decreased defect concentration, and increased size and volume of the closed pores. The pseudo-graphitic structures with expanded interlayer spacing and abundant defect structures contribute to enhanced slope-potential capacity, whereas the sodium-ion accessible closed pores with large pore volume contribute to improved plateau-potential capacity. A small closed-pore size is beneficial for enhancing the rate performance. The hard carbons displayed an adsorption/intercalation-dominated to a pore-filling-dominated mechanism with increasing carbonization temperature and time. The optimized hard carbon exhibited a high reversible capacity (322 mAh g-1 at 0.05 A g-1) with a plateau-potential capacity of 246 mAh g-1, and good rate performance. These findings provide fundamental insights for the structural revolution and sodium-ion storage mechanism of hard carbon anodes, which could pave the way for understanding how the structure evolves and how we precisely design high-performance hard carbon anodes.
Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are pivotal to developing safe, high-energy-density lithium metal batteries, yet their commercialization is hindered by low ionic conductivity and inadequate suppression of lithium dendrite growth. This work tackles these challenges through a molecular grafting strategy that functionalizes a poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluorochloroethylene) (PVDF-CTFE) backbone with lithium phenylsulfonate groups, yielding a novel copolymer, PVDF-BSFE, with enhanced ion transport properties and interfacial stability. The grafted phenylsulfonate units facilitate lithium-ion dissociation via their strong electron-withdrawing effect and restrict anion migration through steric hindrance, significantly increasing the lithium-ion transference number to 0.67, far exceeding that of conventional SPEs (0.16-0.5). The PVDF-BSFE electrolyte demonstrates a room-temperature ionic conductivity of 0.91 & times; 10(-3) S cm(-1), representing a 184% improvement over unmodified PVDF counterparts. When deployed in symmetric Li||Li cells, the grafted PVDF-BSFE electrolyte enables stable cycling for over 450 h with minimal voltage fluctuation (< 0.15 V) at 0.1 mA cm(-2), illustrating exceptional dendrite suppression capability. Furthermore, Li/LiFePO4 cells with PVDF-BSFE exhibit high capacity retention (> 81% after 200 cycles) and remarkable rate performance. This work establishes a generalizable molecular design principle, that leverages functional group grafting to simultaneously enhance ion transport and interfacial stability, paving the way for a scalable path toward advanced solid-state batteries.
Silicon carbide (SiC) single crystals have significant potential in high-temperature integrated power systems due to their outstanding electron mobility and heat resistance. However, slow charge storage dynamics and insufficient energy density are the bottlenecks for their practical application in supercapacitors. In this paper, nanoscale SiC nanochannels were achieved by regulating KOH concentration, current density, and steam etching parameters in a steam-assisted anodic etching process. The specific surface area and ion-diffusion kinetics were significantly enhanced by this nanostructure. Subsequently, continuous covalently bonded graphene layers (SiC@G) were grown through high-temperature pyrolysis, constructing self-supporting high-temperature electrodes for high-temperature supercapacitors. The experimental results demonstrate that this integrated structure featuring a SiC-graphene heterointerface affords abundant active sites, enhances electrical properties, preserves the crystal structure from degradation, and improves structural stability. The composite electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical performance in ionic liquid electrolytes: The energy density reaches 4.9 mu Wh cm-2 at 150 degrees C, and the capacity retention rate is 89.55% after 10,000 cycles. This work confirms the significant potential of SiC/graphene composites as electrodes in supercapacitors, providing a new design strategy for high-temperature energy storage devices based on wide-bandgap semiconductors.
ABSTRACT Microbubbles (MBs) have garnered significant attention across various scientific disciplines, including medical imaging, drug delivery, materials science, and environmental engineering due to their unique properties and versatile utility. However, their inherent limitations regarding stability and pressure resilience have impeded their potential application in demanding conditions. Here, an innovative paradigm is presented for next‐generation CO2‐filled ultrastable microbubbles (UMBs) by incorporating hydrophobic graphene aerogel microparticles (HAG‐MPs) into the aphron MB shells, resulting in MBs with exceptional resilience and longevity. The findings demonstrate that the reinforced UMBs, enhanced with 0.16 wt% HAG‐MPs, display a significantly improved elastic response and mechanical stiffness so that these UMBs exhibit remarkable bubble survival rates of approximately 71% and exhibit an amazing 490% increase in cyclic pressure stability (about 6 times) under a high‐pressurizing cycle up to 400 bar. This research serves as a catalyst for the creation of advanced UMB systems capable of revolutionizing diverse applications in carbon capture, storage, and utilization. Furthermore, a multi‐output machine learning (ML) framework based on multi‐target regressor stacking (MTRS) is developed to predict key UMB performance parameters, achieving prediction errors as low as 3% for half‐life time, approximately 4% for shell thickness‐to‐diameter ratio, and 3% for cyclic pressure stability, representing up to an 82% reduction in prediction error compared to classical single‐output ML methods.
ABSTRACT Organic solar cells (OSCs) have reached power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) above 21%, yet their market adoption is still limited by reliability issues rooted in the unstable bulk heterojunction (BHJ) architecture. Recent Y‐series nonfullerene acceptors enable bulk photocarrier generation and open a pathway toward heterojunction‐scarce active layers with improved uniformity and stability. However, the widely used charge‐transfer state analysis and the simplified Schottky‐junction model become insufficient to describe the open‐circuit voltage (VOC) in such systems. Here we develop a unified framework that couples composition‐dependent density of state (DOS) redistribution with geminate recombination to explain VOC when donor/acceptor (D/A) interfaces are scarce. DOS evolution governs Fermi‐level (EF) alignment and sets the upper limit of VOC, whereas enhanced geminate recombination in weakly interfaced blends limits the achievable quasi‐Fermi level splitting. This model reconciles the opposite VOC trends and fill factor degradation observed in D‐ and A‐poor PM6:Y6 and PCE10:Y6 devices. Guided by these insights, electrode work function engineering strengthens internal fields, suppresses geminate loss, and yields a record‐low energy loss of 0.516 eV in PM6:Y6 cells. This framework clarifies voltage losses beyond the BHJ paradigm and provides design rules for reliable high‐efficiency heterojunction‐scarce OSCs.
ABSTRACT Conventional solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) on graphite anodes inherently suffers from sluggish interfacial kinetics, severely restricting their rate capability and operational lifespan. However, existing strategies for SEI engineering typically involve either complex multistep procedures, high feedstock costs, or stringent safety requirements, leaving a critical need for a practical approach. Herein, we develop a facile molten‐phase method to construct a functional sulfur‐rich SEI through homogeneous sulfur encapsulation followed by electrochemical activation. Such an engineered interphase effectively facilitates rapid ion conduction and minimizes interfacial impedance. Benefiting from the synergistic advantages, the Gr@S anode exhibits substantially enhanced lithium intercalation capacity and superior cycling stability relative to pristine graphite, enabling improved electrochemical performance. This work underscores the critical role of SEI engineering in advancing practical anode materials and establishes a promising pathway toward high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries.
ABSTRACT Simultaneously regulating charge carrier dynamics and catalytic selectivity remains a critical challenge in photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Here, we report a copper (II) phthalocyanine/oxygen‐vacancy‐rich (CuPc/CeO2) S‐scheme heterojunction featuring atomically dispersed Cu–N4 sites. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy establishes a 0.24 eV work function difference between CeO2 and CuPc, generating a built‐in electric field that drives S‐scheme charge transfer. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms oxygen vacancies in CeO2 (evidenced by Ce3+ states), enabling the energetic alignment that spatially separates reductive electrons (−1.05 V vs. NHE) at molecular Cu sites from oxidative holes (+2.44 V) in CeO2. Time‐resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy confirmed that the reduction in carrier lifetime (from 7.42 to 6.57 ns) corroborates an efficient charge separation process. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier‐transform spectroscopy demonstrates that the Cu–N4 centers preferentially stabilize the *COOH intermediate while facilitating rapid CO desorption from Cu(I) sites, thereby directing selective two‐electron reduction and suppressing over‐reduction to CH4. The optimized 20CuPc/CeO2 catalyst achieves a CO generation rate of 90.23 μmol g−1 h−1—representing a 16.96‐fold enhancement over pristine CeO2—with 92.2% selectivity for CO versus CH4, and maintains robust stability over five consecutive photocatalytic cycles. This work establishes a unified design strategy integrating defect‐engineered S‐scheme charge separation with single‐atom molecular catalysis to achieve selective solar‐driven CO2‐to‐CO conversion.
The electrochemical performance of La-doped synthesizes via a conventional solid-state reaction method; this was investigated under externally applied magnetic fields in this study. Electrochemical techniques, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), are performed in both the absence and presence of magnetic fields ranging from 200 to 800 G. A notable enhancement in specific capacitance was observed at an applied field of 800 G, with an increase of 60.03%, from 34.83 to 55.74 at a current density of 0.3 . This enhancement was attributed to magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects, which promote improved ion transport and charge transfer within the electrode-electrolyte interface. The results demonstrate that the application of an external magnetic field is an effective approach for enhancing the electrochemical behavior of pseudocapacitive materials. These findings suggest that La-doped is a promising candidate for use in advanced supercapacitors and other energy storage applications.
Photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CH4 has attracted notable focus because of its capacity to convert CO2 into high-value hydrocarbon fuels. Among the different photocatalysts, g-C3N4 (graphitic carbon nitride) has emerged as an attractive candidate due to its stability, nontoxicity, and facile synthesis. However, its poor crystallinity and inefficient charge separation severely limit its photocatalytic efficiency. Herein, K+ ions were introduced into the g-C3N4 framework to improve its crystallinity, which was followed by coupling with CuO to form a CuO/K-g-C3N4 heterostructure to improve charge separation. The CuO/K-g-C3N4 photocatalysts achieved excellent CO2 photoreduction performance, yielding 41.21 mu mol/g/h CH4 with 93.03% selectivity upon visible-light illumination. The augmented conversion ability was mainly due to the synergistic effects of better crystallinity, light arrestation, exciton dissociation, charge separation, and CO2 adsorption. This work discloses a g-C3N4-derived photocatalyst design as well as stresses the capability of CuO/K-g-C3N4 as a photoactive catalyst for elevated CH4 selectivity, contributing to renewable energy and environmental protection.
ABSTRACT Nitrophenols are environmental pollutants found in waterways and the atmosphere, which can be a significant source of nitrous acid under UV light. In this work, we investigate nitrophenols in aqueous solution upon UV irradiation with a suite of steady‐state and ultrafast electronic and vibrational spectroscopies. We find that ortho‐ and para‐nitrophenol are highly sensitive to zinc as a heterogeneous catalyst, accelerating the transformation of nitrophenols with/without UV light. Steady‐state absorption, femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS), and quantum calculations reveal that UV light triggers excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer to form an aci‐nitro intermediate that is stabilized by zinc. We photoexcite the metastable intermediate and obtain femtosecond transient absorption signatures. The redshifted ground‐state absorption and lengthened excited‐state lifetime of the aci‐nitro intermediate are beneficial for photocatalytic removal with irradiation greater than 400 nm. Furthermore, the water O–H stretching band is tracked by FSRS to unveil a uniquely active role of water during the catalytic reaction of ortho‐nitrophenol, rationalizing its reduced photosensitivity in organic solvents such as methanol. These neat treatment strategies are also applied to para‐ and meta‐nitrophenol and nitrophenolate. Our mechanistic insights into the photosensitivity of nitrophenols can inspire more effective cost‐efficient treatment strategies for atmospheric aerosols and water systems.
ABSTRACT Persistent and stable radicals remain challenging to generate via photoinduction, despite their vast potential in magnetics and energy storage. Trisubstituted amines offer a promising platform for photoinduced radicals, but rapid charge recombination prevents the formation of nitrogen radical cations. Herein, we report a series of BN‐azepines featuring a negatively curved heptagon that enforces a twisted, rigid donor–acceptor architecture, enabling solution‐stable radicals via photoinduced charge separation. In the twisted heptagon backbone, boron captures an electron from nitrogen upon photoexcitation, yielding a charge‐separated singlet state, and the small singlet–triplet energy gap further facilitates the formation of a longer‐lived triplet charge‐separated state. This provides sufficient time for the boron‐localized electron to be lost, ultimately generating the nitrogen radical cation. Importantly, these BN‐azepines also exhibit anti‐Kasha emission and singlet oxygen sensitization. This work establishes a novel molecular design strategy for photoinduced radical generation and positions BN‐azepines as promising candidates for future optoelectronic applications.
ABSTRACT Early detection of skin cancer is significant in enhancing the process of clinical diagnosis and treatment. This is especially important in the case of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), which is the most common type of skin cancer. In this research, a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)‐based biosensor for the detection of cancer‐affected basal cells through the detection of changes in the refractive index (RI) is proposed. The proposed biosensor is a multilayer structure of CsF/TiO2/Ag/CaTiO3/BP/PEG/anti‐BerEP4 based on the Kretschmann configuration. Each layer is carefully selected to enhance plasmon excitation, strengthen electric field confinement, and improve biomolecular interaction efficiency at the sensing interface. The proposed structure consists of a BP layer, which is functionalized with PEG and anti‐BerEP4. PEG and anti‐BerEP4 are used to create the bioselective surface. The optical properties of the proposed structure are calculated by the TMM at 633 nm. The results obtained from the proposed structure are validated by employing the FEM and FDTD simulations. The proposed multilayer structure shows a considerable change in the angle of incidence with a small change in the refractive index. From the obtained results, it is clear that the proposed SPR biosensor device has a sensitivity of 365.30 deg/RIU, a quality factor of 131.26 RIU−1, a detection accuracy of 0.359 deg−1, and a figure of merit of 120.12. The obtained results confirm that the proposed SPR biosensor device has a clear and stable resonant angle change with increased interaction between light and matter. Therefore, it ensures the reliability of the proposed biosensor device in detecting BCC with promising future applications.
