The safety profile of Mikania micrantha essential oil has not been sufficiently characterized, despite its demonstrated bioactivity. To address this, the study evaluated its acute oral and dermal toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 190–210g. Experimental groups included a negative control (distilled water), a positive control (DMSO+PBS), and three treatment groups (300, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg doses). The evaluation was conducted in accordance with OECD guidelines Nos. 423 and 402, pertaining to acute oral toxicity and acute dermal toxicity testing in animals, respectively. These protocols are standardized, providing internationally accepted procedures for assessing potential toxic effects of substances through oral and dermal routes. No mortalities or significant clinical abnormalities were observed over the 14-day observation period, while hemato-biochemical profiles remained within normal ranges. The parasitic cyst found in histopathology, containing larval cestodes, was an incidental finding and was not attributed to M. micrantha essential oil exposure. All these findings suggest that M. micrantha essential oil is well-tolerated by rats following acute oral and dermal administration, supporting its potential safe use in preclinical studies and laying the groundwork for its future development as a therapeutic agent in broader veterinary applications.
Human hepatic capillariasis in Asia is likely under-detected rather than rare. This review aimed to synthesize prevalence signals and describe clinical characteristics of hepatic capillariasis caused by Calodium (Capillaria) hepatica across Asian countries. A systematic search of major databases through 2025 identified case reports, case series, and hospital-based studies on human hepatic capillariasis. We extracted data on study design and diagnostic approaches, including histopathology, imaging, and molecular assays such as 18S rRNA sequencing. Clinical outcomes were recorded separately. Evidence was sparse and geographically clustered, with 20 publications from 7 countries concentrated in East and Southeast Asia. Most reports described single patients or small series. Clinical presentations commonly included hepatic mass-like lesions and eosinophilia, and misdiagnosis as neoplasia or other hepatobiliary disease was frequent. Histopathology was the primary diagnostic tool. Molecular confirmation was applied inconsistently, but, when used, enabled species-level identification. Because of heterogeneity in diagnostics (microscopy, histopathology, PCR), study populations (single cases vs hospital series), and locations (sites across East and Southeast Asia), and because denominators were small, we did not calculate a pooled prevalence. Nevertheless, high carriage rates in urban rodent reservoirs suggest under-recognition in humans. As part of integrated One Health surveillance, this review highlights the need to integrate histopathology with molecular testing, adopt standardized reporting that distinguishes genuine infections from spurious findings, and strengthen cross-sector collaborations to refine burden estimates and guide prevention across Asia.
Bronchopneumonia is a form of pneumonia that causes inflammation and infection in the respiratory tract (bronchi) and alveoli. Clinical studies show that Yin Qiao San has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aims to determine the Yin Qiao San herbal medicine as an alternative to the use of antibiotics for the treatment of bronchopneumonia in cats. The case animal named Bambam is a mixed-breed cat. The cat is a sterilized male, 3 years old, with a body weight of 3.75 kg. The cat had been sneezing for a month and was observed coughing several times. Physical examination revealed mucopurulent discharge and the presence of crackles. Hematology results indicated the cat had macrocytic hypochromic anemia. The presence of mucopurulent discharge raised suspicion of a bacterial infection. Discharge cytology revealed neutrophils, lymphocytes, and coccus bacteria, while bacterial culture identified Streptococcus sp. and Staphylococcus sp. The X-ray results showed ring-like shadows, tram lines, and air bronchograms. The cat was diagnosed with bronchopneumonia. Treatment involved the administration of herbal medicines Lonicera and Forsythia, given at a dose of one tablet twice daily, along with Livron B-Plex, one tablet once daily for 14 days. Therapy evaluation results showed clinical improvement, indicated by the absence of coughing and crackles, reduced nasal discharge, and decreased sneezing frequency. However, after treatment, the nasal discharge did not change, the discharge remained mucopurulent.
Pathologic mineralization refers to the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissues. In dogs, metastatic calcification is an uncommon but serious complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), resulting from disturbances in calcium/phosphorus metabolism or renal damage by infectious agents. A 5-year-old female Boerboel was presented because of one week of anorexia. Clinical assessment revealed severe emaciation, dehydration, azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, and concurrent ehrlichiosis. Despite oxytetracycline and doxycycline therapy for two days, the dog died. Necropsy and histopathological examination were performed. Grossly, there was extensive mineralization of the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, pleura, pharynx, and great vessels. Histopathology showed tubular epithelial degeneration, protein casts, tubular ectasia, and interstitial fibrosis, consistent with advanced CKD. Laboratory findings of azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hypercalcemia supported renal failure as the underlying process driving the soft tissue mineralization. Extra-renal lesions included hepatocellular atrophy with vacuolar change, Kupffer cell hyperplasia, bronchointerstitial pneumonia with pulmonary edema, and hemorrhagic follicular cystitis with mononuclear infiltration. The combined gross and histopathological findings demonstrate how renal failure-induced mineral imbalance can drive widespread soft tissue mineralization. Veterinary clinicians must monitor calcium/phosphorus status to anticipate life-threatening sequelae.
Leptospirosis is a significant zoonotic disease that remains highly endemic in tropical and subtropical regions. The pathogenic Leptospira spp. can persist for extended periods in both aquatic and terrestrial environments, posing a long-term threat to public health. However, most studies have focused on pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions. The ecological and microbial components were examined. This review explores the ecological determinants of Leptospira survival, emphasizing microbial interactions and their relevance within the One Health framework. Leptospira persistence is influenced by abiotic stressors (temperature, pH, moisture, and soil minerals), biotic interactions (such as co-aggregation with other bacteria, protozoan predation, and bacteriophage activity), and anthropogenic factors including deforestation, agricultural intensification, and urbanization. Evidence shows that Leptospira survive best under high humidity, neutral to alkaline pH, and moderate temperatures, while extreme stressors such as drought, high temperature, or microbial antagonism reduce their viability. Understanding how these abiotic, biotic, and anthropogenic drivers shape bacterial persistence provides insight into the ecological resilience of Leptospira and its transmission dynamics. This review underscores the need to coordinate cross-sectoral measures and integrated surveillance linking environmental, animal, and human health through ecologically informed tools such as eDNA and climate-based risk modeling.
A four-year-old female spayed Boerboel dog presented with a three-day history of reduced appetite, lethargy, dark tarry watery faces, high fever, and dark urine in September 2024. General Clinical Examination (GCE) revealed that pyrexia, pale to slightly icteric mm, and infestation with brown ticks on the body, especially inter digital region and ear pinna. The clinical signs suggested a tick-borne disease. Blood samples were submitted to the laboratory for biochemistry and Full Blood Count (FBC), and serological testing by using a commercial test kit. Laboratory tests ALP (Aspartate Aminotransferase, ALT Alanine Aminotransferase, AST aspartate transferase, Total Bilirubin, and GGT gamma-glutamyl transferase revealed severe pancytopenia with elevation of hepatic enzymes. Serological test positive for Ehrlichia canis antibodies. This diagnosis was acute ehrlichiosis with secondary hepatic impairment. Treatment included doxycycline at a dose rate of 10mg/kg body weight once daily for 28 days, liver supportive therapy with Denamarin® 1 tab once a day for 28 days, and Frontline® spot-on covering tick infestation and supportive with vitamin B complex and high-density commercial nutrition supplement. The dog significantly recovered from E. canis infection after 28 days of therapeutic medical support. This is the first reported incidence of canine E. canis in the Fiji Islands.
The large-scale inhumane handling and unsupervised slaughter of animals during the Eid al-Adha festival in Ghana occur under largely unregulated conditions, raising significant public health concerns. Despite the religious significance of the ritual, limited empirical data exist to assess how current practices align with public health and animal welfare standards. This study addresses this critical research gap by evaluating potential transmission of zoonosis and animal welfare practices during Eid al-Adha in Ghana. A cross-sectional, mixed-method approach was used, involving 100 participants selected through purposive and random sampling from Muslim-majority communities in Ghana. Data collection involved structured interviews and direct observation, with practices scored as positive or negative based on veterinary public health benchmarks. The results revealed a predominance of negative practices over positive ones in both zoonotic risk and animal welfare. Average scores indicated that the majority of biosecurity and handling practices were rated as ‘poor’, including low use of gloves (2%), face masks (5%), and gum boots (2%), along with poor handling of animals during slaughter (5%). Notably, feeding, recognized as a basic animal welfare practice, was the only indicator rated as ‘excellent.’ Statistical analysis using t-tests confirmed significant differences between positive and negative practices related to zoonotic risk (t = -30.76, p < 0.001) and animal welfare (t = -2.88, p = 0.046) at a 95% confidence level (α = 0.05). The study emphasizes the urgent need for veterinary oversight and structured public health action for ensuring safe practices and safeguarding animal welfare throughout the festival.
Fish welfare has emerged as a global concern, with aquaculture playing a critical part in satisfying the growing need for animal consumption; however, fish welfare continues to be mainly disregarded in Africa. This gap is evident in Ghana, where the policy framework and on-farm practices have not incorporated relevant fish welfare criteria. The study employed a mixed-methods approach to assess fish welfare knowledge, perceptions, and practices among 17 aquaculture operators in Ghana's Eastern Region. Data collection also included six key informant interviews. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from farm supervisors and women involved in fish handling. Descriptive statistics and theme analysis were employed to interpret the results. 70.59% of respondents were not aware of pre-kill stunning, and only 17.65% indicated its use in practice. About 29.41% of the farmers lacked training, and 52.94% lacked impressive equipment. Although more than half (58.82%) believed that fish could feel pain, attitudes and practices towards humane killing were different. Facility conditions and welfare standard compliance were ranked as fair or poor. There is a significant gap between ethical goals and operational realities in Ghanaian aquaculture. To close this gap, there is a need to invest in on-farm training of farmers, create clear welfare standards, and encourage the use of technologies that support humane fish farming. Through this, aquaculture routine operations will be benchmarked against ethical levels, opening the door for more sustainable and profitable fish production in Ghana.
Mammary tumors are a significant concern in canine veterinary medicine, with fibroadenoma being a rare benign subtype. This case report details the successful management of fibroadenoma in a 12-year-old, non-spayed, female Dachshund mix presenting with multiple abdominal masses (3–6 cm in diameter). Clinical examination showed stable vital signs (body temperature 38.5°C, pulse 110 bpm, respiratory rate 30 breaths/min). Diagnostic workup included ultrasonography, hematology, and histopathology, confirming fibroadenoma characterized by adenoma clusters within dense connective tissue. The term "adenomer" was clarified as a non-standard variant of adenoma, and consistent terminology was applied throughout. Treatment involved ovariohysterectomy and mastectomy, followed by post-operative administration of ceftriaxone, dexamethasone, amoxicillin, and metronidazole. The patient recovered without complications, underscoring the efficacy of early surgical intervention to prevent metastasis. This case highlights a comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic approach for managing canine fibroadenoma.
Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGP/AGPs) have been used to improve feed efficiency in poultry, but are banned in Indonesia due to food safety concerns. This study evaluated the potential of probiotics as an AGP alternative in ISA Brown male layer chickens during the finishing period, focusing on blood glucose and cholesterol levels. A total of 180 chickens were reared for 42 days. Treatment groups received basal feed supplemented with probiotics at 1–5 mL/kg, equivalent to 1.2×10⁹ to 6×10⁹ CFU/kg feed, containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Bifidobacterium spp. Blood cholesterol was analysed using an enzymatic colorimetric method at 500 nm, while glucose was measured using the glucose oxidase method at 505 nm. Results showed that probiotic treatments (P2, P3, P5) significantly reduced glucose levels compared to the control (P0) and AGP group (P1). A moderate decrease in cholesterol levels was also observed in probiotic groups. These effects may be linked to improved gut microbial balance and nutrient metabolism. The probiotic combination used in this study shows potential as a safer and more sustainable alternative to AGPs. Further studies are recommended to optimize dosage and assess long-term impacts on poultry health and productivity.
The isolation of Enterobacteriaceae from chicken eggs and their antimicrobial resistance was investigated. The study utilized various selective, differential, and biochemical media for the isolation and identification of the organisms. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was then used to assess resistance to four commonly used antimicrobials. Results were interpreted based on reference values set by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. A total of 101 Enterobacteriaceae organisms, including Citrobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Salmonella spp., Serratia spp., and Shigella spp., were identified from eggshell surfaces and egg contents. In decreasing order of the number of resistant isolates, the bacterial isolates showed resistance to ampicillin, followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline. Multidrug resistance patterns were observed, with numerous representative bacterial isolates showing resistance to all antimicrobials. The findings highlight a public health concern and underscore the need for enhanced monitoring of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in food sources, the judicious use of antimicrobials in poultry layer production, improved hygiene practices in food production and handling, and recommendations for further research to better understand resistance mechanisms.
Following the first reported African Swine Fever (ASF) outbreak in Surigao del Sur in 2020, subsequent outbreaks have had a significant impact on smallholder pig farms across the province. This study aimed to estimate the direct financial losses due to ASF and to describe the lived experiences of affected smallholder farmers, specifically their perceptions, livelihood impact, management responses, and emotional distress, one year after the outbreak. A total of 108 smallholder pig farmers from three ASF-affected municipalities were interviewed using validated survey tools. Financial losses were calculated using a deterministic approach with descriptive statistics, while qualitative data were examined using Colaizzi's descriptive phenomenological method. Results showed that the outbreak affected 819 farms and 29 villages across eight municipalities. Direct financial losses were estimated at USD 39,795.85, averaging USD 736.96 per household. Phenomenological data revealed six themes: ASF knowledge, misconceptions, perceptions of transmission, economic impact, and control efforts. Many farmers also reported emotional distress due to the outbreak. This study provides valuable insights to guide targeted interventions, emphasizing veterinary outreach, biosecurity education, and community support to enhance resilience and reduce vulnerability in smallholder pig production systems.
The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of kemangi leaf (Ocimum basilicum) extract in the egg yolk skim milk diluent on the plasma membrane and motility of Boerawa goats' sperm at room temperature. The research used fresh samples of Boerawa goat semen collected by artificial vagina. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design, divided into four treatments with six replications. The treatments were the addition of kemangi leaf extract at the levels of 0% (P0), 1% (P1), 2% (P2), and 3% (P3). Diluted semen was stored at room temperature and observed at hours 0, 1, 2, and 3. Analysis of the data using Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA), then proceed to the Duncan Test to determine significant differences between treatments. The results showed that there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in sperm plasma membrane, but a significant difference (p < 0.05) in sperm motility was observed when kemangi leaf extract was added. However, the addition of kemangi leaf (Ocimum basilicum) extract tends to provide a better value than without it. The addition of kemangi leaf extract at a concentration of 2% yields the highest results in sperm plasma membrane integrity and sperm motility of Boerawa semen at room temperature.
Co-infections involving tick-borne diseases (TBD) alongside gastrointestinal protozoans are poorly understood in domestic dogs. This case report examines the occurrence of Babesia sp., Ehrlichia sp., and Anaplasma sp. co-infections with Giardia sp. and Amoeba sp. in a three-month-old female poodle. The owner complained that her dog had yellow vomiting and bloody diarrhea, and refused to eat. A physical examination was performed, revealing lethargy, 4% dehydration, bloody diarrhea, mandibular lymphoglandular swelling, and a Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick infestation in the case dog. The parvovirus antigen rapid test kit yielded negative results, whereas the TBD antibody test kit yielded positive results for Anaplasma sp., Babesia sp., and Ehrlichia sp. Infection with Giardia sp. and Amoeba sp. was detected by native stool examination. The dog had lymphocytosis, monocytosis, granulopenia, hyperchromic normocytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia. The therapy provided was metronidazole and doxycycline combination antibiotics, lactated ringer fluid (RL) therapy, vitamin B complex, Sangobion®, Fufang E'jiao Jiang® (FEJ), ondansetron, vitamin K1, kaolin-pectin, and Hill's Prescription Diet® A/D feed. The therapy showed significant improvement during the 3-day hospitalization, and the dog was declared clinically cured after two weeks of treatment.
Anaplasmosis is an emerging tick-borne zoonotic pathogen in dogs and humans that has recently gained attention in parasitology and microbiology study groups worldwide. This infection has been reported in regions worldwide. There are no reported cases of exposure to Anaplasma spp. canine or human patients in the Fiji Islands. This is the first reported case of canine Anaplasma spp. infectious canine cyclic thrombocytopenia in the Fiji Islands. Canine patients were presented to Pacific Animal Shelter and Hospital (PASH) in the Fiji Islands were screened for Anaplasma spp. antibodies using a commercial kit based on an enzyme-linked immune assay. Anaplasma spp. infection was diagnosed based on major clinical data, hematological findings and positive serology tests. The case was diagnosed as canine Anaplasmosis and was successfully treated with Doxycycline and other supportive treatments.
This research aims to detect the prevalence of Scopulariopsis sp. and Penicillium sp. in African pygmy hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris) bred at Golden Dhonje Farm, Bogor District. Twenty hedgehogs were sampled to detect the presence of Scopulariopsis sp. and Penicillium sp. The clinical signs in the sampled African pygmy hedgehogs include alopecia, crusty skin, and dermatitis. The presence of the fungus was confirmed by taking skin samples and then culturing them on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) supplemented with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide. Macroscopic and microscopic morphology were observed to identify the two fungal genera. Twenty hedgehogs were sampled, and the results showed that eight of them (40%) were infected with Scopulariopsis sp., six (30%) were infected with Penicillium sp., and four (20%) were co-infected with both species. The total prevalence of hedgehogs affected by these fungi is 90%. This study found differences in infection rates of Scopulariopsis sp. and Penicillium sp. among different age groups and sexes. This study is the first to isolate Scopulariopsis sp. and Penicillium sp. from the skins of African pygmy hedgehogs in Indonesia, which are potential zoonotic pathogens. Further research is needed to expand the sample area, identify other types of fungi, and enhance the understanding of fungal diseases in African pygmy hedgehogs, thereby ensuring the safety of these animals in Indonesia.
Flies are insects that act as mechanical vectors in the spread of disease, especially in environments with poor sanitation, such as traditional markets. Surabaya has several traditional markets with relatively poor hygiene, which poses a risk of becoming breeding grounds for flies carrying pathogens. This study aims to identify fly species and detect the presence of pathogenic bacteria, especially Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. This study employed purposive sampling and collected samples at five traditional market locations throughout the city of Surabaya. Morphological identification revealed that Musca domestica (89.78%) was the dominant species, followed by Chrysomya megacephala (9.43%), Chrysomya saffranea (0.3%), Lucilia sp. (0.41%), and Sarcophaga sp. (0.08%). The result of bacterial culture on selective media and PCR confirmation showed the presence of Escherichia coli (100%) in fly samples, while in SSA media, which was continued with biochemical tests, the results did not detect Salmonella (0%) bacteria. These findings confirm that market flies, particularly Musca domestica, can serve as vectors of pathogenic bacteria and have the potential to transmit diseases to humans. Therefore, monitoring and controlling fly populations in traditional markets is necessary as a preventive measure to maintain public health.
A 3-year-old male domestic short-haired cat, weighing 3.8 kg, was presented with lameness, swelling in the left hind limb groin area, and pain upon palpation. Radiographic examination confirmed a comminuted fracture in the diaphysis of the left femur. This case report aims to document the diagnostic approach and surgical management using an intramedullary pin technique. Surgical intervention was performed to restore the anatomical alignment of the fracture fragments. The procedure involved open reduction and internal fixation using an intramedullary pin. Post-operative medication included tramadol (1 mg/kg BW) for analgesia, ceftriaxone (25 mg/kg BW) as antibiotic therapy, and dexamethasone (2 mg/kg BW) for anti-inflammatory effects. Femoral fractures account for 20-26% of fractures in cats, with various treatment options available including pins and wires, Rush pins, threaded intramedullary pins, interlocking pins, clamp rod internal fixators, and plate-rod systems. The intramedullary pin technique was selected for this case due to its suitability for comminuted diaphyseal fractures. This case highlights the efficacy of intramedullary pin fixation as a viable treatment option for comminuted femoral fractures in cats when appropriate surgical technique and post-operative care are implemented.
Feline Scabies is a highly contagious and zoonotic skin disease. It can be transmitted from animals to humans and from person to person. This research was carried out at Puskeswan Bangsalsari, Jember, East Java. Data were collected regarding the number of patients from 2021 to 2023 and organized monthly by the occurrence of scabies in cats. The prevalence of feline scabies at Puskeswan Bangsalsari, Jember, in 2021 was 31.29%, based on 133 scabies cases out of 425 total patients. In 2022, the prevalence of feline scabies was 33.21%, based on 186 cases out of 560 total patients. In 2023, the prevalence increased to 38.53%, with 210 cases recorded from a total of 545 patients. The cumulative prevalence of feline scabies at Puskeswan Bangsalsari, Jember, from 2021 to 2023, was 34.74%, based on 529 scabies cases out of a total of 1,520 patients. The highest prevalence of feline scabies was observed in August 2023, reaching 56.71%, with 21 cases out of 37 total patients. This may have been caused by high humidity, which could affect cage hygiene and create favorable conditions for Sarcoptes scabiei to complete its life cycle.
Sharks are predators in aquatic ecosystems that play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. The existence of sharks has become a topic of discussion in fisheries institutions due to the increase in shark hunting activities, especially for consumption. Disease problems in sharks, especially those caused by parasites, can lead to a decline in shark quality and have a negative impact on human health. This study aims to identify ectoparasites found on sharks at the Paotere Makassar Fish Landing Base. The method of this study involves collecting 11 shark samples, including mucus on the surface of the shark skin and organ mucus from the gills, randomly from 5 species of sharks. Parasite examination was carried out in the laboratory by adding a physiological NaCl solution to the sample, which was then placed on a glass slide before identification under a microscope. The results of this study showed the presence of parasites, including Trichodina sp., Chilodonella sp., and Anisakis sp.
