For a lead granules casting installation in order to reduce metal overheating at the outlet of an electromagnetic doser, it is proposed to make its channel part in the form of two consecutive sections: directly the channel with liquid metal located in the gap of the electromagnet, and a copper bus. The latter connects the flanged end of the channel with the doser bath, thereby forming a closed electric circuit for inductive induction of electric current. Based on previously performed experimental studies, the operating characteristics of the electromagnetic doser were determined in the form of generalized dependences of the electric current in the liquid metal of the doser channel, its optimal frequency and the melt flow rate through the doser on the diameter of the granules. By means of multiphysical modeling, the thermal state of the electromagnetic doser with the proposed channel part was investigated and its thermal characteristics were de-termined. It is shown that for this design of the doser, the overheating of the melt at the outlet of the nozzle that forms the metal jet, relative to the temperature of the metal at the inlet to the channel, does not exceed the maximum permissi-ble value for stable shaping and effective cooling of the granules. Ref. 7, fig. 6.
The paper proposes and scientifically substantiates the concept of a smart contract for organizing commercial interac-tion among participants in a local decentralized electricity market. The concept envisages the application of blockchain technology to automate trade execution, the introduction of internal accounting units (tokens) to account for offset electricity volumes, and the provision of a transparent cost and benefit allocation mechanism through the functions of an aggregator acting as a Balance Responsible Party (BRP). A key feature of the approach is the use of a stable (fixed) smart contract price to isolate baseline offset volumes from external market volatility. Simulation modeling of a daily case study was conducted based on real price indicators of the Day-Ahead Market (DAM) and universal service pro-vider tariffs in Ukraine as of May 2026. The Pareto efficiency of the proposed approach has been experimentally proven: under conditions of low daytime prices in the external market, internal clearing at a smart contract price of 5 UAH/kWh made it possible to increase distributed generation revenue by 262% while simultaneously reducing con-sumer expenses by 34.26%. Based on the obtained results, basic requirements for prospective adaptive pricing algo-rithms of the blockchain platform were formulated. Bibl. 30, fig. 8, table.
This paper investigates the problem of multi-objective optimization of a distribution network using BESS. For a test network model, the placement and capacity of BESS were optimized based on criteria such as energy losses, as well as the reliability metrics SAIDI, SAIFI and eENS. Calculations were carried out using quasi-dynamic simulation and Monte Carlo simulation, whilst the NSGA-II, NSGA-III, CMOPSO and SMSEMOA algorithms were used as optimiza-tion methods. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the convergence and performance of meta-heuristic algo-rithms. It is shown that genetic algorithms ensure a more thorough exploration of the design space and generate a broader set of non-dominant solutions, but require greater computational resources. A statistically significant influence of the distance to network tie open points, the distance to power supply centers, and the topological centrality of nodes on the effectiveness of BESS deployment has been established. It is shown that the greatest positive effect from the use of BESS is achieved in remote and topologically peripheral network parts with limited restoration capabilities. The results obtained allow for the development of an approach to the preliminary selection of candidate nodes prior to running computationally complex meta-heuristic algorithms, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the design space and accelerate network optimization through the deployment of BESSs. Ref. 8, fig. 4, tables 2.
The paper considers the problem of improving the operational efficiency of hybrid distributed generation networks by enhancing their information and measurement support. It is shown that effective operation of such networks requires reliable, time-coordinated and sufficiently detailed data on distributed generation units, energy storage systems, local loads and the point of common coupling with the external power grid. Based on peer-reviewed scientific literature and relevant IEEE standards, the paper substantiates the feasibility of representing information and measurement support as a multi-level system that includes electrical parameter measurement, data validation, power quality assessment, abnormal event detection and the transfer of aggregated information to a microgrid energy management system (EMS) or a microgrid controller. A structural organization of such a system is proposed, and a set of indicators is defined for assessing its influence on the efficiency of hybrid network operation. Ref. 15, figure, table.
The paper investigates the influence of a differentiated tariff on the load profile formation of a commercial electric vehicle charging station in the context of using charging infrastructure as a demand response resource in the Integrated Power System of Ukraine. The study is based on primary transaction data from a 7 kW AC charging station located in Pivdennoukrainsk for the period from July to September 2025. The applied tariff model provided a substantial reduc-tion in the charging price during the daytime interval from 12:00 to 17:00, down to 2.2 UAH/kWh compared with the base tariff of 16 UAH/kWh, which corresponded to the period of potential surplus generation from solar power plants. Processing of the charging session data showed an increase in monthly electricity consumption from 128 kWh in July to 383 kWh in August, followed by a decrease to 189 kWh in September, indicating a behavioral response of users to the tariff incentive. It is shown that adaptive pricing can contribute to the concentration of part of the charging demand within predefined time intervals; however, a quantitative assessment of this effect requires consideration of the charg-ing session accounting structure, seasonality, number of users, and availability of alternative charging stations. The obtained results confirm the feasibility of further development of dynamic tariffs for charging infrastructure as an ele-ment of Demand Response programs and as a means of forming controllable load capable of increasing the flexibility of the power system. Ref. 10, fig. 2, table.
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state and efficiency of the existing industrial fleet of induc-tion motors, which are the main consumers of electricity in Ukraine's industrial sector. The systemic problems of their operation are highlighted: a critical share of morally and physically obsolete equipment, high accident rates, chronic underloading of machines due to excessive power margins integrated during design, and the lack of continuous moni-toring of their technical condition. The strategic relevance of improving the energy efficiency of electromechanical equipment under the conditions of energy resource scarcity is substantiated. The expediency of an integrated approach to modernization is proven, which envisages both the phased targeted replacement of worn-out units with modern effi-cient analogues of high energy-saving classes (IE3, IE4, and IE5) and the optimization of their operating conditions, taking into account power quality indicators and the reliability of power supply systems. Particular attention is paid to the systematization of constraining factors. Institutional, socio-psychological, and personnel barriers have been identi-fied, including the low motivation of enterprise management due to the lack of direct responsibility for energy effi-ciency. An acute shortage of qualified specialists in the diagnostics and adjustment of modern variable speed drives is noted. Regulatory and legal restrictions related to the absence of a targeted state program for modernizing the existing motor fleet in Ukraine, as well as the lack of effective state economic incentives for business, are outlined. At the scien-tific and methodological level, the problem of instrumental estimation of the actual load factor and efficiency of motors directly under production conditions without dismantling is considered. A specific practical example illustrates the risk of making erroneous operational decisions when using current simplified methods for calculating baseline operating parameters. Ref. 14, figure.
It is shown that observability and controllability are two key principles of power system construction, determining how easily the system state can be understood (observability) and how easily its behavior can be influenced (controllability), while grid monitoring and control form the basis for power grid optimization. It is established that monitoring and control of the electrical grid are fundamental to optimizing its structure and operating modes; currently, a paradigm for the evolution of monitoring systems has emerged: SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) → WAMS (Wide-Area Measurement Systems) / PMU (Phasor Measurement Unit) → WAMPAC (Wide Area Monitoring, Protec-tion, and Control) / WMU (Waveform Measurement Unit) → Smart-monitoring, which must be considered during the modernization of Ukraine's power grids. It is confirmed that comprehensive monitoring and control ultimately ensure effective power grid automation, the main directions of which include the comprehensive implementation of the Smart Grid concept, reliability enhancement, remote control and monitoring, integration of renewable energy sources, optimi-zation of energy transmission and distribution, safety improvement, and the construction of digital substations. As a promising approach, the features of power grid orchestration are considered — a process of automation and central-ized management of complex network infrastructures and services to ensure their efficient operation, scaling, and secu-rity. The deployment of a power grid orchestration platform is currently a decisive, proactive step that grid companies must take to optimize energy processes. It is determined that a systems approach at the higher level of power grid moni-toring and control should ensure the protection of system integrity, particularly through System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS). The successful implementation of monitoring and emergency management procedures in the United Energy System of Ukraine is confirmed by the example of identifying and eliminating power outages (blackouts) in the United Energy System of Ukraine, when the WAMS system and PMU devices played a critical role in preventing the complete collapse of the Ukrainian power system during the incident on January 31, 2026. Ref. 22, fig. 2, tables 2.
It has been established that the reference power limits and corresponding maximum lengths for 35-750 kV overhead power lines do not comply with the requirements of the current Ukrainian Electrical Installation Code. The use of such reference data results in significantly high process losses of electrical energy during its transmission and distribution. The current Electrical Installation Code standardize the current density in aluminum and steel-aluminum conductors at 0.8 A/mm². A target function was obtained for the dependence of the overhead line efficiency on its operating and struc-tural parameters. This target function allowed us to determine the maximum lengths for economically justified power of 35-750 kV overhead lines with an efficiency of 0.98 p.u. and a current density standardized by the Electrical Installa-tion Code. This expression allows for the economic justification of annual technological losses of electric power in overhead lines of distribution and transmission system operators by selecting the appropriate cross-sections of conduc-tors when developing long-term plans for the development of electrical networks. Ref. 12, fig. 2, table.
The theory of field-oriented control of induction motors, which emerged in the early 2000s, is based on a fundamental property of field orientation, which involves decomposing the motor’s output into two independent subsystems: electro-mechanical and electromagnetic. The first ensures control of the mechanical coordinates, while the second controls the rotor (stator) flux for field-oriented control and the determination of its module. Such a decomposition is de facto stan-dard for both indirect and direct field-oriented control, since the control algorithm in this case is the simplest and also transparent from the perspective of the physics of an electric machine’s operation. At the same time, the mechanism for forming the decomposition involves compensating for the internal feedback loops of the induction motor model, which negatively affects the robustness properties of the control system against parametric and coordinate disturbances. An alternative approach is being considered in the field of energy, based on the fact that the electrical part of an induction machine is intrinsically asymptotically stable that is, passive and therefore has a Lyapunov function, which is used to prove its stability. Taking this property into account, an engineering-friendly method is presented for synthesizing a vector control system for the torque and flux linkage vector of an induction motor based on the second Lyapunov method, which forms an alternative decomposition in the form of a mechanical-electrical subsystem. Two new forms of Lyapunov functions have been found for designing field oriented control system the rotor and stator flux vectors. The synthesized control systems ensure asymptotic tracking of the specified trajectories of torque and flux vector magnitude, and have a physically well-founded structure since they preserve the structure of the induction motor model. Ref. 19.
The article is devoted to a review of software and hardware tools for developing digital control systems for electric drives with brushless DC motors (BLDC motors) and an analysis of their main features and characteristics. The main stages of developing control systems for BLDC motors recommended by the authors are outlined. Based on scientific publications and information from manufacturers specializing in the development and manufacture of microcontrollers and digital devices, a review of modern hardware tools for prototyping control systems of BLDC motors, such as starter (evaluation) boards (kits), developer demonstration boards, etc., is carried out. Specialized software tools for develop-ing electrical circuits and firmware for controllers of control systems of BLDC motors are considered. The use of simu-lation software tools in scientific research related to BLDC motor drives for setting up control algorithms and selecting controller parameters before creating a prototype of a BLDC motor control system is analyzed. Recommendations are given for the use of the software and hardware tools considered in the work for the development of control systems for electric drives with BLDC motors both in scientific theoretical and experimental investigations. Ref. 29, fig. 4, tables 2.
For a lead granules casting installation in order to reduce metal overheating at the outlet of an electromagnetic doser, it is proposed to make its channel part in the form of two consecutive sections: directly the channel with liquid metal located in the gap of the electromagnet, and a copper bus. The latter connects the flanged end of the channel with the doser bath, thereby forming a closed electric circuit for inductive induction of electric current. Based on previously performed experimental studies, the operating characteristics of the electromagnetic doser were determined in the form of generalized dependences of the electric current in the liquid metal of the doser channel, its optimal frequency and the melt flow rate through the doser on the diameter of the granules. By means of multiphysical modeling, the thermal state of the electromagnetic doser with the proposed channel part was investigated and its thermal characteristics were de-termined. It is shown that for this design of the doser, the overheating of the melt at the outlet of the nozzle that forms the metal jet, relative to the temperature of the metal at the inlet to the channel, does not exceed the maximum permissi-ble value for stable shaping and effective cooling of the granules. Ref. 7, fig. 6.
The theory of field-oriented control of induction motors, which emerged in the early 2000s, is based on a fundamental property of field orientation, which involves decomposing the motor’s output into two independent subsystems: electro-mechanical and electromagnetic. The first ensures control of the mechanical coordinates, while the second controls the rotor (stator) flux for field-oriented control and the determination of its module. Such a decomposition is de facto stan-dard for both indirect and direct field-oriented control, since the control algorithm in this case is the simplest and also transparent from the perspective of the physics of an electric machine’s operation. At the same time, the mechanism for forming the decomposition involves compensating for the internal feedback loops of the induction motor model, which negatively affects the robustness properties of the control system against parametric and coordinate disturbances. An alternative approach is being considered in the field of energy, based on the fact that the electrical part of an induction machine is intrinsically asymptotically stable that is, passive and therefore has a Lyapunov function, which is used to prove its stability. Taking this property into account, an engineering-friendly method is presented for synthesizing a vector control system for the torque and flux linkage vector of an induction motor based on the second Lyapunov method, which forms an alternative decomposition in the form of a mechanical-electrical subsystem. Two new forms of Lyapunov functions have been found for designing field oriented control system the rotor and stator flux vectors. The synthesized control systems ensure asymptotic tracking of the specified trajectories of torque and flux vector magnitude, and have a physically well-founded structure since they preserve the structure of the induction motor model. Ref. 19.
У статті виконано комплексний аналіз сучасного стану та ефективності використання наявного промислового парку асинхронних двигунів, які є головними споживачами електричної енергії в індустріальному секторі України. Висвітлено системні проблеми їхньої експлуатації: критичну питому вагу морально та фізично за-старілого обладнання, високий рівень аварійності, хронічне недовантаження машин через закладені під час проєктування надлишкові запаси потужності, а також відсутність безперервного моніторингу технічного стану. Обґрунтовано стратегічну актуальність підвищення енергоефективності електромеханічного облад-нання в умовах дефіциту енергоресурсів. Доведено доцільність комплексного підходу до модернізації, що перед-бачає як поетапну цільову заміну зношених агрегатів на сучасні ефективні аналоги високих класів енергозбереження (IE3, IE4 та IE5), так і оптимізацію умов їхньої роботи з урахуванням показників якості електроене-ргії та надійності систем електропостачання. Особливу увагу приділено систематизації стримуючих чинни-ків. Виявлено інституційні, соціально-психологічні та кадрові бар'єри, зокрема низьку вмотивованість менеджменту підприємств через відсутність прямої відповідальності за енергоефективність. Відзначено гострий дефіцит кваліфікованих фахівців із діагностики та налаштування сучасного регульованого електропривода. Окреслено нормативно-правові обмеження, пов'язані з відсутністю цільової державної програми модернізації наявного в Україні парку двигунів, а також дієвих державних економічних стимулів для бізнесу. На науково-методичному рівні розглянуто проблему інструментального оцінювання фактичного коефіцієнта наванта-ження та коефіцієнта корисної дії двигунів безпосередньо в умовах виробництва без демонтажу. На конкрет-ному практичному прикладі проілюстровано ризик ухвалення помилкових експлуатаційних рішень у разі використання чинних спрощених методів розрахунку базових робочих параметрів. Бібл. 14, рисунок.
It has been established that the reference power limits and corresponding maximum lengths for 35-750 kV overhead power lines do not comply with the requirements of the current Ukrainian Electrical Installation Code. The use of such reference data results in significantly high process losses of electrical energy during its transmission and distribution. The current Electrical Installation Code standardize the current density in aluminum and steel-aluminum conductors at 0.8 A/mm². A target function was obtained for the dependence of the overhead line efficiency on its operating and struc-tural parameters. This target function allowed us to determine the maximum lengths for economically justified power of 35-750 kV overhead lines with an efficiency of 0.98 p.u. and a current density standardized by the Electrical Installa-tion Code. This expression allows for the economic justification of annual technological losses of electric power in overhead lines of distribution and transmission system operators by selecting the appropriate cross-sections of conduc-tors when developing long-term plans for the development of electrical networks. Ref. 12, fig. 2, table.
The paper proposes and scientifically substantiates the concept of a smart contract for organizing commercial interaction among participants in a local decentralized electricity market. The concept envisages the application of blockchain technology to automate trade execution, the introduction of internal accounting units (tokens) to account for offset electricity volumes, and the provision of a transparent cost and benefit allocation mechanism through the functions of an aggregator acting as a Balance Responsible Party (BRP). A key feature of the approach is the use of a stable (fixed) smart contract price to isolate baseline offset volumes from external market volatility. Simulation modeling of a daily case study was conducted based on real price indicators of the Day-Ahead Market (DAM) and universal service provider tariffs in Ukraine as of May 2026. The Pareto efficiency of the proposed approach has been experimentally proven: under conditions of low daytime prices in the external market, internal clearing at a smart contract price of 5 UAH/kWh made it possible to increase distributed generation revenue by 262% while simultaneously reducing consumer expenses by 34.26%. Based on the obtained results, basic requirements for prospective adaptive pricing algorithms of the blockchain platform were formulated. Ref. 30, fig. 8, table.
Досліджено вплив диференційованого тарифу на формування профілю навантаження комерційної зарядної станції електромобілів у контексті використання зарядної інфраструктури як інструменту керування попи-том в ОЕС України. Для аналізу використано первинні дані зарядних сесій станції змінного струму потужністю 7 кВт, розміщеної у м. Південноукраїнськ, за період липень–вересень 2025 року. Тарифна модель передбачала істотне зниження вартості заряджання в інтервалі 12:00–17:00 до 2,2 грн/кВт•год порівняно з базовим тарифом 16 грн/кВт•год, що відповідало періоду потенційного надлишку генерації сонячних електростанцій. За результатами обробки транзакційних даних встановлено зростання місячного обсягу споживання з 128 кВт•год у липні до 383 кВт•год у серпні з подальшим зниженням до 189 кВт•год у вересні, що свідчить про наявність поведінкової реакції користувачів на тарифний стимул. Показано, що адаптивне ціноутворення може сприяти концентрації частини зарядного навантаження в заданих часових інтервалах, однак кількісна оцінка ефекту потребує врахування структури обліку зарядних сесій, сезонності, кількості користувачів і доступності альтернативних станцій. Отримані результати підтверджують доцільність подальшого розвитку динамічних тарифів для зарядної інфраструктури як складової програм Demand Response та формування керованого навантаження, здатного підвищувати гнучкість електроенергетичної системи. Бібл. 10, рис. 2, таблиця.
This paper investigates the problem of multi-objective optimization of a distribution network using BESS. For a test network model, the placement and capacity of BESS were optimized based on criteria such as energy losses, as well as the reliability metrics SAIDI, SAIFI and eENS. Calculations were carried out using quasi-dynamic simulation and Monte Carlo simulation, whilst the NSGA-II, NSGA-III, CMOPSO and SMSEMOA algorithms were used as optimiza-tion methods. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the convergence and performance of meta-heuristic algo-rithms. It is shown that genetic algorithms ensure a more thorough exploration of the design space and generate a broader set of non-dominant solutions, but require greater computational resources. A statistically significant influence of the distance to network tie open points, the distance to power supply centers, and the topological centrality of nodes on the effectiveness of BESS deployment has been established. It is shown that the greatest positive effect from the use of BESS is achieved in remote and topologically peripheral network parts with limited restoration capabilities. The results obtained allow for the development of an approach to the preliminary selection of candidate nodes prior to running computationally complex meta-heuristic algorithms, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the design space and accelerate network optimization through the deployment of BESSs. Ref. 8, fig. 4, tables 2.
This paper examines approaches to the development of mechatronic modules based on brushless permanent magnet (BPM) motors with two-wire control from an external power source by varying the duty cycle of a rectangular voltage pulse sequence and changing the polarity of these pulses to reverse the mechanism’s direction of motion. Implementation options for the mechatronic module's structural elements – a voltage inverter, an input rectifier, switches driver circuits, and a power supply – are considered and proposed. Driver circuits are proposed for switching the p- and n-channel field-effect transistors of the rectifier and voltage inverter when the mechatronic module is powered by a rectangular voltage pulse sequence. Ref. 27, fig. 14.
The paper considers the problem of improving the operational efficiency of hybrid distributed generation networks by enhancing their information and measurement support. It is shown that effective operation of such networks requires reliable, time-coordinated and sufficiently detailed data on distributed generation units, energy storage systems, local loads and the point of common coupling with the external power grid. Based on peer-reviewed scientific literature and relevant IEEE standards, the paper substantiates the feasibility of representing information and measurement support as a multi-level system that includes electrical parameter measurement, data validation, power quality assessment, abnormal event detection and the transfer of aggregated information to a microgrid energy management system (EMS) or a microgrid controller. A structural organization of such a system is proposed, and a set of indicators is defined for assessing its influence on the efficiency of hybrid network operation. Ref. 15, figure, table.
The article is devoted to a review of software and hardware tools for developing digital control systems for electric drives with brushless DC motors (BLDC motors) and an analysis of their main features and characteristics. The main stages of developing control systems for BLDC motors recommended by the authors are outlined. Based on scientific publications and information from manufacturers specializing in the development and manufacture of microcontrollers and digital devices, a review of modern hardware tools for prototyping control systems of BLDC motors, such as starter (evaluation) boards (kits), developer demonstration boards, etc., is carried out. Specialized software tools for develop-ing electrical circuits and firmware for controllers of control systems of BLDC motors are considered. The use of simu-lation software tools in scientific research related to BLDC motor drives for setting up control algorithms and selecting controller parameters before creating a prototype of a BLDC motor control system is analyzed. Recommendations are given for the use of the software and hardware tools considered in the work for the development of control systems for electric drives with BLDC motors both in scientific theoretical and experimental investigations. Ref. 29, fig. 4, tables 2.
