Foliar spraying of nanoparticles is one of the most useful and efficient solutions in drought stress conditions, which increases the plant's tolerance to drought stress and increases yield. This study was to investigate the effect of foliar application of nano selenium and nano molybdenum on some agricultural and biochemical indices of spring rapeseed (Hyola 401) under drought stress. The experiment was carried out as a split-plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at research farm station of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in cropping years of 2016-2017. The irrigation factor includes normal irrigation and and irrigation stoping at flowering stage as the main plot and the foliar spraying with nanoselenium and nano-oxide molybdenum, including not using nanoparticles as a control treatment (spraying solution with pure water), 25 mg.L-1 nano-oxide molybdenum, 50 mg.L-1 of nano-oxide molybdenum, 25 mg.L-1 nano selenium, 50 mg.L-1 nano selenium, 25 mg.L-1 nano-oxide molybdenum + 25 mg.L-1 nano selenium, 50 mg.L-1 nano molybdenum + 25 mg.L-1 nano selenium, 25 mg.L-1 nano-oxide molybdenum + 50 mg.L-1 nano selenium and 50 mg.L-1 nano-oxide molybdenum + 50 mg.L-1 nano selenium) were set as subplots. Foliar spraying of rapeseed plants was done at both vegetative and flowering stages. Drought stress decreased the average height of the bush, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, the weight of 1000 seeds, yield of seeds and Percentage of seed oil by 7.84%, 19.3%, 20.15%, 28.33%, 29.79% and 5.02% respectively. Foliar spraying of plants with 25 mg.L-1 nano-oxide molybdenum + 50 mg. L-1 nano-selenium increased the number of pod, 1000-seed weight, and seed yield by 66.16, 35.7, and 59.47 percent, respectively, under drought stress and increased 62.7, 33. 9 and 11.96% in normal irrigation conditions also caused a significant decrease in the amount of malondialdehyde and a significant increase in the amount of proline and activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes. Therefore, foliar spraying of rapeseed plants with this concentration of nanoparticles was found to be useful and effective for reducing the destructive effects of drought stress and improving seed yield.
In order to evaluate relations of dry forage yield and qualitative traits and plant height in three safflower cultivars using multivariate statistical techniques, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with six treatments in three replications in Karaj Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII) during 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 seasons. Treatments included three cultivars of Goldasht, Golmehr and Parnian with forage harvesting at the 50% of stem elongation stage (rapid stem growth) and the same three cultivars with forage harvesting at the 50% of branching stage. Simple correlation analysis between the traits revealed that plant height (PH) and crude protein (CP) exhibited the strongest correlation with dry forage yield. Regression analysis results indicated that PH, CP, and digestible dry matter (DDM) could be included in the regression model as independent variables for predicting dry forage yield. Further, path analysis demonstrated that plant height had the strongest positive direct effect on forage yield, suggesting its potential use as a selection criterion in safflower forage yield breeding programs. Principal component analysis revealed four components that accounted for about 95% of the total variation. The distribution of cultivars in the biplot space confirmed the presence of genetic diversity among these genotypes in terms of the studied traits. Biplot analysis showed that if the quantity and quality of forage are both taken into consideration, harvesting cultivars at the 50% of branching stage was more effective. In conclusion, the Golmehr cultivar showed high forage yield while the Goldasht cultivar exhibited favorable forage quality. Therefore, these cultivars can be utilized to improve forage yield and quality of safflower.
In order to study the effects of foliar application zinc sulfate on yield, yield components and iron and zinc concentration grain pinto bean an experiment was implemented in field conditions. Experimental factors include zinc sulfate foliar spraying concentration at four levels (zero, one, two and four per thousand) and foliar spraying time at three levels; flowering, pod formation and eight to 11-leaf along with flowering were. The results showed that the application of zinc sulfate had a significant effect on the traits of the number of pods per plant, the number of grain per pod, the number of grain per plant, the weight of one hundred grain, biomass yield, grain yield, and zinc concentration in seeds. But its effect on harvest index traits and seed iron concentration was not significant. The highest grain yield was produced with foliar application of zinc sulfate concentration one per thousand and eight to 11 leaf stage along with flowering, and compared to the control treatment, the grain yield was It increased by 22.7 percent. The highest concentration of zinc in the grain was obtained by applying level tow per thousand zinc sulfate in the pod formation stage and compared to the control treatment, increased the concentration of zinc in the grain by 42.9 percent. The Spraying zinc sulfate at the stages of eight to 11-leaf + flowering, with a concentration of one per thousand, was more suitable than other stages for simultaneously improving quantitative yield and increasing grain zinc content.
Chlorophyll a fluorescence, which is a non-destructive tool for estimating the photochemical efficiency of photosynthesis, is widely used in the evaluation of plant responses to environmental stresses. This experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effects of Pardner (bromoxynil 22.5% SL), Tofordi + MCPA (U46 combi fluid 67.5% SL) and mesosulfuron methyl + iodosulfuron methyl + diflufenican + mefenepyridiethyl (Othello 8.25% OD) herbicides on chlorophyll a fluorescence of dandelion flower in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications in the lawn of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2021. For this purpose, different doses (0 control, 0.5, 1, 2 times the recommended dose) of the herbicides Pardner (2.5 liters per hectare), Tofordi + MCPA (1.5 liters per hectare) and mesosulfuron methyl + iodosulfuron methyl + diflufenican + mefenpyridiethyl (1.6 liters per hectare) was evaluated in the lawn of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, which was previously investigated for dandelion contamination. 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 days after treatment with different herbicides, dandelion chlorophyll a fluorescence was measured with a portable fluorometer. The results show a decrease in maximum fluorescence (Fm), variable fluorescence (Fv), maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and the efficiency of the water-decomposing complex as an electron donor to photosystem II (Fv/Fo) and an increase in minimum fluorescence (Fo) and heat loss (Fo/Fm) in all herbicide treatments on dandelion plants. The dry weight of dandelion weed decreased under the influence of different herbicide treatments compared to the control (no herbicide use). The biggest reduction was observed in bromoxynil treatment with the amount of 0.477 g.m-2. The greatest decrease in (Fm), (Fv), (Fv/Fm), (Fv/Fo) and the greatest increase in (Fo), (Fo/Fm) belonged to bromoxynil herbicide.
Drought is one of the limited factors that affects plants growth. With having characteristics like tolerance to deficient water, high oil contents and vast adaptation to most Iran areas, sesame is considered as important oilseed. Evaluation of seed priming on yield and physiological characteristics of sesame under drought stress. This study was conducted in two agricultural years with split plot based on completed random blocks in 3 replications. The experimental treatments were included three levels of drought stress (control, mild stress and severe stress) assigned to main factor, seed priming in five levels (without priming or control, hydro priming, salicylic acid, potassium sulfate, zinc sulfate) assigned to sub factor and finally three sesame verities (Oltan, Karaj and Darab 14).The results showed that with increasing drought stress level, seed yield, dry biomass yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid and water use efficiency were decreased while total protein content, % protein and hydrogen peroxide were increased. It seams seed priming with salicylic acid can alleviate adverse effects of drought in compared with control treatment through inducing enzymatic antioxidant activities like catalase and superoxide dismutase. Furthermore different sesame verities have various reactions to drought stress as the best results were recorded in Karaj genotype. Finally, it is declared that salicylic acid treatment as suitable priming and Karaj genotype can be introduce as drought resistant genotype for Bushehr region.
In order to determine the effect of planting method on the onset of the critical period of weed control in cotton, a field experiment was arranged as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Sabzevar in 2020 and 2021. Planting method (direct seeding and transplanting) was considered as the main factor and the length of the weed interference period (0, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after emergence with complete interference) was considered as a sub factor. Weed dry weight in both plantings method increased with delayed weed control. The fitting of the logistic function showed that in terms of seed cotton yield, the time of the onset of the critical period of weed control, there was no significant difference between the two planting method. 50 days after emergence in the direct seeding and 50 days after transplanting in transplanting method was critical period for weed control in first year. but in the second year in direct seeding, the start of the weed control period in which 50% of the yield may decrease happened 4.8 days earlier. The start time of the critical period of weed control for lint yield in direct seeding was 33.5 and 42.9 days after emergence and in seedling cultivation was 39.2 and 43.1 days after planting for the first and second year, respectively. In total, the results of the experiment showed that transplanting of cotton in the conditions of weed interference can produce more suitable yield than direct seeding.
This research was carried out in order to investigate the effect of potassium and methyl jasmonate on the morphophysiological characteristics and yield of forage corn under water deficit conditions in Neishabur region in 2019. The experimental factors was conducted as a split factorial plot in a randomized complete block design include irrigation regimes as the main factor in three levels, including consumption of 25, 40 and 55% of available soil water and then irrigation up to the field capacity (named as a well-watered, moderate and severe water deficit stress, respectively), potassium fertilizer as the secondary factor was applied at three levels of 0 kg.ha-1, 100 kg.ha-1 and 200 kg.ha-1, and methyl jasmonate was applied as another factor at 0 µM, 50 µM and 100 µM. The results showed that the highest amounts of total chlorophyll (2.47 mg. g-1 FW), leaf area index (4.95), forage dry weight (37838 kg. ha-1) and forage potassium content (215.5 %) were obtained in well-watered irrigation and 200 kg potassium sulfate ha-1 and with increasing in water deficit severity, the above values were reduced. Severe water deficit stress causes a decrease of 2.7%, 2.4%, 43.8%, 48.7% and 23.9%, respectively, in relative water content of leaf, carotenoids, leaf dry weight, soluble sugars and leaf protein compared to well-watered. Among the fertilizer treatment, 200 kg potassium sulfate ha-1 had the highest relative water content of leaf (72.9%), carotenoid (0.43 mg. g-1 FW), leaf dry weight (177.1 g.m-2), leaf soluble sugars (528.6 mg. g-1 FW) and protein (8.22%). Also, among the methyl jasmonate levels, the concentration of 100 μM had the greatest effect. In general, it was found that the application of potassium and methyl jasmonate treatments moderated the negative effects of water deficit and this adjustment increased with the increase in the concentration of potassium and methyl jasmonate treatments. Indeed, it is suggested to growing NS6010 variety without water deficit stress in Neyshabur climatic conditions in order to achieve the maximum fodder yield.
Suitable planting date is one of the important factors in determining the yield potential of crops especially in corn, and also the use of methanol and glycine spraying increased plant growth, especially in delayed crops. For this purpose, a factorial research in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications in three separate plots in the promotional research farm of Jihad Agricultural Center, Simorgh city, Mazandaran province, on fodder corn as the second crop after rice harvest in the crop year 2019-2020. The research factors included glycine at three levels of 0 (control), 1 and 2 mg.L-1, methanol at three levels of 0 (control), 10 and 20% v/v, as well as three planting dates: August 6, 16 and 27. The results of this study showed that the highest values of dry matter yield of corn fodder was 1944.59 kg.ha-1 that related to the interaction treatments of methanol 20 % spraying and glycine 2 ppm spraying in planting date of 6.8.2020. The results of present study illustrated that the use of methanol and glycine spraying and also the increasing of their concentration increased the yield and Physiological and morphological characteristics of fodder corn. Delay in corn cultivation (27.8.2020) reduced its yield and Physiological and morphological characteristics of fodder corn. The highest amount of dry fodder yield 19415.59 kg.ha-1 was related to the mutual effects of methanol 20% by volume and glycine 2 mg.L-1 on the planting date of August 6 and the lowest dry fodder yield was related to the control treatment 2568.76 kg.ha-1 on August 27. The use of methanol and glycine partially reduced the negative effects caused by the delay in corn planting. In general, the delay in corn cultivation is not recommended, but the application of methanol 20% v/v and 2 mg/l of glycine for fodder corn in humid climate areas similar to Mazandaran and due to the improvement of delayed cultivation (August 27) is recommended.
The application of zinc and silicon elements improves the growth, yield and nutritional value of seeds. The use of organic fertilizer can help to improve the yield and nutritional value of seeds by improving the availability of nutrients. This study was conducted with the aim of improving the quantity and quality of wheat grain in the Faculty of Agriculture of Qaemshahr Islamic Azad University (Mazandaran-Northern Iran) during the years 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. The experiment was carried out as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Experimental treatments included animal manure with 2 levels (cow manure and no-consumption) as the main factor and the application of zinc and silicon elements (nano and normal fertilizers) with 9 levels as secondary factors. The results showed that the effect of year was not significant on any of the traits studied. The grain yield in the treatment without the use of cow manure was 16% higher compared to the use of cow manure, which was due to the increase in the numbers of spikelets and seeds in the spike. The highest grain yield was obtained for the treatment without using cow manure and with the use of zinc sulfate and the simultaneous use of potassium silicate and zinc nano oxide (4394 and 4423 kg/ha, respectively). The highest concentration of zinc in seeds was obtained by foliar spraying of zinc nano oxide, potassium silicate + zinc nano oxide, and silicon and zinc nanoparticles. The maximum seed protein was obtained in the treatment of cow manure application along with foliar spraying of zinc nano oxide, silicon and zinc nanoparticles, and soil application of zinc sulfate. The use of zinc sulfate alone or the combined use of potassium silicate + zinc nanooxide is suggested to improve grain yield. The use of cow manure combined with each of the treatments of zinc sulfate, zinc nanooxide, and silicon + zinc nanoparticles is recommended to increase seed protein.
Drought stress is known to be one of the most critical factors in reducing crop production in most parts of the world and Iran. Therefore, identifying and introducing drought stress-tolerant genotypes are one of the ways to overcome adverse environmental conditions. To identify sesame genotypes tolerant to drought stress, 104 genotypes were studied under two environments (stressed and non-stressed conditions) in an alpha lattice design with two replications at investigation farms of the Jiroft Research Center and the research farm of the Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman during the 2019 growing season. Water stress was applied at flowering stage and depletion of 85% of available soil water. Results showed that drought stress significantly decreased most of the traits, including grain yield (40.62%), oil yield (33.01%), oil content (12.12%), and number of capsules per plant (21.93%), number of seeds per capsule (18.24%), Leaf chlorophyll content (15.53%), and Stem diameter (29.09%). The results of principal component analysis showed that the first two components accounted for 97.931 and 98.843 percent of the data variation in Jiroft and Kerman, respectively. Giving to the biplot diagram and drought tolerance indexes, genotypes JL18 (82C), Chines, SG90154-71, TN78-84, JH-23 (82), JL-15 (82), JL-6, JL-14 (82) and SG90154-137 being adjacent to vectors and these genotypes can be recommended to produce a genetically modified community advised. Cluster analysis based on superior indices separated genotypes into three general groups, which were in good agreement with the results of biplot plotting.
Water deficit is one of the main factors reducing the growth and productivity of crops. Reproductive stages are more susceptible to drought stress than vegetative stages. In this experiment, the effect of drought stress on 12 lines and lentil cultivars was investigated. The experiment was performed in a two-factor completely randomized design with three replications under drought and normal stress conditions. Drought stress was applied from flowering to harvest time. According to the results, drought stress decreased root weight and length, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, height, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fm, Fv, Fv / Fm), and leaf chlorophyll, but the amount of soluble sugars and F0 increased due to stress. Among 12 lines and lentil cultivars, line-12, line-16, Gachsaran, and Sepehr were measured as the best lines and cultivars in terms of traits. These lines and cultivars were able to prevent the reduction of grain yield and biological yield compared to other cultivars and lines. Correlation-related results also showed that traits such as root length and weight, fluorescence yield, leaf chlorophyll, and soluble sugar content were directly related to grain yield and harvest index. As well, the grouping results showed that under normal conditions some lines did not show significant differences from each other. But under stress conditions, there was a significant difference in these cultivars and lines. Therefore, they were in different groups. The Sepehr and Gachsaran cultivars and lines 12 and 16 were in the superior and stress-tolerant group. Therefore, lines 12 and 16 can be used as tolerant lines in extension experiments in field conditions.
In order to investigate the yield and some agronomic traits of 30 local alfalfa ecotypes in Azerbaijan region, an experiment was carried out in completely randomized block design with three replications over two years. Based on the results of combined variance analysis, the effect of ecotypes on plant height, number of nodes per stem, yield of fresh fodder, yield of dry fodder, number of stems per plant, ratio of leaf to fresh stem and ratio of leaf to dry stem were significant. The effect of year was significant on other traits except the number of nodes in the stem. The interaction of ecotype in the year was significant on all traits except number of nodes in the stem. The ecotypes of Satellu and Qara yonja had the highest wet and dry yield, and Baftan ecotype had the best quality of wet and dry fodder. The results of correlation analysis showed that with the increase in the plant height and the number of stems, the wet and dry yield increased, and according to the negative and significant correlation of the ratio of leaves to dry stems with the plant height and the number of nodes in the stem, it can be concluded that dry fodder is more edible with a decrease in height and the number of nodes in the stem. Based on the step-by-step regression coefficients calculated for the yield of wet ecotypes, respectively, the variables of the number of stems, plant height, number of nodes, and for the dry yield of ecotypes, respectively, the number of stems, plant height, leaf to dry stem ratio and the number of nodes with the most significant effect were included in the corresponding model. The number of stems had the most direct and positive effect on wet and dry yields, and the most indirect effect on wet and dry yields was plant height through the number of stems per plant. Results of factor analysis showed two main factors explained about 79% of the total changes. Ecotypes were classified into four separate clusters based on the results of cluster analysis performed by ward method.
This research was carried out to evaluate the physiological and biochemical responses of maize under different irrigation regimes and foliar application of plant growth regulators (PGRs). The present study was carried in Research Farm of Ur¬mia University throughout tow growing seasons. The experiment was carried out in a Factorial randomizes complete block design with three replications. Three level of irrigation regimes were: without stress (100% of field capacity), mild stress (75% field capacity) and sever stress (50% field capacity) and foliar application were included: (Urea homeopathy, seaweed extract, salicylic acid, zinc sulfate and no foliar spraying as control). Results showed that the content of soluble sugars and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) increased significantly with increasing stress intensity and foliar application of plant growth regulators led to a further increase in these traits. Photosynthetic pigments showed a significant decrease compared to non-stress conditions with increasing drought stress. However, foliar application of PGRs caused a significant increase in the content of photosynthetic pigments. Furthermore, due to foliar application of PGRs, oxidative damage indicating parameters such as proline concentration and MDA content showed a significant decrease compared to the control treatment under severe and mild stress. Foliar application of seaweed extract led to 21, 43 and 30% increase in 1000 seed weight (264.2 g.m-2), seed yield (11997 kg.ha-1) and biological yield (32458 kg.ha-1), respectively compared to the control treatment. According to the obtained results, foliar application of plant growth regulators can improve maize tolerance to drought stress throughout eliminating harmful and reactive oxygen species, which has been shown by a significant reduction in MDA content in these plants.
Berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) is one of the forage plants that can play an important role in adjusting the planting pattern and crop rotation. The North of Khuzestan is the most important area for the production of Berseem clover seeds in Iran and irrigation scheduling (IS) has a key role in Berseem clover seed production. In order to determine the most suitable irrigation based on the phenology of Berseem clover and its effect on seed yield, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with 6 treatments and 3 replications in Safiabad Agricultural Research and Education and Natural Resources Center in cropping season 2019-2020. Treatments were applied based on irrigation or cessation irrigation at the beginning of flowering and maximum flowering, and then applying irrigation from the time of maximum flowering to seed maturity based on 80 or 120 mm evaporation from the class A evaporation pan. Results showed that the irrigation schedules had a significant effect on the total weight dry matter of forage production, clover straw yield (seed harvesting time), thousand seeds weight, number of inflorescences per square meter, seed yield and water productivity of Berseem clover (P˂0.05). The results showed that imposing drought stress at the start of flowering and irrigation at the maximum of this stage as well as that irrigation after 80 mm evaporation from a class A evaporation pan between maximum flowering until seed maturity is suitable irrigation program to achieve the optimal seeds (1237 kg.ha-1) of Berseem clover and also the optimal consumption of irrigation water (3521 m3.ha-1). It was also found that the maximum flowering stage in Berseem clover is the critical stage in terms of water in seed production fields, and the elimination of irrigation in this stage leads to decrease in Berseem clover seed yield by 50%.
To improve the yield of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), application of appropriate harvesting time and use of desirable planting density are useful. In order to evaluate these two factors on alfalfa yield, an experiment was performed as a strip split-plot design based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates. The factor planting density at three row spacing levels (40, 50, and 60 cm) in the vertical plots and the factor forage harvesting time at four phonological stages were studied in the horizontal plots. The results of the mean comparison showed that in both experimental years, increasing the row spacing to 50 and 60 cm and harvesting the forage at bud initiation and flower emergence stage resulted in a significant increase in number of pods per plant and seed weight per plant. In the first year, increasing the row spacing to 60 cm and harvesting time at the stage of flower bud emergence led to a significant increase in the 1000-seed weight. Overall, in both experimental years, increasing the row spacing to 50 cm and forage harvesting at the bud emergence and flower emergence stages resulted in a significant increase in seed yield. Therefore, low planting density and forage harvesting in the early flowering period in the first harvest is recommended to increase alfalfa seed yield in subsequent harvests.
In order to evaluation of tank mixing Imazethapyr and Pendimethalin along with cultivation on natural weed population in Red Bean, an experiment was carried out during two years in RCBD as split plots arrangement with three replications. The main plots in both experiments included cultivation and non-cultivation. The sub plots in the 1st year experiment were the application of Imazethapyr as pre-emergence 50 and 100 and post-emergence 30, 50 and 100 g a.i. ha-1. The sub plots in the 2nd year experiment included Imazethapyr 100 plus Pendimethalin 990 g a.i. ha-1, Imazethapyr 50 plus Pendimethalin 495 g a.i. ha-1, and Pendimethalin 495 and 990 and Imazethapyr 50 and 100 g a.i. ha-1 each one alone. Actually, weed infestation considered as control in all experiments. In the 1st year, the application of Imazethapyr as pre and post-emergence reduced the density and biomass of Field bindweed, Redroot pigweed and Lamb's quarters five times more than control, but the application of imazethapyr 100 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence along with cultivation was the most effective treatment and obtained 2730.5 kg ha-1 red bean grain yield. In the 2nd year of experiment, application of Imazethapyr 50 plus pendimethalin 495 g a.i. ha-1 along with cultivation, induced proper weed control and 3470 kg ha-1 red bean grain yield. Although application of Imazethapyr 100 plus pendimethalin 990 g a.i. ha-1 along with cultivation was very effective in weed control, but it reduced the red bean grain yield to 2914 kg ha-1. According to the results, pre-emergence application of Imazethapyr 50 plus pendimethalin 495 g a.i. ha-1 along with cultivation, was effective in weed control and red beans grain yield increased more than three times than control.
This research was carried out in order to investigate the effect of potassium and methyl jasmonate on the morphophysiological characteristics and yield of forage corn under water deficit conditions in Neishabur region in 2019. The experimental factors was conducted as a split factorial plot in a randomized complete block design include irrigation regimes as the main factor in three levels, including consumption of 25, 40 and 55% of available soil water and then irrigation up to the field capacity (named as a well-watered, moderate and severe water deficit stress, respectively), potassium fertilizer as the secondary factor was applied at three levels of 0 kg.ha-1, 100 kg.ha-1 and 200 kg.ha-1, and methyl jasmonate was applied as another factor at 0 µM, 50 µM and 100 µM. The results showed that the highest amounts of total chlorophyll (2.47 mg.g-1 FW), leaf area index (4.95), forage dry weight (37838 kg.ha-1) and forage potassium content (215.5 %) were obtained in well-watered irrigation and 200 kg potassium sulfate ha-1 and with increasing in water deficit severity, the above values were reduced. Severe water deficit stress causes a decrease of 2.7%, 2.4%, 43.8%, 48.7% and 23.9%, respectively, in relative water content of leaf, carotenoids, leaf dry weight, soluble sugars and leaf protein compared to well-watered. Among the fertilizer treatment, 200 kg potassium sulfate ha-1 had the highest relative water content of leaf (72.9%), carotenoid (0.43 mg.g-1 FW), leaf dry weight (177.1 g.m-2), leaf soluble sugars (528.6 mg.g-1 FW) and protein (8.22%). Also, among the methyl jasmonate levels, the concentration of 100 μM had the greatest effect. In general, it was found that the application of potassium and methyl jasmonate treatments moderated the negative effects of water deficit and this adjustment increased with the increase in the concentration of potassium and methyl jasmonate treatments. Indeed, it is suggested to growing NS6010 variety without water deficit stress in Neyshabur climatic conditions in order to achieve the maximum fodder yield.
To evaluate the effect of priming and sowing depth on yield and protein of White bean cultivar Pak, the experiment was performed at Tasmalu village located in 15 kilometers from the city of Urmia based on a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications in 2014. The treatments were included sowing depth at three levels (2, 4 and 6 cm) and priming in five levels (control, hydro-priming, polyethylene glycol, potassium nitrate and seaweed), respectively. The results showed that effect of different treatments of sowing depth on plant height, seed weight per plant, grain protein percent, grain and biological yield was significant and seed priming effect on all treatments except for plant height, 1000 seed weight and seed protein percent was significant. Interaction of sowing depth in seed priming have significant effect on seed weight per plant, 1000 seed weight, grain protein percent and biological yield. The highest amount of grain yield 3581.6 kg. ha-1 of sowing depth of 4 cm was obtained. Seed priming was increased grain yield about 38% as compared to control. At the planting depth of 4 cm, seed priming with polyethylene glycol, potassium nitrate, and seaweed had a greater effect on increasing the weight of a thousand seeds than hydropriming. Seed priming with polyethylene glycol in sowing depth of 2 cm increased the percentage of seed protein by 29.62%. The results showed that seed priming at different depths of sowing compared to the control group (non- seed primed) had a positive effect on seed weight per plant, 1000 seed weight, protein percentage and biological yield.
This study aims to investigate the correlation between soil type and weed distribution in the rainfed wheat fields of the Maragheh region. For this reason, 50 wheat fields in different districts of the Maragheh region were selected in 1400, and sampling of the weeds type, density, and soil type was done using the W method. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to correlate different weed species with soil texture, acidity, electrical conductivity, calcium carbonate, organic carbon, organic matter, and nitrogen. In total, 78 weed species were identified. Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens (L.) DC.), winter wild oat (Avena ludoviciana (L.) Durieu), Catchweed Bedstraw (Galium aparine L.), and Cow Soapwort (Vaccaria grandiflora (Fisch. ex DC.) Jaub. & Spach) were weeds with a frequency of 100% in the study areas. The results of the CCA analysis showed that the percentage of sand is the most important in the distribution of weed species in terms of soil texture type. In terms of soil chemical properties, acidity and electrical conductivity had the maximum and minimum effect on the population composition of weeds, respectively. Bongardia chrysogonum (Bongardia chrysonogum), a unique species of Shakhtelo district, and shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medicus), Tabrizi cornflower (Centaurea congesta Wagenitz), stinking hawksbeard (Crepis foetida L.), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), Cock's comb (Onobrychis Crista-Galli (L.) Lam.), pincushion flower (Scabiosa Olivieri Coult), and wild einkorn (Triticum boeticum Boiss.), the endemic species of Senokesh district, are the most present in alkaline and sandy soils. Hog's-bean (Hyoscyamus pusillus L.) and common henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.), the native species of the Khormazard district, are most present in soil with low acidity. The results of this study showed that the soil texture is responsible for 100% of the variance of the weed distribution. In comparison, the chemical properties of the soil only explain 52.1% of the variance of the species distribution, and some chemical properties affecting the weed community composition have been ignored.
To evaluate the effect of harvest time on the quantitative and qualitative performance of new forage crops, an experiment was conducted including nine treatments: forage mustard (Brassica juncea cv. S-83), forage safflower (Carthamus tinctorius cvs. Golmehr, Goldasht, and Parnian), forage rapeseed (Brassica sp. cvs. Zarfam, Zafar, RGS0003, and Parast), and forage faba bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Mehta). The study was arranged as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Gorgan Agricultural Research Station during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 cropping seasons. Harvest time was evaluated at four levels. For rapeseed, harvest stages included 10% budding, 50% budding, beginning of flowering, and 5% flowering. For safflower, harvests were made at 10% and 50% capitulum formation, beginning of flowering, and 5% flowering. For mustard and faba bean, harvests were conducted at 10% flowering, 50% flowering or 10% pod formation, end of flowering or 50% pod formation, and full pod formation. Each plot consisted of four planting rows for faba bean (50 cm apart) and eight rows for the other crops (25 cm apart), with a length of 8 m and a width of 2 m. After emergence, plants were thinned at the 3–5 leaf stage to maintain a spacing of 12 cm within rows for faba bean and 5 cm for the other forage crops, resulting in final plant densities of 167,000 and 800,000 plants per hectare, respectively. Results of fresh forage yield indicated that the highest yield (60.81 t ha⁻¹) was obtained from forage rapeseed cv. Parast, followed by forage mustard (49.93 t ha⁻¹), which was classified in yield class B. Other rapeseed and safflower cultivars produced comparatively lower yields. The optimal harvest stage for forage rapeseed and safflower was 5% flowering, while for mustard and faba bean it was full pod formation. The highest crude protein content (19.06%) was recorded in forage rapeseed cv. Parast, which differed significantly from other species and cultivars. Based on the quantitative and qualitative evaluations, cultivation of forage rapeseed cv. Parast was found to be the most suitable option for the Gorgan region
