Anxiety caused by climate change (climate anxiety) increase the attention among younger generations. However, regional differences in this phenomenon and analysis of its triggering factors in a domestic context are still lacking. The aim of this research is to examine the extent of climate anxiety among 16-30 year-olds in Hungary, focusing on regional differences (Northern Great Plain, Northern Hungary, Pest (Central Hungary), Western Transdanubia) and the role of the social environment. A questionnaire survey was conducted in 2023 with 302 participants and in 2025 with 190 participants. Our results showed significant regional differences in the extent of climate anxiety, with the highest values observed in the Pest (Central Hungary) region. The social environment's attitude towards climate change was closely related to climate anxiety, while demographic factors (age) proved to be less decisive. The research highlights the importance of social norms, the immediate environment, and regional location in the development of climate anxiety, which can be addressed through targeted interventions and increased social awareness.
Reading is one of the oldest recreational, educational, and developmental activities, which supports not only vocabulary, knowledge, but also imagination and mental health, among other things. The book market has been repeatedly forecasted as a weakening market, a market of disinterest, but the results and consumer trends do not confirm this. During and after the pandemic, reading began to grow again, and the trendiness of book reading, the subculture-forming effect of reading itself, became stable again. This was helped by the fact that new trends began their conquests alongside and within entertainment and fiction. Regionally, our country is in the middle of the EU based on leisure reading habits. In our primary research, we examined consumer attitudes in this regard using a questionnaire survey, involving the opinions of 647 domestic respondents. Of these, we also dealt separately with the group of “bookworms” that generates the most demand. During the study, we tried to explore their preferences using attitude scale questions, and the socio-demographic background influencing them with cross-tabulation analyses. Using the compiled statements, we were able to conduct principal component and cluster analyses, based on which we established that the reading groups view the community-building nature of reading differently, its developmental effect, its early developmental nature, and its nature as a gift. During our study, there were significant differences between those who are fully committed to reading and recognize its community-building nature, the lonely bookworms, and the more passive group, compared to the average. Based on our results, it can be said that the differentiation of marketing strategy along the different consumer segments, and also the communication opportunities within them, is of paramount importance in this industry, since this market cannot be viewed as a homogeneous whole, not even in the case of large book consumers.
In the B2B sector, communication between individual organizations has undoubtedly always played a significant role. However, the changes of recent years have also significantly changed the structure and operation of certain higher education institutions, which has brought with it an increase in openness to the business world. Communication is one of the pillars of establishing successful business relationships, but traditional communication models are not always able to meet the dynamic needs of the modern business environment. Not only universities can benefit from improving communication processes and tools adapted to these expectations, but it can also be beneficial for students participating in higher education. In this research, we set the objective to explore what communication processes are currently taking place between institutions. In order to achieve our goal, we conducted qualitative research, as this allowed us to gain deeper insight into the position represented by companies on the topic. We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with the partner institutions of the University of Debrecen in the second half of 2024 and in January 2025. During the discussions, the effectiveness of communication platforms in terms of maintaining contact with the university and other business actors was explored. The interviews highlighted that partners primarily consider the website and email to be the most reliable sources of information, while social media platforms (such as Facebook and LinkedIn) also play a significant role in day-to-day communication. In addition, personal meetings and networking events remain indispensable for building trust, and the importance of connections based on trade fairs and recommendations was also confirmed when it comes to reaching new partners. The findings clearly reveal both a need for and an openness towards developing new, multi-channel and targeted communication models that align with the specific characteristics of the domestic and international B2B sector. Alongside traditional tools (e.g., phone, email), the more conscious and strategic use of modern digital platforms may contribute to managing future relationships more effectively and strengthening the institution’s image.
The article examines the impact of catvertising on online shopping behavior in the Northern and Southern Great Plain Regions. Catvertising is a term derived from the English words "cat" and "advertising," and it refers to advertising campaigns that feature cats. The literature review primarily focused on catvertising, online marketing, and online shopping habits, utilizing both domestic and international sources. Furthermore, in our secondary research, we aimed to understand the emotional effects of catvertising by studying foreign psychological and neurological studies. The primary research was conducted using quantitative methods, specifically through an online questionnaire, which analyzed responses from 342 participants. Based on the responses, we analyzed differences in online shopping habits depending on whether or not a cat was featured in the advertisement, demonstrating the comparative nature of the study. The results suggest that advertisements featuring cats enhance brand recall success, particularly for product categories related to pet ownership.
Food waste is one of the most serious global problems of the 21st century, affecting the environment, the economy, and society alike. Nearly one-third of the food produced worldwide ends up in the trash every year, while hundreds of millions of people suffer from malnutrition or starvation. In developed countries, waste is mainly linked to consumer habits, while in developing regions it is linked to infrastructure deficiencies. This phenomenon not only poses moral and economic challenges, but also has serious environmental impacts. In Hungary, hundreds of thousands of tons of food end up in the trash every year, much of which could be prevented through conscious purchasing, proper storage, and rethinking food consumption. Mitigating the problem requires a complex change in mindset on the part of both consumers and food chain operators, while education and technological innovation play a key role in the solution.
The development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is of key importance from a national economic perspective, especially in the field of digitalization, as they play a significant role in Hungary's economy. The main objective of the research is to assess the digital maturity of SMEs within the client base of an accounting office in Hajdú-Bihar County, which can provide useful feedback to these businesses regarding their level of digital development. To date, no such study focusing specifically on businesses in the Hajdúság region has been published. The survey was conducted using a questionnaire based on the question set of the Digiméter research series, which evaluates businesses across six dimensions: digital presence, digital everyday operations, business management, sales and marketing, digital finance, and IT security. Based on the results, it can be stated that the companies participating in the study show a low level of digital maturity, with digital finance being the only area considered to be well-developed.
The unpredictable labour market environment is forcing more and more organisations to look for sustainable long-term solutions to secure their workforce. Increasing employee satisfaction, which can largely be achieved through the application of appropriate motivational factors, is a key issue. The aim of the research is to explore whether regional differences in employee motivation and expectations at work make a difference. Using primary and secondary methods, I investigated the importance of individual motivational factors and whether there are regional differences in employee preferences. Descriptive statistical methods, correlation and cross-tabulation analysis were used to analyse the data (n=280) collected by questionnaire method. The results showed that respect and esteem were the most influential factors in Hunt's theory of goal motivation, especially in metropolitan settings. In contrast, Herzberg's hygiene factors were found to play a greater role for workers in smaller municipalities. Regional differences show that workers' expectations are adapted to environmental characteristics. The regional differences are mainly reflected in the fact that some factors are more important in smaller settlements (belonging), while other factors are more important for workers in metropolitan areas (stability, self-development).
Organizational change today represents an unavoidable challenge for all organizations, in which leaders play a key role. Planning as a management task is not merely a technical tool but also a strategic process that determines how organizations are able to adapt to changes arising in their external and internal environments. The aim of the present study was to explore how planning contributes to the successful management of change and how it influences organizational transformation in institutions of the North Plain Region. The empirical investigation was based on a sample of 236 respondents, including a diverse range of organizational types. Beyond descriptive statistics, correlation analyses were conducted to uncover the relationship between planning practices and change management. The findings reveal that planning is not merely as an administrative duty but as a strategic management tool that enhances organizational flexibility and long-term adaptability. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of organizational change practices and may serve as practical guidance for leaders in the planning and implementation of change.
Sustainability is becoming increasingly relevant in economic, social and governmental spheres and functions, so the examination of environmentally conscious behaviour is also a priority in marketing. This research therefore focuses on sustainability, especially on the environmental pillar, with the aim of exploring how social groups can be differentiated in the field of environmental protection based on the behaviour and habits of individuals. In addition to descriptive statistical calculations and cross-tabulation analyses of data from an online questionnaire survey, the study used a revised set of 32 statements based on the GEB (General Ecological Behaviour) Scale to measure consumers’ environmental attitudes and behaviour, of which 24 statements were retained for factor analysis. Factor analysis resulted in the identification of seven reliable factors representing different dimensions of environmental behaviour and their associated values. After that, in the cluster analysis, respondents were grouped according to the previously established factors, which allowed the exploration of different attitudes and behavioural patterns for six different clusters (Green consumers, Community environmentalists, Liability avoiders, Passive individuals, Environmental impact reducers, Unpredictable individuals). The results show that there is still a significant number of consumers who have not or only partially introduced environmentally conscious habits into their daily actions. The results of this research may contribute to a deeper understanding of environmentally conscious behaviour and to better adapt sustainability initiatives to the specificities of different consumer groups.
Health tourism has become one of the key segments of the tourism industry in recent years, with significant economic and social impacts. It plays an important role in prevention, promoting healthy lifestyles, and improving access to medical services. At the same time, the geographical concentration of health tourism services poses a serious challenge: people living in peripheral areas are often unable to take advantage of these opportunities, which contributes to the deepening of social inequalities. The aim of the study is to explore the inequalities in access to health tourism services, especially spas, in rural areas. In June 2025, we conducted a self-administered questionnaire survey involving 109 people, focusing on Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County. The study is pilot in nature and the sample is not representative, which limits its generalizability but provides important guidance for future research with larger sample sizes. The data were evaluated using cross-tabulation analysis, chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. With our work, we would like to explore alternative proposals and possibilities, thereby contributing to the reduction of social and regional disparities.
This study aims to examine the impact of foreign labour on the Hungarian labour market. According to international literature, the economic impact of migration is complex: in the long term, it is generally positive, but in the short term it may negatively affect certain groups, especially those with lower qualifications. In the case of Hungary, I rely on regional and county-level data provided by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (HCSO), Eurostat and the OECD. Particular attention is given to the Northern Great Plain region, where qualitative labour shortages are characteristic. Based on the results, the labour market effects of migration in Hungary are differentiated and vary by region and level of education.
The 21st century has seen significant changes in supply chain management. Chains with an increased number of members are now considered more like networks in the literature. Cooperation between members, coordination and synchronisation of processes have become increasingly difficult. In addition, supply chains are increasingly expected to apply environmentally friendly systems, technologies and processes. The increasing levels of pollution and the decreasing levels of non-renewable resources are also indicative of the changes in business. The objectives of organisations, and therefore of supply chains and networks, include the use of environmentally friendly solutions, but this also complicates the operation of companies and thus has an impact on coordination between members. Therefore, we have focused on a coordination solution that can effectively support supply chain coordination based on literature. Contracts are potentially a good solution for member coordination, and therefore the focus of our study is on the potential of contracts as a means of coordination in a business sphere where environmental awareness is a high demand. Thus, our study aims to establish a group of experts who are decision makers in firms with high levels of environmental awareness. Based on their preferences and using the AHP method, we would like to develop a decision support model that would help to propose a contract that coordinates the partnership at the appropriate level, taking into account the characteristics, expectations and attitudes of environmentally aware companies.
The walled residence was built by Nicholas (III.) Keglevich (*1630 †1692), who was promoted to the Count-ship in 1646 and to the Baron-ship in 1687. In the years 1649 - 1692 he held the head position of the Turna County. Nicholas was significantly involved in anti-Ottoman battles, especially at the Interzimur and Somogy counties. Only the perimeter wall and two corner cylindrical bastions have been preserved from the manor built to this day. In the middle of the 18th century the mansion passed into the hands of Count Joseph (II.) Keglevich (*1729 †1798), who at the beginning of his career served as a valet in the court of Archduke and later Emperor Joseph II. He spent ten years in the diplomatic service as a legate in the courts of Madrid and St. Petersburg alongside the Austrian envoy of Count Nicholas Eszterházy. In the years 1767 - 1798 he held the position of the head of the Turna county, in the years 1772 - 1794 he was one of the guardians of the Hungarian crown and in the years 1794 - 1795 the office of the Hungarian royal stableman. In 1771, Maria Theresa awarded him the Commander‘s Cross of the Order of St. Stephen. Jozef (II.) Keglevich had the family manor house rebuilt in 1770. At that time the old residential wing almost completely redeveloped and built a new one, while the eastern wing was rebuilt. The construction activities resulted in the current one-wing northern wing with flat ceilings. They created the rooms without any decoration, with only white paint and black plinth.
The importance of green and sustainable operations has been at the forefront of research for supply chain (SC), performance, and marketing. Previous studies have reported defragmented results about these relationships and there is a paucity of literature regarding the moderating role of green marketing (GM) on the green supply chain management (GSCM) and sustainable performance (SP) relationship. To address this research gap, this study aims to identify the impact of GSCM on SP, and the moderating role of GM on this relationship in a developing economy context. Research hypotheses have been tested using 112 questionnaires. Regression analysis is performed to evaluate assumed direct and indirect relationships. Research results revealed a positive impact of GSCM and GM on the SP. Moreover, the moderating role of GM on the GSCM-SP relationship was partially supported. Collectively, these findings provide a theory-based understanding of the GSCM-SP and GM interactions. Hence, this study will be useful for SC and marketing managers who are highly engaged in green and sustainable operations.
The aim of our study is to reveal the attitude of consumers related to online shopping, the advantages and disadvantages of online purchasing, the regional characteristics of purchasing food online. The literature review was carried out by a comparative analysis of the publications of the factors influencing the purchase decision, the advantages and disadvantages of using online channels as a priority. The secondary research, in addition to the changes in global and then Hungarian online retail, the FMCG sector and customer behavior. Primary research the survey was conducted using a standardized, structured, online questionnaire with the participation of students from the University of Debrecen and the Sándor Wekerle College of Business. The socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents (623) were measured according to the defining characteristics of online shopping. The rate of online shopping by residents living in the Great Plains region is 6 percentage points lower than the national average, poor result in the online purchase of food. The advantages of online shopping, the importance of convenience and saving time is rated equally, while other factors, e.g. the assessment of home delivery was different. Diadvantages are the terms of payment and data security. The future intention to buy online is uncertain and they imagine it within limits, and the potential purchase can only be linked to durable foods. Region-specific and product-specific (food) analysis of online shopping. Attitudes towards online shopping, based on regional characteristics, justify the fact that it would be more appropriate for store chains to use a differentiated marketing strategy, which may primarily affect marketing communication and sales organization.
The continuous demand increase of electronic items challenges the electronic manufacturing companies. The economic and manufacturing challenges, and the Industry 4.0 based solutions of having a great product portfolio of a regional, original equipment manufacturer are presented in this study. The acquirement and the implementation of the principles of Industry 4.0 results a new production environment, but the positive effects of that can be demonstrated from financial and production efficiency sides. The mindset change of the test and validation area of an electronic company, and the steps required to achieve Industry 4.0 based test solutions are presented in this article. You can read about the practical implementation of a pioneering technology in the field of informatics, Big Data oriented data processing in a real manufacturing environment. The changes related to hardware and software design and data acquisition are presented, also you can read about the resulting cost saving, production efficiency improvement and product output growth of the study.
Nowadays, the management of operational risks in banking ̶ in particular conduct risks ̶ is becoming an increasingly important part of risk management. The financial crisis of 2008 and partly related to it, the Hungarian foreign currency loan crisis, have highlighted on the importance of this. Both crises were triggered, besides other reasons, by unfair banking practices and by the failure to respect the principle of fair banking. In my research I am looking for answers to the question to what extent can be considered unfair banking practices if banks impose several financial products on their customers, such as insurance and overdraft facilities, which they do not need. I will also examine to what extent the customers are aware of the fact, that they get a linked product and what it means for them in terms of risk-taking. My research consists of several parts. Firstly, I define operational and conduct risks. After that focusing on Hungary, I will examine the sales and commercial banking practices that played a role in the development of the foreign currency loan crisis, with a particular focus on the conduct risks. I will define what can be considered unfair banking practices. At the end of my theoretical overview I take into consideration why the linked products sold by today's Hungarian financial institutions are problematic and how information asymmetry drives a wedge between the bank and the customer. I also conduct primary research in the course of my research. Using an online questionnaire, I investigate the choice between current account structures of the Hungarian adult population. The results are analysed by using statistical methods.
Disposal of public records is an ordinary element of document management, which is also practiced nowadays by various organizations. The arrangement of disposal depends on the own records schedules of the offices, authorities and institutions and the County Archives can review this process. was formed for the first time in the Hungarian history in the 1950s, when the government attempted to regulate the integrated order of disposal of public records. However the regulations were not detailed, prudent and therefore appropriate enough,so the officials could hardly distinguish the „long-term value records” and the worthless documents. Furthermore there were local cadres, who did not even know these regulations. At the same time, after the Second World War there was a huge selection of records supported by the government, because of the lack of paper. The main standing-point has become the quantity, independently of the quality of the wasted historical papers. Political aspects also appeared during the process. For example, a newsreel from 1953 promoted the disposal as it was a good opportunity to destroy the „dusty corpus delictis of the bygone world’s bureaucrats” meaning the documents originated before 1945. For these reasons a lot of valuable documents were transported to the Papermill of Szolnok as recyclable raw material. Archivist Antal Szedő wrote several reports on the large amount of important scripts he found there. For example in 1950 Szedő found 2000 kilograms of valuable documents originated from Debrecen from the 18th and 19th century. There were also cases in the County of Szolnok, where councils made irresponsible decisions during the selection. Once archivists found old and estimable documents (including protocols from the 19th century) of Jászalsószentgyörgy, Kenderes and Besenyszög in the By-product and Waste Utilization Company of Szolnok. Unfortunately not all records could be rescued, so probably a lot of relevant ones were destructed in 1950s.
Transfer news and events generate as much, if not more, interest than the final matches of the most prestigious cup competitions. It is not uncommon for a player's playing rights (which clubs recognise as intangible assets) to change hands for sums in excess of €10 million or even €100 million, with the outstanding revenues of the most prestigious Big 5 leagues contributing greatly to the reality of these transactions. The aim of this study is to provide a comparative analysis of player transfer activity in the Big 5 leagues, focusing on the correlations and relationships between league revenues, transfer spending and revenues, using financial and player transfer data from 2017 and onwards. In terms of the extent of transactions, it can be concluded that player transfers are crucial for the financial management, profitability and stability of football clubs. Accordingly, the highest transfer spending occurs in the leagues with the highest revenue generating capacity. In total, between 2016 and 2021 - €7.5 billion will be diverted from the Big 5 leagues.
The innovation policies of the pharmaceutical industry are determined mainly by elements of the macro-environment that influence the strategic directions of the companies. In this context, the study aimed to examine whether and to what extent determined the expansion or reduction of the workforce of pharmaceutical companies in the last decade by macro-environmental indicators. These indicators represent the political, economic, social and technological innovation environment well, which are also considered their strategic decisions. The analysis was based on sectoral and macroeconomic indicators and industry employment data for 27 European countries. The results of the multivariate statistical analysis show that the economic potential of each country's uptake market, the volume of governmental support, and the human development index significantly influenced the evolution of pharmaceutical employment over the period under study.
