The practical space age began in the 1950s. Its origins are well known. It is generally accepted that the broader concept of modern space commercialization emerged at the beginning of the 21st century [3]. Development will continue in both the civilian and military spheres, as evidenced by the works included in this issue of "Przegląd Komunikacyjny" [1, 2]. A new industry is developing before our eyes. Countries wishing to build this type of business must not only provide adequate financial resources but also contribute to the training of human resources in the field of advanced technologies. The development of space education in Poland to date has been spontaneous. Pioneers recognized emerging opportunities and undertook initiatives based on existing knowledge from other areas of human education and activity. For example, during a classic graduate seminar at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at Wrocław University of Science and Technology, "Future-oriented" fields of study were defined. In 2000, one of the graduate students at the time became interested in space issues and, along with colleagues from other institutions, became a founding member of the "Mars Society Polska," originally established by Robert Zubrin from the USA in 1998, focusing on Mars colonization and exploration projects. The then-student is currently among the founding members of the Mars Society.
Introduction In the era of network-centric warfare and hybrid conflicts, space has been recognized by NATO as the fifth operational domain—alongside land, sea, air, and cyberspace. This study presents the strategic importance of satellite technologies for modern defense systems and the national security of the Republic of Poland, embedding the analysis in the context of the global transformation of the battlefield, where information is becoming a decisive factor of advantage. Despite the adoption of the Polish Space Strategy in 2017, which envisages building a national space potential by 2030, key implementing instruments—the National Space Program and the Space Activities Act—have not yet been developed and implemented. The Ministry of Development and Technology has failed to prepare the required legal acts, create mechanisms for monitoring the implementation of the National Space Program, and ensure proportionality between Poland's contributions to ESA and the value of contracts awarded. As a result, the participation of domestic companies in ESA tenders is among the lowest in Europe. A lack of coordination between the Ministry of Energy, Technology, and the Ministry of National Defense (MAP) is also problematic. This results in the dispersion of resources, duplication of expertise, and a loss of synergy between the civilian and defense sectors.
Abstract: MIRORES is a compact mid-infrared (MIR) to far-infrared (FIR) spectrometer designed for geological prospecting on the Moon and Earth. It covers the 6–20 µm range (optionally extending to ~45 µm) at ~0.5 µm spectral resolution, enabling detection of mineral signatures (e.g., phosphates, oxides) not observable with visible/near-infrared sensors. A 256×320 focal plane array (with 16 narrowband channels of 20 rows each) and two additional detectors for apatite and ilmenite, paired with a lightweight optical system, delivers robust performance in both lunar and terrestrial applications. Field trials and integration plans demonstrate technical readiness and strategic alignment with space resource initiatives. Keywords: Infrared Spectroscopy; Remote Sensing; Ore geology; Space Resources
At the Polish Space Agency (POLSA), we have always enthusiastically entered the new decade with ambitious development plans to strengthen Poland's position on the international stage and accelerate technological and economic progress in the country. In an era of increasing competition in the space sector, as a key institution, we have worked with commitment to build space infrastructure, develop innovative technologies and promote international cooperation. Our priorities for the coming years, in my opinion, should include, among other things, the development of advanced satellite systems, participation in space exploration, enhancing security in orbit, and building a human resource base for the space sector. The Polish Space Agency (POLSA) was established in 2014 to support the development of the domestic space sector and integrate it with international programs. Over the decade, Poland has become an active participant in global initiatives, signing agreements with ESA, NASA and agencies from France, Italy, the US and Israel, among others, and joining the Artemis Accords in 2021 opened the way for Poland to participate in lunar exploration missions.
Abstract: Using Fieldorfa Street in Wrocław as an example, the impact of concrete pavement construction technology on selected performance characteristics was analyzed. The street in question was constructed in two sections. The first section was constructed using commercial technology without the use of dedicated concrete paving machines. The second section was constructed using specialized concrete pavers. Based on measurements of the longitudinal evenness index (IRI), the macrotexture index (MPD), and the coefficient of friction, it was found that there was variation in results between the sections, but significant variation in the evenness index. Keywords: Texture; Roughness; Concrete Pavement, OBSI, IRI, MPD
Abstract: The paper investigates the feasibility of utilizing iTwin Capture Modeler software, which is designed for generating 3D models from photogrammetric data, in the design of railway infrastructure. Basing on general requirements of photogrammetric data acquisition and previous micro scale analysis, the methodology was developed. The study presents the results of an analysis of an existing double slip on straight tracks located in Koscierzyna Railway Museum. The generated 3D model allowed to determine the geometric layout of the analysed crossing. Keywords: Project; Railway track; Photogrammetry; Digital twins
Introduction The world is currently undergoing turbulent development. Preparations for a world war are underway. Geostrategists have been analyzing the changing international situation for several years now. Further dates and potential locations for a major conflict are being set. The topic is common knowledge in many parts of the world. Cities have been selected for nuclear attack, and potential spheres of influence have been defined. Since 2022, industrial companies have been preparing for what may soon happen. As a society, we are receiving information and even instructions, such as a "safety guide," on how to behave in this hour of testing. This paper presents several general observations based on, among other things, known history and the many discussions that have been taking place in Lower Silesia over the years. It also outlines development concepts that could be implemented after the end of any potential conflict.
Abstract: This article presents a new hybrid model for analysing the dynamics of a railway track subjected to excitations generated by a rail vehicle, taking into account the dynamic forces at the wheel-rail interface. It is demonstrated that combining a multi-body force generator with a continuous multi-layer analytical model of the railway track is feasible and enables the analysis of both time-varying forces generated by the vehicle and the response of the track surface depending on the values of the mechanical parameters of the structure. The model of mechanical vibrations of the track in the vertical direction is solved using a semi- analytical approximation method using wavelet filters. Combined with a force description obtained by modelling the mass system corresponding to the vehicle, this represents a novel approach to the parametric analysis of track response. Keywords: rail track; rail vehicle; wheel-rail contact forces; hybrid model
Abstract: The authors of the article Perspectives for the development of the Polish railway transport sector in the face of the energy crisis: A critical analysis focus on presenting key information and challenges concerning both the current state and future prospects of railway transport. This analysis is set against the backdrop of an escalating energy crisis, driven by various factors, many of which are beyond the control of energy-importing countries. According to the authors, particular attention should be given to short- and medium-term challenges resulting from Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, as well as to long-term structural difficulties that, paradoxically, may be even harder to address—namely, those related to the European Union’s implementation of policies aimed at achieving broad climate neutrality. Keywords: Rail transport; Climate neutrality; Energy
Abstract: The development of modern driver assistance systems, such as Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) and its enhanced version ACC+, represents a significant step towards improving road safety. This article analyzes the operation of these systems in the context of the causes and effects of traffic accidents. Based on the reconstruction of a specific traffic incident, a detailed assessment of the impact of ACC and ACC+ on traffic safety was conducted. The study is based on the analysis of measurable technical parameters that change under varying road conditions, both with the systems activated and deactivated. The paper also discusses examples of preventive strategies for similar incidents, utilizing new technologies applied in modern vehicles. Particular attention is given to differences in vehicle behavior under various operational scenarios of ACC and ACC+ systems, with a focus on their impact on the safety of road users. This article contributes to the development of knowledge on minimizing accident risks through advanced driver assistance systems. Keywords: ACC; ACC+; Safety; Traffic
Abstract:The increasing of space exploration is causing an increase in the demand for nanosatellites and biomedical methodologies. The latest trend is to replace experiments conducted on the International Space Station (ISS) with research performed using autonomous satellites in the CubeSat standard carrying a biomedical payload. This article describes the lab- payload for the first European bio-nanosatellite. The platform enables long-term cultivation of 3 biological experiments simultaneously. This platform is equipped with dedicated lab-on- chips, containers with medium, medium dosing system, optical detection system, lighting, heating system and sensors for reading temperature, humidity, pressure and radiation. Keywords: payload; lab-chip; astrobiology; CubeSat
Abstract: On 28-30 October 2024 in Łódź, during International Scientific and Technical Conference ‘High-Speed Railway Development in Poland’, the needs, opportunities, and challenges related to the ongoing preparation, subsequent implementation, and future operation of high-speed rail in Poland were widely discussed. Statements made during debates and discussions accompanying various presentations were used to formulate conclusions, which were documented and handed over to decision-makers and stakeholders for their use. This article presents and briefly summarises those conclusions, making them accessible to all interested parties. Keywords: High-speed rail (HSR); Compatibility of HSR with the Polish railway system; Building HSR competence
Abstract: The study concerns the application of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in the process of railway infrastructure upgrading. The research site was railway line no. 218 Prabuty-Kwidzyn (Poland). The main aim was to verify integration of BIM tools, particularly OpenRail Designer, to enhance the geometric complexity and operational efficiency of railway projects. The methodology included: terrain data acquisition, reconstruction of the existing state, preparation of new project documentation. Upgrading was based on redesigning track alignments, introducing dual tracks, and achieving a target maximum speed of 120 kph, thereby improving both technical and operational parameters. The findings show BIM's potential for interdisciplinary collaboration. Future work suggests integrating train movement simulations to improve the evaluation of modernization benefits. Keywords: BIM, upgrading, railway line, OpenRail Designer, designing 3D
Abstract: This article provides an overview of concrete pavement surface finishing methods. Various methods used since the first introduction of rigid cement concrete pavement technologies are presented. It is concluded that different surface finishing methods significantly impact operational characteristics, particularly noise emissions. Currently, proven and optimal methods are recommended: grinding, grooving, and "exposed aggregates." Keywords: Concrete pavement; Texture; Grinding; Grooving; "Exposed Aggregate"
Abstract: The article discusses the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) issued on 22 October 2024 in case C-653/22 (the so-called Kolin case), which presents important findings for the practice of awarding public contracts in the EU. This ruling sheds new light on the participation of entities from non-EU countries in public procurement procedures, particularly those countries that have not concluded international agreements with the EU guaranteeing reciprocal and equal access to public procurement markets. Most importantly, the Kolin case judgment highlights the significant role of contracting authorities, who may restrict access for entities from such countries in specific public procurement procedures in Poland or other EU Member States. Keywords: Court of Justice of the European Union; Public procurement; Third-country access; Public procurement directives
Abstract: This article outlines the current guidelines for the geotechnical design of High- Speed Rail (HSR). Special attention is given to aspects of dynamic stability of the soil substrate as a new technical challenge. The vibro-replacement technology is indicated as a suitable reinforcement solution that meets the design requirements for railway trackbeds, with technical details of its implementation provided. Examples of the application of gravel columns for conventional railways in Poland and High-Speed Rail outside the country are discussed. Keywords: High-Speed Rail; Central Communication Port; Geotechnics; Design; Dynamic Stability; Vibro-replacement; Gravel Columns
Abstract: This article analyzes the prospects and scenarios for the development of high-speed rail in Poland against the backdrop of experiences from other European countries. Despite early investments, such as the Central Rail Line from the 1970s, Poland remains behind in the process of European high-speed infrastructure. A significant change in this regard was the introduction of speeds of 160 km/h and subsequently the introduction of Pendolino trains. This improved the quality of transport; however, their full potential (250 km/h) is still not fully utilized. Planned investments, including the modernization of the Central Rail Line and the construction of the "Y" high-speed line (Warsaw–Łódź–Wrocław–Poznań), aim to significantly increase train speeds and enhance the competitiveness of rail transport. An analysis of the experiences of France, Germany, Italy, and Spain indicates positive economic and environmental effects of implementing high-speed rail systems, while also highlighting different planning and operational models of individual HSR (High-Speed Rail) systems. This allows for the assessment of individual models in terms of the applicability of their elements in the implementation and development program of the high-speed rail system in Poland. Keywords: High-speed rail; Rail infrastructure; Investments
Abstract: The requirements of the CPK Railway Standards in selected technical areas were presented during the International Scientific and Technical Conference ‘High-Speed Railway Development’ in Poland. These standards comprise thirty-two volumes. Most users read them as a set of requirements relevant to their specific area of interest. However, it is worth considering them from a broader perspective. This is precisely what this article aims to explore. Keywords: High-speed rail (HSR); HSR legal regulations; Standardisation; HSR technical standards
Abstract: In the introduction, the article discusses the specifics of CCS, telecommunications, and power supply systems on railway lines, as well as the barriers to effective implementation of these systems to date. It also characterizes the technical specifics of the planned Polish HSR network. The article then outlines the key role of the Eulynx specification in defining the requirements for CCS systems on this HSR network, presents the optimal hardware architecture for this system, and discusses the important role of telecommunications and data transmission systems and their designed technical characteristics. The next system described is the 2x25 kV AC traction power supply, where, in addition to the technical aspects, the succes story is presented regarding the design of this system and the arrangements for its connection to the power transmission grid in Poland. In conclusion, an implementation approach is presented, understood as the optimal split of tenders and contracts for industry packages. Keywords: HSR in Poland; Eulynx; ETCS without signals; Interlocking; CTC; SIL4 Cloud; MPLS-TP; 2x25 kV AC Power Supply
Abstract: The review of space applications of MEMS sensors as well as the fi rst presentation of plasma fluid optical gas microspectrometer and ion mass microspectrometer, developed in Poland for future Venusian, Martian and Lunar missions have been presented. Additionally, Polish subminiature biomedical lab-on-chip payload and its space tests at LOE has been showed. Finally CSAC atomic microclock and its applications has been discussed. Keywords: MEMS; Space; Miniaturization; Spectrometer; Lab-chip; CSAC
