Assessment of leadership behavior has become more important than ever in recent years to enhance the managerial and leadership qualities of health managers to improve the capacity of healthcare delivery to the people of the country. A descriptive type of cross-sectional study was conducted among 154 medical doctors working in different management positions, between January and December of 2023, to observe gender related variation in their leadership behavior traits. Data was collected by face-to-face interview using modified Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). Four leadership styles (autocratic, democratic, transformational and laissez-faire) were assessed. 15 factors were taken into consideration; each factor had 3 associated questions. Using factor analysis, leadership behavior was classified as high, moderate and low; low value was 0–4, while medium and high values were 5–8 and 9–12, respectively. The mean age of the respondents was (43.25±8.387) years; 35.7% belonged to 41–50 years age group. 74.7% were male and 25.3% were female (male-female ratio was nearly 3:1). Most of our study participants exhibited moderate levels of autocratic (66.2%) and laissez-faire (50.2%) leadership behaviour in their managerial roles. In contrast, they displayed high levels of democratic (96.8%) and transformational (93.5%) leadership behavior. Regarding gender difference, there was an association between gender and autocratic and democratic leadership behavior traits (p<0.05). However, no association was observed between gender and transformational and laissez faire leadership behavior traits (p>0.05). Male managers possessed moderate autocratic (φ=0.245) and laissez-faire (φ=0.073) leadership behaviour traits and high democratic (φ=0.315) and transformational (φ=0.819) leadership behaviour traits, as compared to their female counterparts. International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 10 No. 04 Oct’26 Page: 257-262
Deficiency of vitamin D is a major health problem globally and is associated with different chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to assess serum vitamin D levels according to age and gender at the Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Sylhet, Bangladesh. A total 173 patients attending INMAS, Sylhet, for serum vitamin D levels evaluation from July 2022 to June 2023 were included in the study. Patients with vitamin D replacement therapy were excluded from this study. Serum viamin D was determined by Siemens ADVA Centaur XPT chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) System. Patients were classified as vitamin D-deficient, insufficient or sufficient based on the serum vitamin D concentrations of <20 ng/mL, 20-30 ng/mL, or >30 ng/mL, respectively. Among study subjects 122 (70.5%) were female and 51(29.5%) were male. The age of the patients ranged from 05 to 81 years with the mean age was 40.24±15.38 years. Regarding the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among the study participants, 73.41% were found to be deficient in vitamin D, while 15.03% had insufficient and 11.56% had sufficient levels of vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent in the age group of 0–18 years (88.88%), followed by 37–54 (78.57%) and 19–36 years age group (74.64%). Regarding vitamin D deficiency status by gender, females were more in numbers 98(80.32%) having deficient in vitamin D levels compared to its male counterparts 29(56.86%), while in insufficiency status was found in 12(9.84%) females and 14(27.45%) males. Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in this study. We recommend evaluation of causal relationship and other risk factors with vitamin D deficiency in a larger sample size. International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 10 No. 04 Oct’26 Page: 270-273
The activation of both cellular and humoral links of innate and acquired immunity with an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines can be observed at the various stages of the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. In some cases, dysregulation of the “cytokine cascade” leads to significant changes in the blood coagulation system, platelet activation, changes in the vascular wall, and the formation of blood clots in vessels of various sizes. The present study observed changes in the levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-18, and tumor necrosis factor -α and their effect on the main parameters of the hemostatic system and endothelial dysfunction in patients with late-stage of rheumatoid arthritis in condition of comorbidity with antiphospholipid syndrome. This cross-sectional study included 80 patients aged 40 to 65 years with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis – 40 people with antiphospholipid syndrome and 40 without it. There was a direct correlation between increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an increase in platelet count, prothrombin index, fibrinogen, D-dimer, and endothelin-1; and an inverse correlation with values of activated partial thromboplastin time. It was found that an increase in the concentration of interleukin-6, interleukin-18 and tumor necrosis factor-α is associated with increased hypercoagulation, increased markers of endothelial dysfunction and thrombosis, which undoubtedly worsens the course of the underlying disease. International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 10 No. 04 Oct’26 Page: 283-287
Septal hematoma is an uncommon complication that is usually seen in a case of traumatic nasal bone fracture. However, it is very rare to have a spontaneuous septal hematoma. We report case of 44 years old Malay lady presented to us with complain of epistaxis, with worsening blockage, nasal pain and sneezing for past 5 days. However, she had no history of trauma. Rigid 0 degree nasoendoscopy done and noted septal swelling and felt bogginess upon palpation. Aspiration done noted 5cc blood seen. Incision and drainage done and bilateral nasal packing inserted. Patient was admitted in ward for observation and eventually discharged well. This case is important to highlight the clinical features and diagnostic challenges associated with septal hematoma, particularly when there is no history of trauma. This case report highlights the importance of early recognition and prompt management regardless unidentifiable cause in order to prevent from complications such as septal abscess, cartilage necrosis and saddle nose deformity. Above all, this is to raise awareness among clinicians about rare but potentially serious condition. International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 10 No. 04 Oct’26 Page: 297-299
Rhinosporodiosis may have varied presentations including tumor like masses at various extra nasal sites. It is challenging at times to distinguish them with malignant soft tissue neoplasms on basis of clinical and radiological findings alone. Cytology and histopathology may prove to be very useful to ascertain the exact nature of such ambiguous lesions. Strong clinical acumen, coupled with knowledge of extra nasal sites and diverse presenting features may help us in making a proper diagnosis. A rare occurrence of palmar rhinosporidiosis has been documented in this case report. International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 10 No. 04 Oct’26 Page: 300-303
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is an increasingly recognized neurodevelopmental disorder affecting a significant number of children worldwide. In India, limited awareness and inadequate developmental screening contribute to delayed identification, particularly in rural settings. Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs), as frontline health workers, can play an important role in early identification of developmental disorders if adequately trained. The present study aimed to assess baseline knowledge regarding autism among ASHA workers in West Bengal, India, and to evaluate the effect of a structured educational intervention on their knowledge. An institution-based quasi-experimental study was conducted in the Rural Health Unit and Training Centre, Singur, West Bengal, India, using a before-and-after design without a control group, between March 2025 and March 2026. The study included 58 ASHA workers selected by simple random sampling. Baseline knowledge was assessed using the validated Knowledge about Childhood Autism among Health Workers (KCAHW) questionnaire. A structured educational intervention was delivered using PowerPoint presentations, posters, flipcharts, and leaflets in the local language. Knowledge was reassessed immediately after the intervention and at three-month follow-up. The mean baseline knowledge score was 0.79±1.94 with a median of 0. Knowledge improved significantly immediately after the intervention, with a mean score of 8.17±2.69 and median of 8. At three-month follow-up, the mean score was 5.83±2.86 with a median of 5. Friedman test showed a statistically significant difference across the three time points (p<0.001). Domain-wise analysis demonstrated substantial improvement across all domains following the intervention, with partial decline but sustained retention at three months. Baseline knowledge regarding autism among ASHA workers was inadequate, highlighting a critical gap in community-level capacity. Structured educational interventions can strengthen knowledge and support early identification and referral. Integrating autism-related training into routine ASHA capacity-building programs may enhance developmental surveillance and improve access to care for children in rural settings. International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 10 No. 04 Oct’26 Page: 274-282
Hypoglossal schwannoma(HS) is a rare benign tumor of the twelfth cranial nerve, and its extracranial presentation can closely resemble a submandibular gland mass. We report a patient with a painless, gradually enlarging left submandibular swelling initially thought to arise from the submandibular gland. Imaging revealed an enlarged left submandibular gland containing a well-defined, heterogeneous lesion and fine-needle aspiration(FNAC) suggested pleomorphic adenoma(PA). Surgical excision via a transcervical approach was performed, and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of schwannoma. Extracranial HS are exceedingly rare and may be misdiagnosed preoperatively. Complete surgical excision remains the treatment of choice, with nerve preservation crucial to prevent postoperative tongue weakness. International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 10 No. 04 Oct’26 Page: 304-308
Family planning is broadly acknowledged as a fundamental approach in public health for enhancing maternal and child health, remarkably preventing 32% of maternal deaths and 10% of child deaths. Lower levels of contraceptive uptake are observed among Muslim women than women of other faiths. This study investigated the determinants of contraceptive use among Muslim women of child bearing age in Mbale city in Uganda. This communitybased cross-sectional study was conducted among 374 Muslim women using intervieweradministered electronic questionnaires. The mean age of the participants was 338.8 years. The proportion of Muslim women who were currently using contraceptives was 32%. The associated factors included acceptability of family planning in the community (AOR=2.2, 95% CI: 1.104–4.314, p=0.025), desire to have more children later (AOR=6.8, 95% CI: 2.646–17.583, p<0.000), and counselling from a health worker on family planning (AOR=10.9, 95% CI: 5.372–22.013, p<0.001). The contraceptive use was relatively low among Muslim women. There is need to strengthen community-based family planning programs while engaging religious/community leaders and intensifying family planning counselling by health workers. International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 10 No. 04 Oct’26 Page: 288-296
Globally, children, adolescents, and young adults constitute the largest burden of Dengue. Early diagnosis is crucial for timely intervention and better outcome. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 51 children with dengue fever admitted in the Department of Paediatrics, Dr. M R Khan Shishu Hospital & Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh, between April and September of 2025, to assess the clinical features of the dengue infection in children and to evaluate the outcomes. The most common age of presentation was between 2 and 10 years. The most common presenting symptom was fever less than 5 days, seen in 51% cases followed by body ache (47%) and anorexia (38%) followed by rash (28%), diarrhea (22%) and cough and cold (22%). Vomiting (55%) and abdominal pain (37%) were common warning features followed by shock (18%). No co-morbidities were found. All the patients were recovered and discharged to home. Dengue in children bears the common presentation as evident by other research studies. Early suspicion and effective management can lead to a favorable outcome. International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 10 No. 04 Oct’26 Page: 236-239
Abstract not available International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 10 No. 04 Oct’26 Page: 213-216
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common health disorders characterized by anhedonia along with physical changes. MDD is a leading cause of disability worldwide. MDD treatment mainly focuses on improving the quality of life of the patients suffering from this disorder. Various modalities of treatment include initiating pharmacotherapy, focussed psychotherapy, or electroconvulsive therapies. The current treatment modalities focus on the monoamine hypothesis with a wide range of drugs available from tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Despite therapy with the currently available drugs a substantial proportion of patients do not achieve full remission with full-dose titration and there is still persistence of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). The currently available antidepressants drugs are associated with frequent adverse effects with tolerance limiting their long-term adherence. Delivery of psychotherapy has its own set of limitation and one of them is in form of delivery of psychotherapy. As many patients despite optimal therapy of currently available antidepressant drugs one-third of the patients do not respond to the currently available forms of therapy. The understanding of the pathophysiology has increased our knowledge with role of neuroplasticity, disrupted signalling pathway, decreased neurotropic factor expressions and altered functional connectivity of neurocircuitry also playing its role apart from the neurotransmission theory of depression. Opening up avenues for treatment of currently unanswered area for depression which include lag in onset of effect, tolerance to therapy, treatment resistant depression and delay in achieving remission. The current review tries to highlight the various options for treatment of depression for effective treatment of depression. International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 10 No. 04 Oct’26 Page: 217-226
A retrospective dosimetric analysis was conducted using treatment planning systems from two radiotherapy centers in Cross River State, Nigeria, equipped with advanced linear accelerators delivering Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT), to investigate the levels of out-of-field radiation doses in modern photon radiotherapy and strategies to minimize exposure to normal tissues. A total of 88 patient treatment plans (41 for pelvic cancer and 47 for breast cancer) were purposively selected from archived records. These plans included a range of clinically approved techniques and varied planning target volumes (PTVs), reflecting typical clinical scenarios. Out-of-field radiation doses were evaluated at fixed distances of 2.5 cm, 5 cm, and 10 cm from the edge of the treatment field. Dose-volume histogram (DVH) data were extracted from the treatment planning system and supplemented by phantom or in vivo measurements when available.The study compared the peripheral dose distributions between treatment modalities and anatomical regions. Results showed that out-of-field doses consistently declined with increasing distance from the treatment field but remained measurable and clinically relevant even at 10 cm, indicating the persistent impact of scatter and leakage radiation. Pelvic treatments exhibited significant modality-based dose differences, particularly at 5 cm, while breast cancer treatments revealed statistically significant differences at all measured distances. VMAT treatments were generally associated with higher and more variable out-of-field doses than IMRT. Larger PTV sizes were directly correlated with increased peripheral radiation exposure. To mitigate out-of-field doses, the study recommends optimizing beam arrangements, minimizing PTV sizes when feasible, and employing shielding. Continuous dose monitoring and quality assurance practices are essential, alongside exploring emerging technologies. This study highlights the importance of treatment planning decisions in reducing unnecessary radiation exposures to the surrounding normal tissues and supports the need for individualized, safety-conscious radiotherapy strategies. International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 10 No. 04 Oct’26 Page: 263-269
Wasting is an acute malnutrition condition in children under five defined by WHZ <-2 SD. Low birth weight may increase wasting risk due to limited energy reserves and higher infection susceptibility. This study aimed to examine the relationship between birth weight and wasting among children aged 1–5 years in Genuk Primary Health Center, Semarang, Indonesia. This case-control study included 68 children aged 1–5 years in the Genuk Public Health Center area, Semarang, selected by total sampling. Birth weight data were obtained from MCH books/health records, while wasting status was determined using WHZ from e-PPGBM. The association was analyzed using Spearman correlation coefficient test. The mean WHZ-score in the wasting group was found -2.29, while the mean WHZ-score in the non-wasting group was -0.33. The analysis of the relationship between birth weight and wasting incidence showed a p-value of 0.023 (i.e., p<0.05) and a Spearman correlation coefficient (r) of 0.275. Birth weight was found significantly associated with wasting among children aged 1–5 years in Genuk Public Health Center, Semarang, Indonesia, with a weak correlation. International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 10 No. 04 Oct’26 Page: 246-250
COVID-19 infection and its neurological manifestations were seen in children. A retrospective study was performed on hospitalized paediatric patients aged between 1 month and 18 years with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 to determine the frequency of different types of neurologic findings of hospitalized children with COVID-19. This study was conducted at Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences in Uttar Pradesh, India. Neurological manifestations were defined as the presence of any of the following symptoms: seizure, altered mental status, behavioral/personality change, ataxia, stroke, muscle weakness, smell and taste dysfunctions, and focal neurological disorders. A total of 250 children with COVID-19 were admitted and their mean age was 6.94±4.06 years. 53.6% of the patients were male. The most frequent neurological manifestation was seizure (26%), followed by muscle weakness (10%), loss of consciousness (24%), and focal neurological disorders (24%). Other neurological manifestations included headache (n=40), movement disorders (n=25), behavioural or personality change (n=12), ataxia (n=10), and stroke (n=10). 16% of the patients had leukocytosis. A neutrophil count above 70% was seen in 20% of the patients. 80% had a positive reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test for SARS-CoV-2. During the pandemic outbreak, hospitalized children with COVID-19 should be evaluated for neurological signs because it is common among them and should not be under-estimated. International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 10 No. 04 Oct’26 Page: 240-245
Osteoporosis leads to bone loss due to deficiency of minerals needed for building bone mass, which significantly inspirations a dental problems through affecting the jawbone. This study focused on mineral examination and decayed, missing, filling index (DMFT) as biomarker for diagnosing of osteoporosis. The panoramic radiography approves the relation between mandibular bone density and the disease. This case-control study was conducted on a total of 64 patients with osteoporosis aged between 35 and 65 years (36 females and 29 males), who were selected from patients referred to the Radiology Clinic at College of Dentistry, Al-Iraqia University, Iraq. A comparison was done with 20 healthy participants serving as a control group. The working out concluded that serum calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphate (ALP) and vitamin D are predictors of bone mineral density (BMD), which is directly related to the decayed, missing and filling index (DMFT) and thus contributes to the early diagnosis of osteoporosis using panoramic radiography to provide conclusive evidence of the above-mentioned disease. There was a significant difference (p=0.001) in biochemical factors in osteoporotic individuals. The panoramic radiographic images changes indicative of the evaluated condition using the Mandibular Cortical Index (MCI) to detect changes suggestive of osteoporosis. Moreover, highly significant difference between frequency of decay and missing teeth in comparison to the filled teeth in the study group (p=0001).The patients suffering from missing teeth and low bone mineral density need rapid identification of the risks for osteoporosis dental patients. International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 10 No. 04 Oct’26 Page: 251-256
Common sage (Salvia officinalis) leaf is used worldwide as a medicinal plant for various ailments. Its hepatoprotective effect was investigated on cyanide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. In this experimental study, thirty male Wistar rats, divided into five groups having six rats in each group (A, B, C, D and E). Group A which was the control, received 0.4ml/day corn oil, while group B had 0.4ml of potassium cyanide (7mg/kg/day) and group C received 0.4ml of sage plant leaf extract (500mg/kg/day) in saline. Group D received 0.4 ml sage plant leaf extract (500mg/kg/day) plus 0.4 ml potassium cyanide (7mg/kg/day) and group E received 0.4ml of sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) (600 mg/kg/day) plus 0.4ml of potassium cyanide (7mg/kg/day). Treatments were by oral route, daily, and weighed at intervals of 2 days for two weeks. Serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase) (ALP) activity and total proteins (TP) and total bilirubin (TB) were measured as liver function indicators. While liver malondialdehyde (MDA) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), glutathione- S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase were assessed as indices of oxidative stress. Standard methods were utilized for all the measurement. The increased activities of the liver function enzymes by cyanide-induction were restored by co-administration of either the sage (Salvia officinalis) leaf or sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3). The MDA level which was increased with reduced activities of GSH, GST, SOD and catalase on treatment with cyanide only, were all reversed on co-treatment of cyanide with sage leaf extract or chemical drug (sodium thiosulphate). The results revealed that common sage leaf protects the liver against cyanide-induced oxidative stress. International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 10 No. 04 Oct’26 Page: 227-235
Most of the neonates suffer from unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia due to rapid destruction of fetal haemoglobin. This condition is successfully treated by phototherapy. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, West Bengal, India, in collaboration with Department of Pediatrics, to compare unconjugated bilirubin versus total bilirubin in neonates over the course of treatment and to determine which one is best prognostic marker in phototherapy. Blood samples were collected from 148 neonates with jaundice undergoing phototherapy for unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia on commencement of phototherapy i.e., 3rd and 5th, 7th days of commencement of phototherapy and their unconjugated bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin and total bilirubin were measured using micro slide technology on Vitros 250 Dry Chemistry analyzer. All the neonates were thoroughly clinically evaluated to monitor the prognosis of phototherapy. Over the days, mean values of unconjugated bilirubin of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd samples of neonates showed a significant decrease (p<0.001), when baby undergoes successful phototherapy; however, the total bilirubin showed no significant change (p>0.05). In case of delta bilirubin, we did not find any statistically significant findings in any within group or between group comparisons (p>0.05). International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 10 No. 02 Apr’26 Page: 92-98
One of the recent evidence-based interventions for dengue prevention is the tetravalent dengue vaccine TAK-003, which can play a vital role in reducing both the incidence and severity of dengue infections in endemic regions like Bangladesh. This vaccine can serve as a complex, multilevel intervention targeting primary prevention by immunizing individuals against all four dengue virus serotypes. By reducing the incidence of dengue infections, TAK-003 provides a preventive strategy that complements traditional vector control efforts. This paper aims to discuss implementation strategy for dengue vaccine rollout in Bangladesh. Implementing a school-based dengue vaccination program in Bangladesh involves tackling challenges like vaccine hesitancy, misinformation, and broader health behaviour determinants. Ensuring acceptance of the dengue vaccine, such as TAK-003, is crucial, as concerns about safety and misinformation can influence public perception. We also have proposed a multi-level, evidence-based intervention for dengue prevention among school-going children (aged 5–16 years) in Bangladesh, which has been structured around the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW). It has included key components such as vaccination, vector control, school-based awareness campaigns, early diagnosis, and digital health interventions. These components aim to address factors influencing Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation. Implementing such a complex intervention in a low-resource setting like Bangladesh necessitates a critical feasibility assessment. The BCW’s APEASE framework (Affordability, Practicability, Effectiveness, Acceptability, Side Effects, and Equity) could be used for this evaluation. This approach ensures that the intervention is not only theoretically sound but also adaptable to the Bangladeshi context, making it affordable, practical, and effective while addressing potential ethical concerns, including equity and community acceptability. International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 10 No. 02 Apr’26 Page: 71-77
Wilms tumor is the most common primary malignant renal tumor of childhood. Treatment of Wilm’s tumor consists of surgery, chemotherapy and occasionally radiotherapy. Counseling of parents, regarding the treatment cost is one of the most important components of treatment. However, as there is no published article or data is available in Bangladesh regarding the actual treatment cost of the disease, it becomes very difficult for the paediatric oncologists and paediatricians to give exact idea to the parents about the treatment cost. This cross-sectional, observational study was aimed to ascertain the treatment cost of Wilms tumor in Bangladesh. The study was done in the Department of Paediatric Hematology & Oncology and Department of Paediatric Surgery of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) Hospital and Department of Paediatric Surgery of Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, between December 2010 and May 2011. Sixteen patients were enrolled from indoor and outpatient department of both the hospitals. Data was collected by interviewing parents and checking the order for chemotherapy. Investigation cost and medicine cost was calculated from money receipt of the hospital and medicine store respectively. Data was noted in the prepared questionnaire form and cost of treatment of individual patient was calculated. The treatment cost including operative, chemotherapy and radiotherapy cost was calculated in free bed and paying bed of both the hospitals. In free bed, treatment cost for stage–I was USD 427.26, while for stage II–IV was USD 529.35. In paying bed, treatment cost was USD 548.59 for stage–I, USD 653.24 for Stage II–IV, and USD 2802.71 for relapsed cases with intensive chemotherapy. In private hospitals, treatment cost was USD 756.35 and USD 858.44, for stage–I and Stage II–IV respectively. To conclude, treatment cost depended upon the staging, histology and whether the treatment was done in Government Hospital or private hospital. However, if a child with Wilms tumor presents at earlier stage, the treatment is quite affordable at around USD 425 in government tertiary level hospital in Bangladesh. International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 10 No. 02 Apr’26 Page: 99-102
An analytical, case-control study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry of R. G. Kar Medical College & Hospital, West Bengal, India, to evaluate changes in serum uric acid levels in patients with thyroid disorders. 50 newly diagnosed cases of primary hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in each group, both males and females aged 15-60 years (before starting any kind of thyroid medications) were taken as cases. 50 age and sex matched apparently healthy euthyroid individuals were taken as controls. Our exclusion criteria were: children, older individuals (>60 years), thyroid disorders other than primary hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, chronic kidney disease etc. Serum uric acid levels were observed 4.19±0.74 mg/dL, 7.07±1.15 mg/dL, and 4.33±1.01 mg/dL in euthyroid control group, hypothyroid and hyperthyrod patients respectively. Serum uric acid level was found increased in hypothyroid patients as compared to hyperthyroid patients and control individuals. A significant positive correlation was found between serum TSH and uric acid levels in primary hypothyroidism cases (r = +0.765; p<0.05). Besides, a significant negative correlation was observed between serum FT4 and uric acid levels in primary hypothyroidism cases (r = 0.664; p<0.05). Association of serum uric acid with TSH levels in primary hyperthyroid cases did not follow normal distribution pattern; however, it showed statistically non-significant negative correlation (r = 0.223; p>0.05). No differences were observed in serum uric acid levels in cases of primary hyperthyroidism compared to age and sex matched euthyroid controls (p>0.05). However, higher serum uric acid levels were observed in primary hypothyroidism compared to primary hyperthyroidism patients (p<0.05). International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 10 No. 02 Apr’26 Page: 116-121
