Isosorbide (ISB), a rigid bicyclic diol derived from glucose, is an attractive bio-based monomer for sustainable polymers, but its production typically relies on multi-step processes and fossil-based catalysts. Herein, a one-pot route producing ISB directly from glucose is demonstrated using a dual functional catalytic system comprising sulfonated Ru catalyst supported on a sugarcane leaf biochar (Ru-S-CSCL) physically mixed with Amberlyst-15. Ru-S-CSCL containing 1–6 wt% Ru was prepared; the 5 wt% catalyst (5Ru-S-CSCL) was fully characterized and combined with Amberlyst-15 at various weight ratios (0:50–50:0). Glucose (0.5–2.5 g), mixed catalyst (10–60 wt%), and water were reacted at 160–240 °C under 1–6 MPa H2 for 12–24 h. The best performance, with an ISB yield of 50.12% and selectivity of 50.91%, was achieved using 1 g glucose, 0.25 g 5Ru-S-CSCL, and 0.25 g Amberlyst-15 (total catalyst loading of 50 wt%) at 220 °C for 18 h under 5 MPa H2. Characterization indicates that the synergy between Ru hydrogenation sites and sulfonic acid groups is critical for efficient one-pot ISB formation. Catalyst reusability was further evaluated under the optimum reaction conditions, revealing a gradual decline in catalytic activity, which was mainly attributed to the partial leaching of Ru and sulfonic acid groups, resulting in catalyst deactivation. The applicability of the catalytic system was further demonstrated by extending the process to ISB production from microcrystalline cellulose and pretreated SCL. These results demonstrate that SCL-derived biochar is a competitive and sustainable catalyst support for one-pot ISB production from renewable biomass.
Electricity prices in deregulated markets are influenced by multiple interdependent factors, including demand fluctuations, fuel costs, renewable energy penetration, carbon pricing, and weather variability, making their prediction highly challenging. The volatile and non-stationary nature of these prices often leads to overfitting, poor generalization, and convergence to local minima in predictive models. This study develops and evaluates three machine learning models—K-Nearest Neighbors Regression (KNNR), Extra Trees Regression (ETR), and CatBoost Regression (CATR)—along with their hybrid variants optimized using three nature-inspired algorithms: the Starfish Optimization Algorithm (SOA), the Dollmaker Optimization Algorithm (DOA), and the Ladybug Beetle Optimization Algorithm (LBOA). Hybridization leverages mechanisms such as adaptive population control, mutation diversification, and roulette-wheel selection to enhance hyperparameter tuning and improve exploration of the search space. All models are rigorously tested using 5-fold cross-validation and evaluated with R2, RMSE, MARE, MBE, and U95 metrics to assess accuracy, stability, and convergence. Results demonstrate that the LBOA-enhanced self-attention CatBoost (CASA) consistently surpasses baseline and other hybrid models, achieving R2 above 0.97 and RMSE below 2.5 across training, validation, and test datasets. The paper demonstrates how well adaptive metaheuristic optimization and attention mechanisms work together to provide a reliable, scalable, and comprehensible framework for simulating intricate power market dynamics.
The accelerated advancement of Indonesia’s forthcoming capital, Ibu Kota Nusantara (IKN), intensifies environmental challenges related to acid mine drainage (AMD) and the accumulation of circulating fluidized bed combustion fly ash (CFA) alongside palm oil fuel ash (POFA). This study proposes a circular dual-valorization strategy by synthesizing Na-P1 (gismondine-type) zeolite from low-grade CFA and high-silica POFA through alkali activation, followed by steam curing and calcination, to enable simultaneous AMD remediation and material reuse in concrete applications.Mineralogical analyses confirmed the formation of crystalline aluminosilicate frameworks. The synthesized zeolite demonstrated high remediation efficiency, increasing AMD pH from 2.1 to 8.5 and achieving near-complete removal of Fe, Mn, and sulfate ions, along with significant reduction of total suspended solids within 24 h. Post-treatment characterization revealed partial structural transformation of the zeolite; however, its functionality as an artificial aggregate was retained, contributing to internal curing and achieving compressive strengths of 18.4–18.9 MPa at 10% replacement in conventional concrete, and up to 44.4 MPa in self-compacting concrete. The results further indicate that alkali molarity critically governs the competition between zeolitization and geopolymeric gel formation, thereby controlling both adsorption capacity and mechanical performance.Unlike conventional studies that treat adsorption performance and structural reuse separately, this work demonstrates a coupled mechanism in which AMD-reacted zeolite undergoes controlled physicochemical evolution while remaining functionally viable as a construction material.This work presents a scalable circular solution for integrated waste valorization, AMD remediation, and sustainable construction material development, addressing both environmental pollution and resource scarcity in emerging urban regions.
In this study a degradation-aware, sustainability-focused optimization framework based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) has been developed to specify the dimensions and performance parameters for a hybrid energy storage system (ESS) integrating batteries with supercapacitors (SCs) as dual energy sources in electric vehicles (EVs). A single-objective cost minimization model is developed to find the optimal level of the most efficient hybrid ESS while considering the degradation effect and the total lifecycle cost. An optional lifecycle carbon assessment module is included for environmental evaluation when emission data are available. In addition, the model identifies reference HESS configurations by determining the battery–SC power split through a constrained optimization process rather than relying on a fixed rule-based or predefined energy management strategy. This allows the sizing results to be interpreted as design-level references that can later be implemented with different real-time control strategies. The proposed model is applied to an urban electric-vehicle platform comparable to the 2024 Nissan Leaf operating under the WLTC driving cycle. From the results, it was observed that the optimally balanced hybrid ESS could extend the lifespan of the battery by up to 46%, minimize the total cost of ownership by 41%, and reduce the lifecycle CO2 emissions by 39% if applicable.
The Middle East stands among the most active regions in advancing sustainability goals and pro-environmental practices by deploying low-carbon solutions, including decarbonizing the transportation sector. Empirical research on how consumers’ environmental behaviors could influence decisions towards the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) remains very limited. The present study aims to fill this gap by focusing on two key Middle Eastern contexts: Qatar and Jordan and proposing key enablers that bridge the gap between responsible pro-environmental behavior and effective adoption of EVs. Using PLS structural equation modeling, this study employed a quantitative survey to collect cross-sectional data through convenience sampling of 480 real users in Qatar and Jordan, aged 18 to over 60 years (Mean age = 40 years, SD = 10.3). The results show that EV adoption sustainability is significantly impacted by relative advantages, price value, country of origin, hedonic motivation, and ecological worldview. Pro-environmental behavior and government incentives were found not to directly impact the sustainability of EV adoption. Ecological worldview, instead, was found to fully mediate the relation pro-environmental behavior and EV sustainable adoption. Gender was found to be a significant moderator of the relationship between country of origin and ecological worldview and EV sustainable adoption. The findings offer a grounded understanding of how responsible behavioral views and practical drivers can lead to the effective deployment of clean transportation for a sustainable future.
The global surge in biodegradable plastics production–projected to reach a market value of $28 billion by 2030–has been widely heralded as a promising solution to the persistent crisis of plastic pollution. Yet this narrative obscures a critical dilemma: most commercially available biodegradable polymers require strictly controlled industrial composting conditions to degrade effectively. In the absence of such infrastructure–which remains unavailable in the vast majority of municipalities–these materials persist for centuries in soil and marine environments, contaminate conventional recycling streams, and foster consumer complacency through misleading “degradable” labeling. This review critically examines the disconnect between the promise and reality of biodegradable plastics, arguing that the core challenge lies not in materials science per se but in systemic design failure. We analyze the infrastructural, economic, behavioral, and policy barriers that perpetuate this gap, including the linear take-make-dispose model that still governs most bioplastic life cycles, the scalability bottlenecks that confine most innovations to the laboratory, and the greenwashing risks inherent in current certification frameworks. Emerging research directions offer genuine pathways forward, yet their real-world impact depends on parallel evolution in waste treatment infrastructure, regulatory standards, and consumer education. We conclude that biodegradable plastics hold transformative potential only within closed-loop, manageable scenarios such as food waste collection bags, agricultural mulch films, and controlled-event tableware. Their indiscriminate deployment in systems unprepared to process them, however, constitutes not environmental protection but a carefully packaged green illusion. The path forward requires prioritizing applications where conventional plastics are hardest to recycle and most prone to environmental leakage, coupled with harmonized policy instruments, transparent life-cycle assessment as a design prerequisite, and a fundamental rethinking of society’s relationship with single-use materials.
Aquaponics offers sustainable alternatives for food production, but its complexity limits its adoption in communities without technical training. This study co-designed a categorical nomogram for projecting production in aquaponic systems using the Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) approach, in collaboration with the Chaparralunas Women’s Network for Peace, an organization of indigenous, afro-descendant, and rural women living in the municipality of Chaparral (Colombia). The nomogram scales were constructed using multivariate logarithmic regression; validation included the System Usability Scale (SUS) and relative error across three readings per participant, compared with a reference spreadsheet. The nomogram obtained a SUS score of 77.07% (good usability). Eighty-two percent of participants obtained a reading in less than 1 min with a relative error of less than 5%; whereas with the categorical scale, the error was zero in all cases. The CBPR approach facilitated the incorporation of cultural elements into the design, generating motivation and a desire to learn. The categorical nomogram is an effective tool for transferring aquaponics technology to developing communities.
Green technology (GreenTech) represents the innovation frontier for sustainability that mitigates environmental impacts and climate change. However, existing GreenTech registry platforms are hampered by centralized architecture, opaque verification, and limited traceability. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes a blockchain-based GreenTech registry platform designed to enhance trust, verifiability, and transparency for transportation-related climate actions. First, built on the Ethereum public blockchain, the platform employs a dual architecture that combines on-chain immutability for ownership records, verification outcomes, and procurement contracts with off-chain PostgreSQL storage for high-frequency operational queries. Second, we define a suite of smart contracts for digitalizing GreenTech as immutable digital assets and quantifying GreenTech provider trustworthiness through a standardized credibility score. Finally, an illustrative application based on the U.S. Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) program demonstrates how the blockchain-based GreenTech registry would disseminate verifiable technology metadata, provide transparent verification trails, and facilitate GreenTech portfolio selection to decarbonize transportation. The experimental stress tests show that reliable blockchain performances need to modularize the transactions and configure the optimized text and image sizes (text ≤ 5 KB and images ≤ 100 KB), which can provide implementable guidance for industrial deployment and policy integration of credible GreenTech in the transportation sector. The results indicate that the dual architecture combining on-chain accountability with off-chain efficiency can strengthen trust, reduce verification delays, and provide actionable evidence for CMAQ-like programs and other public procurement settings.
Sustainable greenhouse production under Mediterranean climatic conditions requires reliable heating systems to maintain crop productivity during winter. This study presents a dynamic energy management framework for a greenhouse farm in Lebanon composed of 20 Quonset-type greenhouses installed on a 10,000 m2 site, heated and maintained at 18 °C using an air-source heat pump. Five operating strategies are investigated under limited photovoltaic (PV) installation area constraints, including a single diesel generator (550 kW) with and without heat recovery, dual diesel generators (550 and 120 kW), and hybrid photovoltaic–battery–diesel systems using either south-facing PV panels (426 panels, 92 lithium-ion batteries) or east–west-oriented PV arrays (720 panels, 155 lithium-ion batteries). Unlike conventional annual-average approaches, the proposed methodology employs an hourly dynamic simulation combined with a Multi-Source Dispatch Heuristic Algorithm (MSDHA) to coordinate diesel generation, photovoltaic production, battery storage, and thermal demand. A multi-objective Pareto optimization based on the importance of cost of energy (COE), renewable fraction, and payback period is applied to rank the investigated strategies. In addition, sensitivity analyses are conducted across multiple climate zones, years, and fluctuating diesel fuel prices to evaluate the robustness of the proposed framework under varying environmental and economic conditions. The results demonstrate that fully eliminating diesel generation remains impractical for greenhouse heating under the investigated conditions. Under balanced criteria, the dual-generator configuration achieved the best overall performance with a COE of 0.3455 $/kWh due to improved part-load efficiency. When environmental performance was prioritized (>60%), the hybrid south-facing PV configuration became the optimal solution with a COE of 0.3621 $/kWh for a fuel price of 0.85$/L. Overall, the developed framework provides a scalable optimization tool for greenhouse microgrid design and advanced agricultural energy management.
Locoregional cancer therapy has emerged as a transformative strategy to address the inherent limitations of systemic administration, including off-target toxicity and inadequate intratumoral drug accumulation. Sustainable hydrogels — defined herein as hydrogel systems derived from renewable or biocompatible polymers that exhibit biodegradability, minimize systemic toxicity and drug waste, provide durable therapeutic effects, and preferably originate from natural or sustainably sourced materials — have revolutionized local tumor treatment by enabling controlled and sustained drug release directly at tumor sites or within postsurgical cavities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in hydrogel-based platforms for local cancer therapy, with emphasis on rational material design principles, stimuli-responsive drug delivery strategies, and clinical translation progress. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels that leverage tumor microenvironment cues — including acidic pH, temperature gradients, matrix metalloproteinase overexpression, and reactive oxygen species — achieve spatiotemporally controlled drug release, enhancing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic exposure. The integration of nanomedicine with hydrogel networks through nano-in-micro technologies enables sequential delivery of chemotherapeutic agents, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and antiangiogenic drugs, creating synergistic combination therapies. Notably, the FDA approval of UGN-102 (mitomycin-containing thermogel) for low-grade intermediate-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer in June 2025 represents a landmark achievement validating hydrogel-based local therapy. Emerging applications that remain preclinical include postoperative immunotherapy to prevent recurrence, induction of tertiary lymphoid structures, NK cell delivery, and 3D-printed personalized hydrogel implants, none of which have yet advanced to clinical evaluation. Key challenges remain in optimizing drug release kinetics, establishing standardized characterization methods, navigating regulatory pathways, and identifying predictive biomarkers for patient stratification. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current landscape and future directions for sustainable hydrogels in precision oncology.
Environmental pollution has become one of the most important modifiable environmental determinants contributing to the global cancer burden. Increasing evidence indicates that exposure to air, water, soil, and emerging pollutants, including particulate matter (PM2.5), heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), microplastics, and nanomaterials, plays a critical role in cancer initiation and progression through complex biological mechanisms. This review synthesizes current evidence from an integrated environmental oncology perspective, emphasizing the molecular pathways linking environmental exposures to carcinogenesis. Environmental pollutants promote tumor development through both genotoxic and non-genotoxic mechanisms, including DNA damage, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, epigenetic dysregulation, endocrine disruption, immune remodeling, and impaired DNA repair. The review further discusses individual susceptibility, reproductive biomarkers as early indicators of environmental health, and the potential transgenerational effects of pollutant-induced epigenetic alterations. Based on current evidence, an integrated prevention framework encompassing source control, exposure monitoring, biomonitoring, risk stratification, and precision intervention is proposed to support environmentally related cancer prevention. Future research should prioritize complex mixture exposures, exposomics, multi-omics integration, biomarker validation, and environmental health equity to facilitate the transition from treatment-oriented oncology toward precision prevention and sustainable public health.
This study examines how Circular Economy (CE) practices and Industry 4.0 (I4.0) capabilities influence Sustainable Performance (SP) at the firm-level amid increasing environmental, social, and regulatory pressures. Although prior research suggests that digital technologies can support circular strategies, limited empirical evidence explains how I4.0 capabilities shape the CE–SP relationship at the firm-level across industries. To address this gap, the study investigates the direct, mediating, and moderating roles of operational and managerial I4.0 capabilities within the CE–SP nexus. A sequential mixed-methods design was employed, combining survey data from 138 firms analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with 10 semi-structured expert interviews for contextual validation. The findings show that CE practices positively influence economic, social, and environmental performance. Managerial I4.0 capabilities partially mediate the relationship between CE practices and social and environmental performance, whereas operational capabilities show no significant mediating effects. Although CE practices support the development of both operational and managerial digital capabilities, the moderating effects of I4.0 capabilities were limited and only marginally significant across selected sustainability dimensions. The study advances understanding of the CE–I4.0–SP relationship by showing that sustainability outcomes depend primarily on CE practices and managerial rather than purely operational digital capabilities. It also provides practical insights for managers and policymakers seeking to align digital transformation initiatives with CE objectives.
This study explores the impact of foreign direct investment on energy poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa over the period from 2005 to 2021 using panel data for 34 countries. The results indicate a statistically significant negative association between FDI inflows and energy poverty, considering several macroeconomic and structural variables. Its broad temporal and geographical scope have the potential to make this one of the most comprehensive cross-country analyses of this nexus in the region, delivering strong policy-relevant evidence that FDI, supported by sound institutions and conducive policies, might be an effective tool for improving sustainable energy access.
In reaction to escalating ecological hurdles and the global shift toward carbon neutrality, this exploration examines the impact of Technological-Driven Finance (TDF) on Low-Carbon Energy Expansion (LCEE) in China. Emphasizing the mediating role of Sustainable Technological Innovation (STI) and the moderating impact of Ecological Policy Enforcement (EPE), the study constructs an integrated analytical framework to investigate how financial and technological systems jointly drive clean energy development. Using 2004–2020 data from 31 provinces, findings show TDF drives LCEE, with stronger effects via STI enhancing renewable firms’ innovation and clean technology deployment. Moreover, the effect of EPE is found to be nonlinear: moderate enforcement enhances TDF’s effectiveness, while overly stringent regulation may reduce its influence by increasing operational costs. The results show that financial innovation requires proper alignment with both technological progress and adaptable regulatory frameworks to work effectively. The study adds to current research through its detailed study of digital financial system operations, which support the development of renewable energy systems. The research provides operational policy guidelines that help organizations apply suitable solutions to their particular regional requirements. The research study presents a vital resource for policymakers who want to create unified strategies that will speed up decarbonization and sustainable energy development in developing nations by combining financial resources with innovative approaches and effective governance systems.
This study aims to determine the nexus between agricultural credit and agri-environmental sustainability for the Mediterranean Basin. For this purpose, this study uses a comprehensive index of agri-environmental degradation, which indicates that a high value of the agri-environmental degradation index indicates low agri-environmental sustainability. The nexus between agricultural credit and agri-environmental sustainability is investigated using robust panel econometric tools, including Augmented Average Group (AMG) and Panel Quantile Regression (PQR). This study revisits the Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH) and Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, confirming the existence of the EKC phenomenon but the non-existence of the PHH for the economies of the Mediterranean Basin. Moreover, empirical evidence shows that agricultural credit positively affects agri-environmental sustainability, and that agri-environmental sustainability exhibits bidirectional causality with per capita gross domestic income, population, and renewable energy consumption. Finally, there is unidirectional causality between foreign direct investment and agricultural credit. Findings show that the economic pathways of the analyzed blocks regarding environmental concerns are still in their developmental stages. Therefore, stable agricultural credit policies are needed to combat agri-environmental sustainability.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a growing challenge for environmental sustainability and public health in urban regions. Reliable forecasts of MSW generation are essential for planning collection systems, treatment capacity and long-term infrastructure, yet conventional approaches often struggle with nonlinear urban dynamics and changing settlement patterns. This study develops an ensemble modelling framework in which Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) is optimised using six recent metaheuristic algorithms to forecast annual MSW volumes across 79 Local Government Areas in Victoria, Australia (2002–2023). The hybrid models substantially improve predictive accuracy over baseline XGBoost, providing robust forecasts at the local government scale. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) identify population size, distance to the central business district and land area as the key drivers of waste generation, highlighting the influence of urban form and spatial structure on MSW pressures. The model is then used to project MSW volumes for 2026, 2031 and 2036, indicating marked increases relative to 2023 and revealing which LGAs are likely to experience the greatest growth in waste. These results underline the need for forward-looking infrastructure planning and targeted policy interventions and demonstrate how advanced ensemble models can support more evidence-based and sustainable urban waste management strategies.
Bioelectrical signal detection is evolving toward continuous, intelligent, and flexible monitoring. Compared with conventional Ag/AgCl wet electrodes, metal dry electrodes, and flexible thin-film electrodes, conductive hydrogels combine high water content, low modulus, good biocompatibility, and tunable electrical, adhesive, and mechanical properties, enabling stable conformal contact on skin or soft tissues, reduced interfacial impedance, and unique advantages in wet, underwater, and dynamic environments. This review systematically summarizes conductive hydrogel interfaces for bioelectrical signal detection. First, the three major conduction modes, including ionic conduction, electronic conduction, and ion–electron synergistic conduction, are introduced, together with design strategies such as multi-network construction, layered heterogeneous architectures, microstructure regulation, and fabrication methods. Then, the key factors governing device performance, including mechanical matching, interfacial adhesion, interfacial impedance, electrochemical stability, long-term stability, and biocompatibility, are discussed. Subsequently, recent advances in conductive hydrogels for epidermal wearable bioelectrical monitoring, implantable and tissue-integrated bioelectrical interfaces, and multifunctional intelligent integrated systems are reviewed. Finally, the remaining challenges and future directions are outlined, with emphasis on performance synergy, long-term reliability, system integration, and clinical translation.
This study explores the employment impact of China’s low-carbon power transition, focusing on how different technological pathways influence both the scale and quality of jobs. The research addresses the twofold challenge of reducing carbon emissions while preserving labor market stability. The study employs an inter-sectoral flow model to break down the supply chain into manufacturing, construction and installation, operation and maintenance, and fuel provision segments, and also differentiates between registered (formal) and unregistered (informal) employment. The findings suggest that a coal-supported pathway not only extends fossil-related jobs, especially informal fuel-related employment, but also limits the development of higher-quality, formal jobs in renewables. In contrast, the fast non-fossil pathway leads to more significant employment increases in total, generates more formal jobs in technical and managerial roles, and is more compatible with long-term sustainability goals. Labor-intensive deployment phases are evident for renewable technologies such as wind and solar, while fossil fuel employment is progressively declining. The transition is not just about the number of jobs but also about the quality of jobs, according to these results. Policy considerations arising from the study underline the necessity of reskilling and upskilling measures, localizing renewable supply chains, labor formalization, and the provision of regional support that is targeted to constitute a just, inclusive, and sustainable energy transition in China.
Safe access to drinking water is critical for community health outcomes; however, Thailand remains challenged by the ongoing chemical contamination of its water resources. This mixed methods study aims to develop a strategic roadmap for sustainable drinking water quality control in Thailand. First, a systematic scoping review of peer-reviewed publications was conducted to evaluate the state of chemical contamination in water resources in Thailand. Concurrently, a non-targeted analysis (NTA) of water samples taken from two representative water treatment plants in Bangkok was conducted to generate the primary data to inform the development of the roadmap. The systematic scoping review has revealed the presence of various contaminants across multiple water sources, including pesticides, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, metals, and other inorganic chemicals. These contaminants are frequently associated with agricultural runoff, industrial activities, and inadequate waste management. NTA further annotated hundreds of suspected compounds, with pharmaceuticals and pesticides being the most prominent classes, many of which are not currently regulated in Thailand. Although Thailand’s national regulations usually match the international standards, there are still considerable gaps in the total number of regulated chemicals, enforcement strategies, and monitoring of emerging contaminants. The proposed roadmap addresses these gaps in five integrated phases: comprehensive assessment, regulatory enhancement, infrastructure upgrades, capacity building, and long-term sustainability measures. It also emphasizes the needs for public engagement and improved waste management to improve the drinking water quality. This study lays the groundwork for evidence-based policy reform and underscores the need for a unified framework to ensure the safety of drinking water in Thailand.
Injuries to the tendon-to-bone interface (TBI) represent a major clinical challenge because the natural healing response typically produces scar tissue with poor mechanical properties, failing to reconstruct the original fibrocartilaginous gradient. Although hydrogels have been widely recognized as promising scaffolds for regenerative medicine, increasing attention has recently been directed toward the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly biomaterials in alignment with the global “One Health” concept. This review provides a systematic overview of the critical functions that sustainable hydrogels derived from renewable sources in TBI repair. These environmentally conscious materials exhibit several favorable characteristics, including green and low-impact manufacturing processes, good biocompatibility, and intrinsic bioactivity. In the context of TBI regeneration, sustainable hydrogels may help modulate the local microenvironment and provide spatially organized biochemical and biophysical cues to support region-specific tissue regeneration. Moreover, through the application of advanced green crosslinking strategies and hybrid composite designs, these hydrogels can potentially achieve mechanical properties favorable for dynamic tissue integration, such as enhanced fatigue resistance, fracture toughness, and wet-tissue adhesion. Collectively, sustainable hydrogels represent a promising platform for future orthopedic biomaterials and may offer new opportunities for promoting biologically functional TBI regeneration while supporting environmental sustainability.
