Falls from height (FFH) remain the leading cause of fatalities in the construction industry globally, accounting for 36% of workplace deaths in the Australian construction sector between 2009 and 2019. Despite the growing adoption of safety technologies, existing reviews remain fragmented, frequently conflating FFH with the same level of falls and failing to examine inertial measurement unit (IMU) based systems within a structured, construction-specific framework. This study addresses these gaps through a systematic review guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) of IMU-based research on fall-from-height detection in construction environments. From 892 records retrieved across four academic databases (Web of Science, ScienceDirect, ASCE Library, Emerald) spanning 2015–2025, 20 peer-reviewed studies were included following rigorous screening and QUADAS-2 quality assessment. A bibliometric analysis identified construction safety, deep learning, and risk assessment as the dominant research themes across 10 geographic regions. Three critical gaps were identified: the absence of standardised pre-fall detection mechanisms, a lack of benchmarking frameworks for hybrid sensor systems, and a shortage of field-deployable solutions tailored to the complexity of real construction environments. To address these gaps, a data-driven modular framework is proposed, structured into three interconnected blocks: real-time posture monitoring via tri-axial IMU sensing; threshold-based fall event confirmation using empirically calibrated acceleration and angular velocity parameters; and automated, severity-graded emergency notification via IoT-enabled communication. The framework introduces a three-tier severity classification based on quantified sensor parameters, enabling proportionate emergency response rather than binary fall/no-fall detection. This review advances the shift toward intelligent, proactive, data-driven construction safety management. It establishes a foundation for future adaptive machine learning integration, construction-specific FFH dataset development, longitudinal field validation and Building Information Modeling (BIM)-enabled digital twin deployment.
Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions in the steel and mining industries can be achieved through the use of hydrogen gas; however, hydrogen infrastructure is susceptible to gas explosions, making effective risk management essential. The development of risk assessment tools, e.g., accident databases and consequence models, for quantitative risk analysis (QRA) is therefore critical for achieving a realistic understanding of explosion risks. This study presents a critical review of hydrogen risk assessment tools used in QRA, with the aim of evaluating their current state and identifying research needs for reliable risk prediction in large-scale hydrogen infrastructure. It is found that accident databases lack sufficient detail on explosion characteristics, particularly in distinguishing between deflagration and detonation events. Consequence models for confined explosions are typically derived from or validated against medium-scale experiments with significant variability, while open atmospheric models rely on a limited experimental basis. In addition, many models are based on assumptions originating from hydrocarbon gas explosions or solid explosives, raising concerns regarding their applicability to hydrogen. The results indicate that improved accident reporting is required to develop reliable frequency data, and that consequence models must be further developed and validated through large-scale, hydrogen-specific experimental campaigns. Addressing these gaps is essential for enabling more accurate QRAs and a realistic assessment of explosion risks in large-scale hydrogen infrastructure.
The global impetus for increased nuclear power is accompanied by the recognition that design standardisation and increased cross-border regulatory harmonisation are essential to achieving such ambitions. This includes establishing greater clarity in how international safety principles are operationalised within national regulatory regimes and aligned with domestic requirements. A persistent source of friction lies in the interpretative ambiguity surrounding the As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) principle. This study examines the issue through the analytical lens of the UK's non-prescriptive nuclear licensing regime. Within this setting, ALARA is implemented alongside closely related national and international concepts (Best Available Techniques (BAT), Optimisation, So Far As Is Reasonably Practicable (SFAIRP), and As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)), which are frequently treated as equivalent in practice. The article presents a comparative analysis of these five near-synonyms, examining their regulatory genealogies, underlying justifications, and associated compliance expectations. Drawing on boundary theory, the analysis shows that these concepts function as boundary objects whose apparent equivalence masks divergent regulatory origins and disparate underlying rationales. The analysis demonstrates how false synonymy obscures important differences in how proportionality and reasonableness are embedded at international versus national levels, with consequences for compliance expectations and reactor safety design. Collapsing these into synonymy leaves duty holders navigating unresolved conceptual tensions within a non-prescriptive regime. Such an equivalence carries consequences for reactor safety design and, at a systems level, for the predictability and effectiveness of the licensing regime. The results emphasise the need for earlier and more structured engagement to tackle false presumptions and apparent consensus, and call for sustained international dialogue aimed at developing a verified, shared understanding of proportionality and reasonableness across regulatory contexts.
With the increasing complexity and challenges of the metal mining environment, realizing safe, efficient, and low-dilution extraction has become an indispensable guarantee for stabilizing the supply of key mineral resources, which is also a core requirement for promoting the sustainable development of the metal mining industry. This paper systematically summarizes the innovative theories, key technologies, and practical methods proposed for high-efficiency, safe, and low-dilution mining of metal mines under complex mining conditions. Based on the proposed concept of “transforming hazards into benefits” and the complex stress conditions inherent in underground metal mining, a rock failure theory system under coupled dynamic and static loading, suitable for hard rock underground mining, has been established in terms of theory. An efficient and orderly fracturing technique for hard rock and an intelligent ground pressure monitoring and early warning system have been successfully developed, providing technical support for safe and efficient mining. Several innovative approaches are proposed and applied in practice, including continuous mining in hazardous goaf environments, integrated backfilling of caved zones using phosphate waste, and safe undersea extraction with low dilution and minimal loss. The research results not only provide a comprehensive theoretical and technical framework for the safe and efficient exploitation of metal mines under complex conditions but also point out the development direction for next-generation technologies such as intelligent unmanned mining and synergistic mineral-geothermal co-extraction. These contributions offer substantial theoretical guidance and practical value for promoting sustainable mineral resource development and advancing scientific mining.
Stress redistribution around noncircular tunnels is a key mechanism controlling damage and instability in deep underground engineering. However, under constant-area conditions, how geometric ratio, inclination, and confining pressure jointly control crack initiation, spalling evolution, and final failure in rectangular tunnels remains insufficiently understood. This study combined discrete element method (DEM) with an elastic theoretical solution based on conformal mapping to investigate rock specimens containing a rectangular tunnel. A total of 180 cases were analyzed while the tunnel area was kept constant. The varied parameters were geometric ratio R (1.00–2.00), inclination α (0°–90°), and confining pressure q (0–30 MPa). DEM was used to reproduce the full process from crack initiation to specimen-scale instability, whereas the elastic theoretical solution was used to identify boundary local stress extrema and near-field stress-zone partition before failure. Confining pressure was found to be the primary factor controlling both peak strength and failure-mode transition, while inclination and geometric ratio mainly altered crack-initiation position and local spalling extent. Under zero confinement, failure exhibited an X-shaped mixed tensile/shear mode with localized tensile bands. With increasing confinement, the pure tensile zones contracted continuously, tensile cracks disappeared progressively, and the final failure converged toward a more concentrated X-shaped compression-shear mode. The integrated framework provides a mechanical basis for stability assessment and support optimization of rectangular and other noncircular tunnels.
The working and health conditions of employees in indoor and therapy pools are influenced by a large number of simultaneously acting technical, chemical, and physical–climatic factors. The aim of this study was to systematically investigate combined exposure situations and their association with subjectively perceived stress and health-related outcomes among employees.As part of the study, 70 employees from nine selected swimming pool facilities participated in a standardised written survey focusing on perceived working and health conditions. In parallel, measurements of airborne hazardous substances - particularly trichloramine (NCl3) - as well as physical and climatic environmental conditions were conducted under real operational conditions.All measured chemical and physical exposure levels were below applicable limit or assessment values. Nevertheless, the employee survey revealed pronounced subjective stress, particularly related to noise and thermal conditions. The findings indicate that even when individual limit values are met, combined exposure situations may contribute to increased perceived stress.The results highlight the importance of considering combined occupational stressors and subjective perception in occupational risk assessments and preventive workplace design in indoor and therapy pools.
To reveal the evolution law of crack propagation in sandstone under the coupling effect of holes and fractures under loading, uniaxial compression tests were carried out on red sandstone specimens prefabricated with different hole diameters (0 - 10 mm) and fracture dip angles (0 - 90°). Combined with stress-strain monitoring, real-time image observation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, the mechanical properties, dynamic crack evolution and microscopic fracture characteristics were systematically studied. The results show that the peak strength of sandstone exhibits a U-shaped variation with fracture dip angle and reaches the minimum at 60°.The peak strength decreases continuously with the increase of hole diameter, and specimens with larger hole diameters are less sensitive to changes in dip angle. The peak strain presents an M-shaped variation with fracture dip angle, and the strain of specimens with different hole diameters tends to be consistent (about 0.009) at 90°. The crack initiation position varies with dip angle: cracks initiate from the hole at 0 - 30° and from the fracture tip at 45 - 90°. The failure modes are classified into tensile-shear failure (0°, 15°, 30°, 90°) and shear failure (45°, 60°, 75°). Microstructural fracture analysis indicates that specimens with both steep and shallow inclinations predominantly exhibit coexisting intergranular and intragranular fracture, while specimens with medium dip angles are dominated by intergranular slip failure. The research results clarify the control mechanism of hole-fracture parameters on sandstone failure, and provide theoretical support for stability evaluation of deep coal mine rock masses and instability prediction of underground engineering rock masses.
The use of automotive lifts requires mechanics to work under or near a multi-ton load. Based on consultation with stakeholders, pickups and vans appear to pose problems when raised using two-post above-ground lifts (2PAG lifts), the most common type of automotive lift in garages. The aim of this article is therefore to highlight the work activity performed by mechanics when raising pickups and vans on 2PAG lifts and to describe the factors they take into account to ensure vehicle stability. Data collection took place under actual conditions in five garages. A total of 108 lifting situations were filmed and analyzed, of which nine involved pickups and vans. Using a multidisciplinary ergonomic-engineering approach, the field results were then discussed and compared with measures obtained previously in a controlled environment. The indicators of difficulty identified during the lifting were more prevalent for pickups and vans (89%) than for other vehicle categories (59%). In addition, the total capacity of the lift appears to be an insufficient indicator of safety for this type of vehicle. For example, due to lift-vehicle geometry, the rear lift arms could support around 70% of the total load when a pickup is loaded in the cargo area, with each rear arm potentially exceeding 25% of the lift’s rated capacity. Also, lifting points usually creates a rear overhang that induces rocking, generating load fluctuations of up to 510 kg-force on the front support pads. Recommendations are made for vehicle manufacturers and 2PAG lift manufacturers, as well as for garage personnel.
Explosive remnants of war (ERW) constitute a persistent and evolving safety challenge, threatening human life, the environment, and critical activities long after hostilities have ceased. Despite increasing recognition that ERW risks may intensify over time due to munition degradation, environmental change, and expanding human activity, risk management practices continue to rely largely on conventional, probability-based risk assessment. In ERW contexts, however, weak prior knowledge, deep uncertainty, and complex socio-technical interactions limit the practical value of probabilistic approaches and may foster a false sense of control. This paper argues that organisational resilience (OR) provides a necessary complement to conventional risk management in high-hazard domains characterised by irreducible uncertainty. Drawing on an uncertainty-centred conception of risk and a capability-based framework of organisational resilience, the study examines how anticipation, coping, and adaptation shape ERW risk management across strategic, operational, and tactical levels. The analysis is informed by a qualitative case study from the Norwegian defence sector, based on interviews, document analysis, and practitioner experience. The findings show that ERW risk management challenges are not solely technical, but reflect limitations in organisational capabilities to anticipate emerging threats, cope with disruptions when they occur, and learn and adapt over time. By explicitly integrating resilience and risk perspectives, the paper demonstrates how safety performance can be strengthened when probabilistic risk assessment is insufficient. The study contributes to safety science by providing a coherent framework for analysing and improving safety management in ERW contexts and other complex, high-uncertainty risk environments.
With the aim of elucidating the dynamic response of an anchorage support structure in a deep roadway, in the study, we examined the dynamic response of anchored coal under different pre-tightening forces by using a split Hopkinson test system. The stress-strain relationship and energy dissipation characteristics of anchored coal were elucidated, and the dynamic anti-impact mechanism of anchored coal was revealed. According to the analysis results, with the rising of the pre-tightening force, the peak strength of the sample reached up to 40.9 MPa. In cases where the incident energy is basically the same, the reflection energy decreases significantly with rising preload, and the increase of transmission energy is greater than that of dissipation energy. The plastic strain is gradually generated on the impact side of the anchorage sample, and the crack gradually expands to the side of the transmission rod. Under a small preload, the “X” shaped symmetrical crack is generated in the anchorage attachment of the anchoring coal body. When the preload is applied to 2.3 kN, the tensile crack gradually dominates. The larger the preload is, the more the tensile crack position deviates from the center of the bolt axis. Under the continuous compression of the wave front, the prestressed zone in the middle of the coal body is greatly compressed, and a stress rising zone is formed away from the impact side. The stress redistribution eventually leads to the damage to the anchorage interface. When the pre-tightening force of the bolt is large, the central anchorage zone can still maintain a certain anchorage performance and impact toughness, showing obvious ductile failure characteristics and higher energy dissipation capacity. The research results provide a certain experimental basis for elucidating the regulation of stress wave energy distribution and crack propagation path.
The research progress of metal dust explosion venting characteristics and its protection technology is expounded and summarized in this paper. Based on the summary of previous research, the main focus of current attention and the key scientific issues to be addressed are clearly stated. It mainly includes the explosion kinetic properties of the highly reactive combustible gas/metal dust two-phase system and its influencing mechanism, in particular, the chemical reaction process and combustion mechanism of two-phase system explosions, rupture failure forms and influence mechanisms of rupture disc rupture in petrochemical devices under dynamic loading at different pressure rise rates, in particular, developing appropriate explosion performance testing techniques and guidelines. Meanwhile, the active suppression characteristics and influence mechanism of gas/metal dust two-phase system explosion venting are also the focus of attention. In particular, the attenuation process and influence mechanism of hydrogen/ magnesium powder explosion venting flame and shock wave under explosion suppression of active powder spraying, efficient explosion suppression agent and the size effect of the explosion suppression performance and its explosion suppression criterion. The solution of the above scientific problems can provide a theoretical basis for the development of key technologies for metal dust explosion protection. This provides crucial technical support for reducing the probability of metal dust explosion accidents, mitigating accident consequences, and promoting the safe and rapid development of industry.
In this article, a series of laboratory experiments including triaxial compression tests, acoustic emission monitoring and discrete element numerical simulations, combined with a self-developed high-performance copper sheet-blocking hydraulic sealing method, are carried out to investigate the mechanical behaviors, fracture characteristics and hydro-mechanical (HM) coupling of double-cracked limestone. Effects of pore pressure P, confining pressure σ3 and crack inclination angle α on the stress-strain curves exhibiting multi-peak patterns, crack initiation stress, damage stress, peak strength, deformation modulus, Poisson's ratio, and AE signal characteristics of the double-cracked limestone specimens during the HM coupling progressive failure process are analyzed. The AE signal features include stronger signals under lower pore pressure and sparser AE ringing counts at larger inclination angles. Subsequently, a compression-shear fracture criterion incorporating crack inclination angle parameters is established based on the experimental results, and numerical simulations further clarify the failure modes of the specimens: tensile failure for those with a 15°crack inclination angle, tensile-shear failure for those with 45°, and shear failure for those with 75°, thereby revealing the HM coupling failure mechanism. These experimental results, numerical simulation findings and HM coupling failure mechanism provide deep understanding to researchers and engineering technicians for monitoring and controlling rock stability in geological engineering projects under HM coupling environments.
It is well known that infants should be placed to sleep supine on a firm horizontal surface. In spite of such long-standing safe-sleep guidelines, the juvenile products industry sold inclined sleepers for a 10 year period. In 2019, the industry recalled several million of the devices due to numerous reports of infant deaths being associated with the products. The hazards of inclined sleepers can be understood and evaluated by performing an analysis of the physical structure in combination with a biomechanical analysis of the infants placed into the devices. Several hazards unique to inclined sleepers, that are not present in flat cribs, are identified in this study. Key hazards include infants rolling supine-to-prone, the feet of prone infants losing contact with the sleeping surface, infant faces in contact with non-breathable fabric, infant arms trapped by steep sidewalls, and unsafe restraint systems that are easily misused by caregivers. This paper presents a first-principles biomechanical-based hazard analysis integrated with a fault tree analysis. The biomechanical analyses incorporating root-cause reasoning for the hazard mechanisms may serve to guide the design and improve the safety of future products. Furthermore, an important conclusion is that adhering to industry standards does not guarantee hazard mitigation for the diverse forms of products within any given category.
The dynamic response characteristic of a rock slope is a crucial factor in analyzing the dynamic stability of rock mass, which is essentially a vibration problem caused by stress wave propagation. In theoretical studies of stress wave propagation, the slope model is often simplified, neglecting the vibration superposition effect due to multiple reflections between the slope surface and structural planes, as well as the attenuation of stress wave caused by viscoelasticity of rock mass. Based on the time domain recursive analysis method, the stress wave propagation analysis model was established for a viscoelastic rock slope with filled structural planes. This model incorporated quality factors of the stress wave and derived both the analytical equation for slope vibration and the expression for the slope amplification coefficient. Assuming the slope behaves as a Kelvin viscoelastic body, the normal deformation of the contact interface on the filled structural surface conforms to a nonlinear hyperbolic model, whereas the tangential deformation follows a linear model. The results indicate that, although multiple reflection waves in the rock mass amplify the slope's vibration effect, the viscoelastic properties of rock mass dampen this amplification, making it less significant. Furthermore, as both the slope inclination and the inclination of the filled structural plane increase, the slope amplification coefficient undergoes significant and nonlinear variations. As the coordinates of the monitoring points increase, the slope amplification coefficient initially undergoes abrupt fluctuations, gradually decreasing towards stability. Additionally, as the thickness of the filled structural surface increases, the slope amplification coefficient decreases progressively.
In recent years, frequent extreme meteorological disasters have severely threatened the secure operation of distribution networks. Ice-coating disasters, characterized by sudden onset and wide impact, pose significant risks. Existing research focuses on pre-disaster prediction, in-disaster analysis, and post-disaster recovery but neglects the impact of ice-coating faults on power supply capability. Therefore, this paper presents a model for assessing the Total Supply Capability (TSC) of distribution networks under extreme ice-coating disasters (unique aspects). First, a two-stage data-driven ice-coating fault prediction method is proposed, involving meteorological data analysis and random forest, proposing a data-driven method for calculating ice-coating fault probability in distribution networks. Here, Stage 1 addresses sparse historical data by expanding the dataset; Stage 2 uses a random forest model to predict single-feeder ice-coating fault rates. Second, a power supply capability model for ice-coating disasters is established, enabling quantitative analysis of capability and loss probability. Next, a feeder risk-classification-based planning method is proposed, optimizing load transfer paths via new tie-lines to enhance power supply capability. Finally, an extended IEEE_RBTS_BUS4 case validates the model’s effectiveness. Compared to existing methods (practical application value and concrete achievable effects), our approach quantifies ice-coating impacts on power supply capability and identifies vulnerable feeders, providing effective guidance for planning and enhances distribution network reliability under extreme weather.
This research introduces an innovative approach by adopting microbial biotechnology to develop biocement, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional soil stabilization methods through the Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) technique. The effects of various concentrations of cementation solution (μ), cementation ratios (β), injection cycles, and levels of relative compaction (Rc) on soil stabilization are examined by means of experimental evaluations, including Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV), precipitated calcite content assessment, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis. To this end, cylindrical specimens were prepared at two discrete compaction levels: relative compaction Rc = 70% (loose) and Rc = 90% (dense), treated with μ of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 mol/L, by introducing β values ranging from 10% to 90% over injection cycles of 3, 14, and 21 days. The findings showed that optimal stabilization conditions yielded at β = 50%, μ = 0.75 mol/L under 21 injection cycles, resulting in maximum values for UCS, secant modulus (E50), as well as constrained modulus (D). Under these conditions, UCS increased by approximately 400–600% and stiffness indices (E50 and D) improved by 250–400% compared to untreated soil. However, for samples prepared at Rc = 70%, peak performance was observed at μ = 1 mol/L, indicating the critical effect of sample voids on optimized microbial injection dosage. Durability assessments under freeze–thaw conditions ranging from 2 to 12 cycles demonstrated that the optimized samples retained 70–90% of their compressive strength after 12 progressive cycles, while stiffness parameters (e.g., E50) experienced comparatively greater reductions. These findings illustrate both the resilience and the sensitivity of MICP-treated soils under cyclic thermal environments compared to virgin soil, highlighting the potential of MICP for enhancing both mechanical performance and freeze–thaw durability in sustainable soil improvement.
Understanding the failure mechanism and process of rock is of great significance for in-depth study of rock failure precursors and prevention of potential rock engineering instability. Numerical compressions on intact rock and excavated rocks were carried out and the digital image correlation (DIC) technique was used to measure the full-field displacement and strains to study the precursor of rock fracture. The ratio of shear strain to loading time and absolute standard deviation of shear strain field were proposed. The reliability of the DIC algorithm in studying the rock deformation and failure was verified by comparing with the numerical simulation. The results show that the sudden change of shear strain is closely related to the occurrence of internal cracks in rocks during the loading process. The shear strain of certain tracing points near the failure region as well as the value of shear strain filed has good correlations with the rock fracture failure. The shear strains, shear strain-time ratio, and shear strain field of coal specimen under experimental compression were discussed. The feasibility of the shear strain of the rock specimens in predicting the fracture failure was verified. This study, through the introduction of novel quantitative indicators and the adoption of anintegrated numerical-experimental validation strategy, systematically demonstrates that theanalysis of the shear strain field based on Digital lmage Correlation (DlC) technology can serve asan effective and reliable method for identifying precursors to rock fracture. This finding not onlydeepens the understanding of rock failure mechanisms but, more importantly, provides atechnically practical framework for predicting and preventing instability failures in geotechnicalengineering practice.
The construction industry continues to face significant risks associated with fall-from-height (FFH) incidents, despite advances in safety protocols and technologies. This study identifies and empirically validates critical safety factors influencing PPE adoption and fall prevention on infrastructure projects through an integrated conceptual framework. A systematic literature review was conducted to extract eight Critical Success Factors (CSFs), followed by data acquisition. Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), the relationships between safety constructs including management commitment, equipment quality, operator risk, employee awareness, and regulatory compliance were examined. A total of 33 observable variables were evaluated across five latent domains. The model explained 96% of the variance in safety adoption behaviour, with operator-related issues exerting the strongest influence. This study identifies and empirically validates critical safety factors influencing fall-from-height (FFH) prevention, with PPE adoption examined as one dimension within a broader safety framework. Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), the relationships between safety constructs including management commitment, equipment quality, operator risk, employee awareness, and regulatory compliance were examined. Findings affirm that PPE quality alone may be insufficient without concurrent emphasis on human and institutional dynamics.
The hazardous nature of artisanal small-scale mining has been reported; however, there is limited understanding of the hazards that remain a priority and deserve greater focus. This research was therefore formulated to address this gap by uncovering the perspective of the miners regarding exposure to workplace health and safety hazards. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 336 miners across four ASM sites in Ghana, and the data was analysed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Through factor analysis, it was observed that the 18 specific hazards across ASM sites can be grouped into seven major hazards with different levels of exposure. Repeated one-way ANOVA revealed that the hazards consisted of those with high exposure (biological, ergonomic and chemical hazards), medium exposure (physical and mechanical hazards) and low exposure (fire and electrical hazards). Thus, exposure to the hazards was ranked from highest to lowest, in the order of biological hazards, ergonomics hazards, chemical hazards, physical hazards, mechanical hazards, fire hazards and electrical hazards. This indicates that biological and ergonomic hazards remain a priority and deserve greater focus. It was also observed that over 60% of the miners indicated that the risk of workplace exposure is undesirable/ unacceptable, and they were, however, unwilling to leave the ASM sector, suggesting a high-risk appetite and a fatalistic mindset. Further research is warranted in this area to uncover the extent to which such fatalistic beliefs are embedded in the sector and what can be done to improve the safety awareness of AS miners.
What scenario states are of primary concern to tactical firefighters during fire rescue operations in large chemical tank farms? How can a systematic mapping be established between rescue information and these critical scenario states? To address the questions, we propose three qualitative criteria for identifying key scenario states in chemical tank firefighting based on firefighting experience. Using these criteria and a grounded theory approach, this study conducts text mining on 96 chemical tank firefighting and rescue reports from China. Anchored in the public safety triangle theoretical model and reflecting the structural characteristics of China’s current command and control organizational structures for major chemical fire emergencies, the study identifies nine key scenario states and 57 pieces of situational information that are of particular concern to tactical level firefighters. Building on the multi-scale evolution mechanisms of key scenario states in chemical tank fires and the scenario-driven information requirements theory, a theoretical framework for situational information requirements tailored to tactical command decision-making is proposed. The framework offers a valuable reference for the future deep integration, hierarchical management, and intelligent distribution of incident command information in chemical tank fire emergency response.
