The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century, as its rapid spread since its emergence in December 2019 has led to alarming morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. It has been documented that the majority of patients infected with COVID-19 are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms; approximately 14 % are estimated to develop severe disease. In these cases, factors such as advanced age and the presence of comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontitis, have been identified as significant risk factors for disease progression to more severe clinical manifestations and even death. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common clinical form of diabetes and is characterized by a set of interrelated biochemical and pathophysiological changes. Several studies have shown a bidirectional relationship between periodontitis and T2DM, indicating that patients with T2DM are more likely to develop periodontal disease. In turn, the presence of periodontitis in patients with T2DM is associated with poor glycemic control, indicating a mutual pathological interaction that may worsen the clinical course of both conditions. These data emphasize the need for further analysis of the interaction between these pathologies in order to understand their joint impact on the clinical course of the disease and improve comprehensive treatment strategies for patients with these comorbidities. We investigated the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of generalized periodontitis in patients with compensated type 2 diabetes mellitus and previous coronavirus disease. 70 patients with the above diagnosis were divided into two groups and, according to the division, an improved and generally accepted treatment method was performed. The improved method included photodynamic therapy. The control group included 31 somatically healthy patients. To control the initial state of periodontal tissues and the dynamics of treatment, an index assessment was used before treatment, after 3 and 6 months: periodontal probing depth (PPD), periodontal index (PI) proposed by Russel, Green-Vermillion oral hygiene index (GVHI), papillary-marginal-alveolar index (PMA) in the Parma modification, and the community periodontal index for treatment need (CPITN) were assessed. After 3 months, a significant decrease in PPD was observed in group A by 1.59 times, in group B by 1.5 times (p˂0.001), after 6 months by 2.21, 1.88 times, respectively (p˂0.001). PI indicators significantly decreased in group A by 1.32 and 1.37 times, in group B – by 1.18, 1.26 times after 3 and 6 months, respectively (p˂0.001). GVHI indicators decreased after 3 months by 2.27 and 1.77 times, after 6 months – by 5.1 and 4.55 times in groups A and B, respectively (p˂0.001). PMA index indicators significantly decreased after 3 months by 1.36 times in group A (p˂0.001), in group B – by 1.21 times (p˂0.01). After 6 months, a significant decrease was observed in groups A and B, respectively (p˂0.001). CPITN index values significantly decreased in group A by 2.41 and 7.3 times, in group B by 1.98 and 6.24 times after 3 and 6 months, respectively (p˂0.001). Our study indicates that photodynamic therapy in patients with generalized periodontitis with type 2 diabetes mellitus and previous coronavirus disease is quite effective, since this observation group received the best average indicators in dynamics.
There were examined 130 patients to determine the nature of complications during prolonged use of fixed prosthetic constructions. The study aimed to identify the most common periodontal changes linked to these prosthetics. It also sought to show why it is necessary to improve the design of temporary dental crowns used during prosthetic treatment. This study is relevant given the increasing number of patients requiring fixed prosthetic rehabilitation and the greater demand for long-term functional and aesthetic outcomes. In order to justify the need for improved temporary dental crown design, we assessed the degree of periodontitis in patients. Examination data showed that 50 % of patients were in Stage I, with gingival atrophy up to 4 mm. The other 50 % were in Stage II, with gingival atrophy up to 5 mm. These findings indicate a significant prevalence of periodontal problems in patients receiving fixed prosthetic treatment. This highlights the importance of managing periodontal tissues carefully at each treatment stage. Early detection of periodontal changes allows timely interventions and more predictable outcomes. We’ve also examined pathological pockets. Results show that 38 % of patients were in Stage I with 1–2 mm attachment loss. Another 38 % were in Stage II with 3–4 mm loss. Only 24 % had no pockets. The high rate of pathological pockets highlights the need for preventive measures during prosthetic treatment. These measures can help minimize further periodontal deterioration. We assessed the marginal gingival mucosa and found that 71 % showed cyanosis, 68 % showed edema, and 15 % showed pastiness. Only 19 % showed no change. The prevalence of inflammation confirms that poor management of the gingival margin during prosthetic procedures increases the risk of periodontal pathology. There were analyzed the periodontal tissues of abutment teeth and referenced the literature. This led us to improve the design of the temporary dental crown. As a result, Patent No. 153365 was obtained for the utility model “Temporary Dental Crown for Gingival Margin Formation in Prosthetic Treatment with Fixed Prosthetic Constructions”. We manufacture this temporary dental crown using 3D modeling based on the shape of the prepared coronal portion of the tooth. An expansion flange is incorporated into the cervical area of the crown margin. Its thickness is calculated to displace the marginal tissues at the gingival edge by a specific distance. This design allows for monitoring of the gingival sulcus trauma and the force applied during polymerization around the tooth. This approach ensures precise control of tissue displacement and reduces the risk of iatrogenic damage. In conclusion, the improved temporary dental crown design effectively avoids trauma to the gingival margin during all stages of prosthetic treatment. It maximally preserves the integrity of the dentogingival attachment, which is essential for achieving stable and predictable long-term results. The use of 3D modeling technology ensures precise adaptation of the temporary dental crown to the individual anatomy of each patient, further contributing to treatment accuracy and comfort. Ultimately, this improved design ensures a positive, long-lasting outcome in subsequent prosthetic treatment.
The human skin ecobiome constitutes a highly dynamic and symbiotic environment where microbial communities and host cells interact continuously to preserve epidermal integrity and immune balance. The discovery of the skin microbiome’s regulatory functions has redefined the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis (AD), emphasizing that chronic inflammation results not only from immune dysregulation and genetic predisposition but also from microbiota imbalance. The modern concept of the “ecobiome” integrates ecological and biological perspectives, viewing the skin as a self-regulating habitat whose microbial inhabitants influence inflammation, barrier repair, and neuroimmune signaling. This review aims to summarize current evidence on the role of the skin ecobiome in the pathogenesis and management of atopic dermatitis and to outline how modulation of the cutaneous microbiota can complement conventional anti-inflammatory and barrier-repair approaches. It analyzes how microbial composition shifts in AD patients, characterized by reduced diversity, predominance of Staphylococcus aureus, and depletion of beneficial commensals such as Cutibacterium and Corynebacterium species. This dysbiosis enhances epidermal permeability, amplifies cytokine cascades, and sustains pruritus and xerosis. Restoring microbial homeostasis has therefore become a crucial therapeutic goal. Emerging interventions include topical and oral probiotics, prebiotic complexes, bacteriophage therapies, postbiotics, and microbiome-supporting emollients. These formulations modulate innate immunity, stimulate production of antimicrobial peptides, and reestablish lipid barrier synthesis. Clinical studies demonstrate that ecobiome-targeted treatments reduce colonization by S. aureus, normalize pH, and attenuate Th2-mediated inflammation, resulting in prolonged remission and fewer corticosteroid requirements. Novel bioengineering technologies now enable encapsulation of live probiotic strains in stable topical vehicles, improving their survival and activity on the skin surface. Growing evidence suggests that modulation of the skin ecobiome may influence disease onset, severity, and recurrence in atopic dermatitis. This highlights the potential role of barrier-supportive and microbiome-friendly interventions in comprehensive patient care. The ecobiome paradigm also underlines the significance of personalized care. Understanding individual microbial signatures allows clinicians to tailor therapies according to the patient’s unique microbial and immune profiles. Integration of microbiome diagnostics with conventional dermatologic evaluation opens the path to combined regimens involving anti-inflammatory, barrier-restoring, and microbiome-modulating agents. Such a multifactorial approach provides synergistic effects, improving clinical outcomes and patient quality of life. In conclusion, the ecobiome-based concept marks a transformative shift in dermatology. It bridges fundamental microbiological science with clinical innovation and positions the skin not merely as a protective shell but as a living, adaptive ecosystem. By supporting its microbial diversity and symbiosis, the next generation of therapeutic strategies may achieve not only symptom control but also restoration of physiological equilibrium and durable remission in atopic dermatitis.
Coronary revascularization reduces ischemic burden in patients with chronic coronary syndromes, yet a substantial proportion of individuals with heart failure and mildly reduced ejection fraction may continue to exhibit adverse myocardial remodeling and residual systemic inflammation, both linked to recurrent events and functional decline. Magnesium plays a key role in energy metabolism, electrophysiology and inflammatory signaling, therefore magnesium support might be clinically meaningful after revascularization. This study evaluated whether adding magnesium orotate to guideline-directed standard therapy influences echocardiographic remodeling, stress/fibrosis biomarkers and integrated inflammatory indices in post-revascularization patients with chronic coronary syndromes and HFmrEF. Sixty-two patients were enrolled and randomized to a control group receiving standard therapy (n=29) or to an intervention group receiving standard therapy plus magnesium orotate 500 mg twice daily for 6 months (n=33). Transthoracic echocardiography was performed at baseline, 3 months and 6 months. Serum soluble ST2, galectin-3, NT-proBNP and C-reactive protein were measured, while complete blood count and lipid parameters were used to calculate SII, NLR, PLR, SIRI, AISI, the triglyceride-glucose index, the hsCRP/HDL-c ratio and the atherogenic index of plasma. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were comparable between groups. Over 6 months, the magnesium orotate group demonstrated a more pronounced improvement in systolic performance, with a greater increase in left ventricular ejection fraction, along with a significant reduction in interventricular septal and posterior wall thickness in systole, suggesting attenuation of hypertrophic remodeling. Favorable trends in cavity dimensions and pulmonary artery pressure were also observed. Biomarker dynamics supported these findings: galectin-3, NT-proBNP and C-reactive protein decreased significantly, with between-group differences at 6 months for several markers, consistent with reduced fibrotic signaling and lower inflammatory activity. Soluble ST2 showed a downward direction in both groups. Integrated hematologic indices of inflammation (SII, NLR, PLR, SIRI and AISI) declined steadily, and the magnitude of reduction was greater with magnesium orotate, indicating more effective modulation of residual inflammatory milieu. Metabolic atherogenic surrogates (TyG index, hsCRP/HDL-c ratio and AIP) also improved in the intervention group, supporting a broader cardiometabolic benefit. In conclusion, in patients after myocardial revascularization with chronic coronary syndromes and HFmrEF, adjunctive magnesium orotate for 6 months was associated with more favorable echocardiographic remodeling and a more consistent decrease in fibrosis- and inflammation-related biomarkers and composite inflammatory indices. These results justify further larger studies to clarify clinical outcome effects and to define the optimal duration and target populations for magnesium-based support in contemporary secondary prevention.
The intensive care unit is one of the most complex units in the healthcare system, not only because of the high clinical, organisational and ethical requirements, but also because of the need for a highly qualified multidisciplinary team whose specialists must have the appropriate competencies. The physiotherapist in intensive care units works as part of a multidisciplinary team, providing specialised rehabilitation for critical ill patients after severe trauma and/or surgery, and their work may focus on respiratory support, early mobilisation and delirium management. Despite numerous proofs of the effectiveness of physiotherapy in intensive care units, this practice is still not widespread in Ukraine due to the lack of appropriate regulatory and legal support and a properly organized educational process for training qualified personnel. The development of a general list of competencies for physiotherapists in intensive care units could serve as a basis for the systematic development and implementation of modern evidence-based practices. The absence of a unified competency framework for physiotherapists in intensive care units in Ukraine enhances the scientific novelty and relevance of the study, making it an important contribution to the Ukrainian and international context. The aim of the study is to develop and validate a general list of competencies for physiotherapists working in intensive care units in Ukraine. The methodological basis was chosen as the modified e-Delphi method. Before conducting the study using the Delphi method, a preliminary list of competencies for physiotherapists in intensive care units was developed. This was done in three stages: analysis and summarization of publications; work of an expert group to discuss and form a list of competencies; review and finalization of the preliminary list of competencies for physiotherapists in intensive care units. As a result of two rounds of expert evaluation using the Delphi method, a general list of 26 competencies for physioherapists specializing in intensive care units was formed, corresponding to five main domains: practice, professionalism, training and development, management and leadership and research. The list of competencies for physiotherapists in intensive care units , validated using a modified Delphi method, is a context-sensitive adaptation of international approaches to the conditions of rehabilitation practice in Ukraine. The list reflects the key components of professional activity in intensive care units, including clinical practice, professionalism, safety, training, management, and research, and is consistent with national education standards for the first and second levels of higher education in the specialty “Therapy and Rehabilitation.” The list of competencies provides a conceptual framework for standardizing training, developing syllabi, clinical specialization programs, and continuing professional development. It can be used by educational institutions, clinical institutions, professional organizations, and employers to develop learning outcomes and assessment indicators; internal clinical standards, protocols, and policies; programs for supervision, internships, and competency development for young professionals and structured career paths.
Teaching English for Specific Purposes (ESP) to students majoring in cosmetology has its own distinctive features. Specialists in cosmetology require English not only to understand professional literature and select appropriate cosmetic products or treatment methods, but also to communicate effectively with international clients. In addition, knowledge of English allows cosmetology professionals to participate in global professional communities, present their work at international conferences, attend seminars, and follow current trends in the beauty and wellness industry. This study examines the role of professionally oriented English in the training of future cosmetology specialists. Particular attention is given to the rapid development of the modern cosmetic industry, including the introduction of innovative technologies, the use of advanced equipment, and the constant appearance of new cosmetic products and treatment techniques. These factors significantly influence the professional communication needs of cosmetologists and therefore require a well-structured approach to language training. The research analyzes the main areas of professional activity in cosmetology in order to identify the key lexical, grammatical, and communicative elements that students need to master. The analysis shows that professional language competence should cover a wide range of practical tasks. These tasks include selecting and recommending cosmetic products, explaining procedures to clients, discussing skin conditions and treatment plans, maintaining professional documentation, and participating in professional development activities. Effective communication skills are especially important when working with international clients, where clarity, politeness, and accuracy of language are essential. Taking into account international experience in teaching English for Specific Purposes as well as the findings of domestic researchers, the study proposes several methodological approaches that support the effective development of professional foreign-language competence among cosmetology students. Special attention is given to interactive teaching strategies, the use of authentic professional materials, and the integration of real-life communication situations into classroom practice. In addition, the study offers practical recommendations for organizing the educational process. These recommendations include principles for structuring ESP teaching materials, selecting relevant authentic resources such as professional articles, manuals, client consultation dialogues, and instructional videos, and designing classroom tasks that simulate real professional situations. Overall, the study presents a comprehensive approach to teaching professional English to future cosmetologists. It addresses the development of a specialized curriculum and provides guidance for organizing the learning process in a way that effectively develops key language skills, including reading, listening, speaking, and writing, within a professional context, while also fostering intercultural communication competence and professional confidence.
Nonunion of long bone fractures is relatively uncommon, yet it represents one of the most formidable complications in orthopedics and traumatology. Delayed union – characterized by a lack of bone consolidation within three months. Incidence is generally 5-10 %, varying by fracture site. Patients suffer functional deficits and require multiple surgeries, escalating costs. With the increase in high-energy combat injuries, especially in conflicts like Ukraine's, complications rise sharply, necessitating innovative approaches to prediction and treatment. This study proposes a conceptual framework for delayed consolidation, serving as an initial concept for early prognostic evaluation and proactive management to mitigate nonunion, based on a retrospective analysis of 135 adult patients treated from 2013 to 2025. The cohort was divided into pre-2022 (n=68) and post-2022 (n=67) periods to evaluate war-related shifts. Statistical analysis via Statistica software included descriptive metrics, chi-square tests, relative risks (RR), and odds ratios (OR). Key associations with combat trauma included open fractures (OR=294, p<0.00001), male gender (OR=17.52, p=0.0007), absence of comorbidities (OR=4.00, p=0.0011), polytrauma (OR=19.33, p<0.00001), external fixation (OR=6.00, p=0.0002), and younger age (20-39 years, OR=3.27, p=0.0066). An additive point scale was developed incorporating fracture location (tibia/femur: 3 points; humerus/forearm: 1), primary fixation (plate: 3; external: 2; intramedullary: 1), fracture type (open: 3; closed: 0), and aggravating factors (combat/polytrauma: 5; comorbidities: 1). Points were derived from logarithmic scaling of RR/OR values, adjusted clinically (e.g., plate fixation reduced from 4 to 3 to avoid overestimation). The scaling factor (5/ln(6) ≈ 2.79055) assigned 5 points to combat trauma (OR=6.0). Risk stratification: 1-3 points (low, <5 %); 4-6 (medium, 8-15 %); 7-9 (high, 20-35 %); 10-12 (very high, 40-60 %); 13-15 (extremely high, >60 %). Probability was modeled exponentially: P(%) = 2 × (1.35)^(S-1), fitted to cohort data. Applied to the cohort, mean score was 7.6, with 52.6 % at high risk and 27.4 % at very/extremely high. This internal validation on the derivation cohort confirms aggregation of factors but requires prospective external testing. The proposed scale adapts key risk factors for Ukrainian traumatology, emphasizing combat trauma, primary fixation, and simplicity (10-15s calculation) without extra tests. Compared to NUSS (complex, nonunion-focused), Zura (ignores fixation/war), and Hernandez (non-quantitative), it excels in high-energy settings. However, this model does have some drawbacks – it doesn't factor in things like smoking, NSAID’s use, infections, or the evacuation delays that are so common in Ukrainian war wounds. That said, it nicely complements other tools by offering a fast prognosis in high-energy trauma cases, helping to inform decisions on fixation methods and patient monitoring. It requires prospective external validation to evaluate its calibration and clinical utility. Nonetheless, it complements prior tools for rapid prognosis in high-energy trauma settings, potentially guiding fixation choices and monitoring. Future validation should assess calibration and utility.
Venous thromb oembolism (VTE) in children is an urgent problem for paediatricians and vascular surgeons, as there is only one small randomised trial and a limited information base, which lacks data on the efficacy and harms of anticoagulants. At the same time, the pathophysiology of thrombosis, its anatomical distribution and pharmacological response to anticoagulants differ between children and adults. The aim of the study is to analyse the risk factors, signs and symptoms of acute deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities in children to develop pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment measures. The study presents two clinical cases that illustrate the complexity of managing patients with this pathology. An adolescent presented on an outpatient basis with characteristic complaints and an ultrasound finding of a vascular malformation of the right lower leg complicated by a thrombotic process. The main laboratory tests were unremarkable, D-Dimer 2257.0 (N - less than 500ng FEU/ml), and the diagnosis was confirmed by MRI angiography. Treatment was prescribed: Clexan 0.5 ml once a day, compression therapy, active regimen (there is no recommendation for the use of Clexan in children in Ukraine). Ultrasound monitoring and determination of D-Dimer (halving of the baseline value to 1138.0 ngFEU/mL) was performed once a week (as recommended by a haematologist). After 3 weeks of Clexan administration, there were no changes in ultrasound monitoring, and therefore, Clexan injections were replaced with Xarelto 20 mg once daily (official approval from the Ministry of Health of Ukraine from mid-2024). The thrombi regressed slowly, and he was referred to «OHMADYT» in Lviv. Diagnosis after further examination: Hereditary thrombophilia. Hyperhomocysteinaemia. Reactive antiphospholipid syndrome. Hypercoagulable state. Vascular malformation in the right lower extremity with thrombosis. There was no recanalisation. The treatment was corrected and in 3 months the recanalisation of the veins was about 70 %. Another 15-year-old female patient presented with similar complaints on an outpatient basis. After conventional examinations, she was diagnosed with acute deep vein thrombosis of the lower leg and prescribed treatment - compression therapy, Xarelto - according to the scheme. The disease recurred in 3 months. She was consulted by a haematologist at «OHMADYT», and diagnosed: Primary thrombophilia. Leiden mutation in the heterozygous state, disorders in folate metabolism. Deep vein thrombosis of the right lower extremity, tibial segment in the stage of recanalisation. Anticoagulant therapy: Xarelto 20 mg once daily for a long time or Eliquis 2.5 mg twice daily for a long time. Additionally, vitamin B12 500 or 1000 mcg once daily and folic acid 400 or 800 mcg or 1 mg once daily for 1 month were prescribed. 3 months after stopping treatment, he relapsed again. Thrombosis of the deep veins of the lower extremities in children requires the work of a multidisciplinary team (paediatrician, haematologist, vascular surgeon), lifestyle correction and the prescription of anticoagulants on a regular basis, as it is combined with thrombophilia and antiphospholipid syndrome.
Clinical and experimental data indicate that SARS-CoV-2 is hepatotropic and can induce reactive hepatitis, steatohepatitis and fibrotic changes, which is particularly relevant in patients with obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). COVID-19 complicated by viral-bacterial pneumonia and repeated antibacterial courses increases hepatotoxic burden and accelerates MASLD progression. This randomized study involved 62 patients with MASLD and grade I obesity (BMI 30–34.9 kg/m2) hospitalized for moderate community-acquired viral-bacterial pneumonia associated with COVID-19. The mean age of participants was 52.5±3.31 years and all had PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection 7–10 days prior to admission. Patients were randomized into two matched groups (n=31): control—standard empirical antibacterial therapy plus alpha-lipoic acid; intervention—the same regimen with added Livodinol® MAX (adenosylmethionine, N-acetylcysteine, reduced glutathione) administered orally for 30 days. Dietary correction with moderate caloric restriction was applied. Clinical status was monitored daily; laboratory, ultrasound and elastography assessments and steatotest were performed at baseline and on day 30. Compared with controls, the Livodinol® MAX group showed significant clinical improvement: astheno-vegetative syndrome decreased 2.45-fold, dyspeptic complaints 4.20-fold, abdominal pain 4.33-fold and hepatomegaly 2.42-fold (p<0.05). Biochemical improvement included greater reductions in ALT and AST, normalization of total bilirubin and γ-GT, and diminished mesenchymal inflammation on laboratory indices. Metabolic outcomes improved: fasting glycemia fell by 12.2 %, two-hour post-load glucose decreased with normalization in a larger share of patients, fasting insulin concentration dropped 1.9-fold and HOMA-IR declined 2.2-fold (p<0.05), reflecting improved insulin sensitivity and carbohydrate regulation. No serious adverse events attributable to Livodinol® MAX were recorded; the regimen was generally well tolerated. The observed benefits are mechanistically plausible: adenosylmethionine supports methylation, phospholipid turnover and mitochondrial fatty-acid transport; N-acetylcysteine replenishes glutathione and scavenges oxidants; reduced glutathione enhances detoxification and stabilizes cellular membranes. These complementary actions reduce oxidative stress, attenuate antibiotic-related hepatotoxicity and promote hepatocyte repair and metabolic stabilization. Inclusion of such a multicomponent amino acid complex may decrease the hepatic adverse impact of multiple antimicrobial courses and improve metabolic outcomes in related clinical settings. In conclusion, a 30-day adjunctive course of Livodinol® MAX in patients with MASLD, obesity and COVID-19-associated community-acquired pneumonia produced superior clinical, biochemical and metabolic benefits compared with standard therapy including alpha-lipoic acid. The findings substantiate consideration of this amino acid derivative complex as an effective hepatoprotective and metabolic-corrective adjunct in comprehensive treatment protocols. Larger multicenter randomized trials with extended follow-up are recommended to confirm reproducibility and long-term safety.
The globalization of economic, social, educational, and scientific research processes gives rise to an objective need for foreign language skills and the ability to participate in intercultural communication. To achieve the objectives of our research on the 'activity scenario' technology, we have implemented consecutive training stages with dual purposes: to prepare students for communicative activity in real-life situations in a foreign language environment and to develop the necessary language skills. According to the "Common European Guidelines for Language Education", the goal of learning corresponds to achieving the appropriate level of knowledge on a scale from A1 to C2. The basis of such learning of a foreign language is communication in order to solve a specific situational task. The actions that we perform are not chaotic in nature, but on the contrary - as a rule, are consciously organized. The aim of the study is to demonstrate the organization of a practical foreign language lesson in a higher education institution in accordance with modern didactic requirements, based on the most successful combination of activity-based tasks with the formation of the necessary linguistic and sociocultural competences. This article summarizes the authors' experience of teaching foreign languages in higher education institutions based on an activity-based approach and analyses its main principles, approaches and advantages. In this study, the term 'activity-based learning scenario' is employed, a term coined by the French linguist Claire Bourguignon. This term translates the French term 'scénario d'apprentissage-action', defined as 'a learning a language solving a specific situational task through a series of small step-by-step tasks in the corresponding scenario'. In this process, language is studied as a tool for solving communication tasks in various life situations. The author's teaching methodology is demonstrated using the French foreign language methodology 'Tendances' (Méthode de français). The publication was authored by Jasky Girardet, Jasques Pécheur, Colette Gibbet and Marie-Louise Parizet, and was published by CLE International. The structuring of the stages of a practical lesson in this approach reflects the process of achieving a specific objective. The 'activity scenario' in the class involves the use of all four types of speech activity. This approach to foreign language education aims to develop students' skills for tasks that they may encounter in a foreign language environment, with a focus on social integration and professional communication (e.g., travel, study, employment, etc.). Teaching focuses on the activity approach rather than on the acquisition of lexical and grammatical units or the communicative aspect. The authors do not deny the importance of studying vocabulary, grammar, or the art of communication; however, these components must be subordinate to the practical goal of the activity. A study of simple examples shows that effective tasks are key to communication, which requires appropriate lexical and grammatical knowledge. In this sequence, linguistic competences are formed in accordance with a specific communication goal, which ensures the achievement of communication tasks. The practical application of language has been shown to motivate students to learn it. The article presents tasks and exercises designed to match each stage of the lesson.
Chronic prostatitis can be the cause of excretory-toxic infertility in men. In order to assess the biochemical parameters of ejaculate in patients with various forms of chronic abacterial prostatitis, 160 patients were examined, including 80 with inflammatory form of chronic abacterial prostatitis and 80 with non-inflammatory form of chronic abacterial prostatitis. Ejaculate parameters were assessed in accordance with the WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen, 6th edition. The levels of fructose, citric acid, and certain bioelements in ejaculate, in particular zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), as well as ejaculate parameters, were compared with data from a control group of 30 practically healthy men. The fructose content in the ejaculate of patients with inflammatory form of chronic abacterial prostatitis was 2.9 times lower than in the control group and 35.7% lower than in the group with non-inflammatory form of chronic abacterial prostatitis (p<0.05). The citric acid content in the ejaculate of patients with inflammatory form of chronic abacterial prostatitis was 47.8 % lower than in the control group and 26.2 % lower than in the group with non-inflammatory form of chronic abacterial prostatitis (p<0.05). A confirmed imbalance in the content of bioelements in the ejaculate of patients with chronic abacterial prostatitis and, according to the results of a study of the content of the main bioelements in the ejaculate, it was found that that a more pronounced decrease in zinc and selenium content is characteristic of patients with inflammatory form of chronic abacterial prostatitis, while magnesium and copper content is increased in patients with non-inflammatory form of chronic abacterial prostatitis. Accordingly, the Zn content in the ejaculate of patients with inflammatory of chronic abacterial prostatitis was 44.4 % lower and in patients with non-inflammatory form of chronic abacterial prostatitis – 20.8 % lower than in the control group, with a statistical difference between the groups of patients (p<0.05). The Se content in the ejaculate of the group of patients with inflammatory form of chronic abacterial prostatitis was 47.6 % lower, and in the ejaculate of patients with non-inflammatory form of chronic abacterial prostatitis it was 33.3 % lower than the Se content in the ejaculate of practically healthy men, with a statistical difference between the groups of patients (p<0.001). The concentration of Mg in the ejaculate of patients with non-inflammatory form of chronic abacterial prostatitis was 41.1 % lower than that in the control group, while in the group with inflammatory form of chronic abacterial prostatitis it was 22.5 % lower, with a statistically significant difference between the groups of patients (p<0.01). The Cu content was 2.1 times higher in the ejaculate of patients with non-inflammatory form of chronic abacterial prostatitis and 1.7 times higher in the ejaculate of patients with inflammatory form of chronic abacterial prostatitis than in the control group, with a statistically significant difference between the patients' indicators (p<0.01). Against the background of an imbalance in the main biochemical markers in the ejaculate of patients with chronic abacterial prostatitis, a decrease in the volume and time of ejaculate liquefaction with signs of oligoasthenospermia was noted, especially in patients with inflammatory form of chronic abacterial prostatitis.
The study presents the results of determining the radiological index in patients of different sex diagnosed with generalized periodontitis. Densitometric parameters of the mineral density of the alveolar bone are considered important indicators reflecting the course and severity of periodontitis. The development of an index-based assessment of radiological examination results may serve as a potential biomarker of generalized periodontitis progression and may improve the diagnostic accuracy of this pathology. A total of 32 individuals (16 men and 16 women) aged 35–70 years were enrolled in the study. Based on clinical and radiological examination, the degree of periodontitis progression was graded according to the AAP/EFP World Workshop (2017) classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions. The inclusion criteria comprised a confirmed diagnosis of generalized periodontitis, the presence of indications for cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for implant or endodontic treatment planning, and the absence of acute dental or systemic inflammatory conditions. Patients with metallic foreign bodies in the oral cavity (such as dental prostheses or implants) that could cause CBCT artifacts, those taking medications affecting bone metabolism, as well as individuals diagnosed with osteoporosis or other musculoskeletal disorders, were excluded from the study. Additionally, the control group included 12 participants (6 men and 6 women) without clinical signs of periodontal lesions. All participants underwent CBCT, and the radiological index (RI) was determined. The index was calculated as the ratio between the mineral density of the alveolar bone in the interincisal region of the mandible and the mineral density of the cancellous bone of the second cervical vertebra. Densitometric characteristics were measured during CBCT analysis in Hounsfield units (HU). According to the results, 7 patients (21,9 %) had grade A periodontitis, 14 individuals (43,7 %) had grade B, and 11 patients (34,4 %) had grade C. Men more frequently demonstrated a more severe course of the disease, whereas women predominantly exhibited slow or moderate progression. The mean of RI was the highest in patients with grade A periodontitis – 1,32±0,19, and the lowest in those with grade C – 0,32±0,12, showing statistically significant differences (p<0,05) compared with the mean index value in the control group – 1,79±0,19. The mean index in men with periodontitis was 0,76±0,47, while in women it was significantly (p<0,05) higher – 1,03±0,49. In the control group, the mean values were 1,71±0,07 and 1,62±0,09 for men and women, respectively, showing no significant difference (p>0,05). Thus, the radiological index in patients with generalized periodontitis is significantly associated with both the degree of disease progression and the patient’s sex. The minimum RI values were recorded in men with grade C periodontitis (mean 0,22±0,04), while the maximum values were found in women with grade A periodontitis (1,45±0,17), showing statistically significant differences compared with healthy subjects. The application of an index-based assessment of bone mineral density may serve as an additional diagnostic tool for the early detection of periodontal tissue pathology and enable prediction of the clinical course of the disease.
Sexual health is an important aspect of quality of life and overall health. That is why international experts recommend that patient-centered healthcare systems, based on a comprehensive approach to medical care, provide a holistic assessment of sexual health and allocate resources to address sexual problems. In order to study the awareness of urologists on the prevention and organization of medical care for men with sexual dysfunction, in 2025, based on a questionnaire developed by us, we surveyed 55 urologists in 12 public and 4 private healthcare institutions in the Ivano-Frankivsk region. Among those surveyed, 78.2 % were men and 21.8 % were women, 30.9 % of respondents had the highest qualification category, 27.3 % had the first category, 10.9 % had the second category, and 30.9 % were not certified. It has been established that most urologists are not sufficiently knowledgeable about men's sexual health issues and acknowledge this themselves through self-assessment of their knowledge (18.2 % confirmed a complete lack of knowledge, 45.5% confirmed partial knowledge) and the need to acquire it (94.5 %), particularly regarding communication with patients (80.0 %). It has been established that the consequences of this insufficient knowledge are non-compliance with preventive technologies by urologists, namely: inadequate assessment of the sexual health of male patients (80.0 % only when complaints are present), failure to recommend that male patients visit a urologist-sexologist for preventive purposes (63.6 %), lack of understanding of the need for their participation in the process of identifying pathology (34.5 %), consultation (23.6 %), treatment (40.0 %), and dynamic observation of men with sexual dysfunctions (49.1 %), as well as other doctors, in particular primary care physicians and psychologists at each stage of such a patient's pathway. Half of the urologists surveyed (52.7 %) attributed the function of detecting sexual disorders to primary care physicians, slightly more than a third to urologists-andrologists (41.8 %) and sexologists (38.2%), 23.6 % attributed it to mental health specialists and cardiologists (14.5 %). The leading roles in counseling such patients were given by the surveyed urologists to sexologists (67.3 %) and urologists-andrologists (60.0 %). Only one in four of those surveyed (25.5 %) knew that men with sexual dysfunction need to consult a psychiatrist or psychologist, and only 12.7 % knew that they need to consult a cardiologist. Respondents gave priority in the dynamic observation of such patients to sexologists (47.3 %) and urologists-andrologists (41.8 %), without understanding the important role of primary care physicians (9.1 %) at this stage of the patient's pathway. Although the surveyed urologists demonstrated good awareness of the risk factors for male sexual dysfunction. Most were aware of the negative role of smoking (89.1 %), excessive body weight (80.0 %), alcohol abuse (78.2 %), the relationship with cardiovascular diseases (74.5 %), and physical inactivity (70.9 %) in the development of the pathology. It has been found that when examining men with sexual dysfunctions, urologists mainly pay attention to hormonal status (88.7 %), subjective manifestations (54.7 %), and instrumental examination data (49.1 %), and much less often on blood biochemical parameters (35.8 %), the state of the cardiovascular system (30.2 %), and lipid profile parameters (26.4 %).
Distal biceps tendon rupture results in substantial loss of supination strength and functional performance, particularly in highly active populations. In military personnel, especially special operations forces, optimal restoration of forearm supination torque and upper limb load tolerance is essential for operational readiness. While surgical repair using suture anchors provides reliable fixation, the optimal timing and intensity of postoperative mobilization remain debated, particularly in individuals exposed to high mechanical demands. To evaluate the safety and functional effectiveness of early passive and assisted mobilization following suture anchor repair of distal biceps tendon rupture in young special operations soldiers, with emphasis on restoration of interlimb symmetry and readiness for return to duty. A prospective controlled clinical case series included four active-duty special operations soldiers aged 36-49 years with acute distal biceps tendon rupture. All patients underwent primary suture anchor repair. A structured early rehabilitation protocol was initiated on postoperative day 2–3, incorporating passive mobilization, assisted supination–pronation exercises, and progressive controlled loading based on biological healing phases. Outcomes were assessed at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks and included active and passive range of motion (ROM), supination and flexion strength (expressed as percentage of the contralateral limb), functional load tolerance, supination endurance, QuickDASH, and pain (VAS). The contralateral limb served as an internal functional control. No reruptures or fixation failures were observed. Active ROM recovered from 42 % of the contralateral limb at 2 weeks to 98 % at 12 weeks. Supination strength improved from 34 % at week 2 to 96 % at week 12, with mean time to 90 % recovery of 9.5 weeks. Flexion strength reached 94-97 % symmetry by week 8-12. Functional load tolerance progressed from 58 % at week 4 to 95 % at week 12. Supination endurance achieved 93 % symmetry by week 12. QuickDASH scores improved from 52±5 to 9±3, and VAS decreased from 5.1±0.8 to 0.8±0.4. Restoration of >90 % interlimb symmetry correlated with return to full military duties by week 12. Early controlled mobilization following suture anchor repair did not compromise structural stability and facilitated rapid functional recovery. From a mechanobiological perspective, controlled mechanical loading likely promoted favorable collagen alignment and enthesis remodeling, supporting restoration of torque transmission. In a military population exposed to repetitive high-load rotational stress, achieving interlimb symmetry rather than time-based milestones appears more clinically relevant for determining readiness to return to duty. Early passive and assisted mobilization after distal biceps tendon repair with suture anchors is safe and functionally effective in young high-demand military personnel. The protocol enabled restoration of supination strength, ROM, and load tolerance with minimal residual asymmetry. Interlimb symmetry metrics may serve as objective criteria for operational return-to-duty decision-making.
This article presents a structured review of contemporary data on giant multinucleated cells (GMCs) as a significant morphological phenomenon in human pathology. Their pathogenetic and diagnostic relevance is highlighted in the context of chronic inflammation, granulomatous reactions, neoplastic conditions, and virus-associated processes. The relevance of this review is underscored by the fact that, despite substantial advances in immunohistochemical and molecular genetic techniques, histomorphological analysis remains the cornerstone of primary diagnostic evaluation, particularly in chronic inflammatory and granulomatous lesions. The identification of GMCs in biopsy specimens is frequently associated with persistence of a pathogenic stimulus, prolonged immune activation, and reactive tissue remodeling. However, their morphological similarity across diverse pathological conditions poses a risk of diagnostic misinterpretation. The aim of this study was to systematize the literature regarding the morphogenesis, morphological variants, and principles of diagnostic interpretation of GMCs. Publications indexed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were analyzed with emphasis on morphological, pathogenetic, and clinicopathological aspects. Two principal mechanisms of GMC formation are summarized. The syncytial mechanism involves active fusion of cells of the macrophage lineage under conditions of chronic immune stimulation and is accompanied by cytoskeletal reorganization, altered expression of adhesion molecules, and cytokine-mediated regulation. The polykarionic mechanism is associated with impaired cytokinesis and repeated nuclear division without cell separation, a process more commonly observed in neoplastic, virus-induced, or severe degenerative conditions. Distinguishing between these pathways is emphasized as diagnostically critical. The main morphological variants of GMCs are described, including Langhans-type giant cells characterized by peripheral nuclear arrangement, foreign body giant cells with haphazard nuclear distribution, and Touton giant cells exhibiting lipid-rich cytoplasmic vacuolization. Their typical associations with granulomatous inflammation, foreign body reactions, and lipid metabolism disturbances are outlined. Particular attention is paid to morphological pitfalls, especially the differentiation of reactive macrophage-derived GMCs from multinucleated tumor cells, viral syncytia, and physiological multinucleated cells such as osteoclasts. It is stressed that the presence of GMCs does not constitute an independent diagnostic criterion and requires comprehensive evaluation incorporating lesion architecture, inflammatory cell composition, nuclear atypia, and proliferative activity. In diagnostically challenging cases, the application of immunohistochemical markers of macrophage lineage and proliferation indices is considered appropriate. The proposed systematic morphological approach to the interpretation of GMCs contributes to improved accuracy of pathological diagnosis, optimization of differential diagnostic assessment, and reduction of interpretative errors in clinical practice.
The problem of treating stable angina, as the most common clinical form of coronary artery disease and chronic coronary syndrome (CHS), lies in the difficulty of selecting a complex of antianginal drugs due to co-, polymorbidity, side effects, and the uncertainty of the root cause of the disease in a particular patient. All of the above makes it difficult to prescribe effective up stream therapy. Meanwhile, many of the above problems could be avoided by adding modern nutraceutical complexes recommended by relevant studies to the classic personalized therapy regimen. Among the most attractive, in our opinion, is the complex recently introduced to the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine, which includes: DHA 400mg + Policonasol 20mg) – “Cardionevrin Forte” [10]. The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of the new nutraceutical complex "Cardioneurin Forte" on cardiodynamics and lipid metabolism indicators and to develop recommendations for its inclusion in the treatment of CHD/CHD-stable angina with arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia. In this study, the therapeutic efficacy of the nutraceutical complex "Cardioneurin Forte" was compared with the control group by the dynamics of lipid spectrum indicators referring to data, obtained in the study of the nutraceutical complex "Cardioneurin" [17]. A total of 90 patients participated in the two studies. In the previous study (n = 60), the therapeutic efficacy and safety of the nutraceutical complex with a policosanol content of 10 mg was evaluated, while in the last study (n = 30) the efficacy of the new nutraceutical complex was studied, in which the dose of policosanol was doubled - to 20 mg. The nutraceutical complex "Cardioneurin Forte" enhances antianginal, antihypertensive properties and hemodynamic characteristics and effectively improves the dynamics of lipid metabolism in patients with coronary artery disease/chronic ischemic heart disease - stable angina. Conclusions. Strengthening of the antianginal and antihypertensive properties of standard drug pharmacotherapy with adding of the nutraceutical complex "Cardioneurin Forte" is characterized by increased physical activity, decreased shortness of breath, palpitations in comparison with the less pronounced dynamics of these clinical signs in the control group in the same direction, as well as more pronounced in the main group (standard treatment in combination with the studied nutraceutical complex) step-by-step antihypertensive therapy. Improvement of biomechanics of systolic and diastolic functions of the left ventricle according to Echocardiography and Speckle Tracking EchoCG data is more pronounced when adding the nutraceutical complex "Cardioneurin Forte" to the standard therapy of CHD/CHD-stable angina pectoris FC III. The lipid-lowering effect of the studied nutraceutical complex is not a replacement for pharmaceutical hypolipidemic drugs (statin therapy/bempedoic acid, ezetimibe, PCSK-9 inhibitors, inclisiran), but a significant addition to the standard treatment of CHD/CHD-stable angina pectoris with arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia. The positive effect of the recommended combination therapy is due to an increase in HDL-C levels, a decrease in non-HDL-C, LDL-C, and triacylglycerols in the presence of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriacylglycerolemia.
Spondylodiscitis is a rare infectious-in-flammatory disease of the spine affecting intervertebral discs, endplates, and vertebral bodies, frequently leading to deformities, neurological deficits, chronic pain, and per-sistent decline in quality of life. Due to the limited vascu-larization of spinal motion segments and the complexity of spinal anatomy, management of this pathology remains challenging and prolonged, while evidence on physical therapy approaches is still limited. This article presents a clinical case of nonspecific thoracic spondylodiscitis in a 45-year-old male patient with severe pain syndrome, neu-rological impairment, and multiple comorbidities. The pa-tient provided informed consent to participate and was aware of the research results. Diagnostic and treatment features are described, including surgical intervention with transpedicular fixation and a comprehensive, structured postoperative physical therapy program. The primary aimof the work was to describe a clinical case of successful physical therapy for nonspecific spondylodiscitis of the spine and to show an assessment of the effectiveness of a comprehensive program. The therapeutic protocol was de-signed according to FITT-VP principles(Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type, Volume, Progression), with gradual progression of exercises targeting restoration of muscle strength, endurance, coordination, balance, and flexibility. Additional interventions included manual therapy, myo-fascial release, kinesiology taping, and strict adherence to orthopedic precautions. The rehabilitation plan was adapted to the patient’s comorbidities and delivered across post-acute and long-term phases, ensuring safety and con-tinuity of care. Clinical outcomes demonstrated significant functional improvements: muscle strength increased by 43 %, active range of motion improved by 51.6 %, and toler-ance to physical loads increased by 50 %. Barthel Index scores showed a 55 % improvement in independence, while mobility and balance measures more than doubled. The Berg Balance Scale increased by 30 points, reducing fall risk from severe to moderate, and the Rivermead Mo-bility Index improved by 8 points. These results confirm thattargeted, multimodal physical therapy enables early verticalization, recovery of walking skills, increased autonomy in daily activities, and enhanced overall quality of life. The findings highlight the importance of a multi-disciplinary approach combining pharmacological ther-apy, surgical stabilization, and individualized physical re-habilitation. Systematic, evidence-based rehabilitation strategies contributed not only to functional recovery but also to psychological well-being, patient motivation, and reintegration into daily life. This case emphasizes the need for further research on the role of physical therapy in non-specific spinal infections. Future studies should focus on optimizing rehabilitation protocols, validating exercise-based interventions in larger patient populations, and inte-grating these programs into standard healthcare practices. The presented clinical model also offers practical guidance for physical therapists and rehabilitation specialists and can be adapted for similar conditions, including post-in-fectious spinal disorders, postoperative recovery after discectomy or spinal stenosis surgery, and rehabilitation following spinal fractures.
The rapid development of digital technologies in medical education has significantly transformed the ways in which specialised terminology is compiled, accessed, and applied. Electronic medical dictionaries and corpus-based resources have emerged as crucial tools for facilitating the acquisition of domain-specific vocabulary and enhancing students’ professional communication skills. This study investigates the key role of lexical and grammatical competence in the development and effective use of these digital resources. Lexical competence enables the identification, categorisation, and semantic linking of complex medical terms, including multiword expressions and derivational structures originating from Latin and Greek, which are essential for understanding specialized discourse. Grammatical competence ensures accurate representation of collocations, verb patterns, and syntactic structures in dictionary entries and corpus annotations, thereby supporting students in producing contextually and grammatically correct language. The study reviewed a variety of electronic medical dictionaries to evaluate how well they represent lexical and grammatical information. Findings indicate that digital resources integrating both lexical and grammatical knowledge significantly improve learners’ ability to comprehend, retain, and apply medical terminology in authentic communicative situations. The analysis revealed common challenges, such as incomplete grammatical tagging, inconsistent representation of multiword terms, and the potential for misinterpretation by non-native speakers, which can compromise the accuracy and pedagogical effectiveness of digital dictionaries. The research demonstrates that integrating corpus-based approaches with detailed lexico-grammatical analysis enhances dictionary reliability and usability. Interactive electronic dictionaries provide students with authentic examples of term usage, cross-references, and contextualized explanations, which foster both vocabulary acquisition and grammatical proficiency. By observing real-life patterns in collocation, verb-noun combinations, and syntactic structures, learners internalize functional usage and improve professional communication skills. Moreover, corpus annotation techniques allow compilers to systematically record semantic relations, grammatical patterns, and frequency data, ensuring that dictionaries are comprehensive, contextually accurate, and suitable for educational purposes. In conclusion, lexical and grammatical competence are foundational for developing high-quality electronic medical dictionaries and corpus-based resources. Their integration ensures the production of reliable, pedagogically valuable, and user-friendly digital tools that support medical students in achieving both terminological mastery and grammatical accuracy. Properly designed electronic dictionaries and corpus resources bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical language use, enhancing students’ readiness for professional medical communication and contributing to the overall quality of medical education.
The most common urological disease among men is chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, which negatively affects the quality of life of patients. Quality of life is negatively affected by a wide range of clinical manifestations, especially pain syndrome. In order to evaluate diagnostic parameters, 43 patients with chronic abacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome with a long-term recurrent course that was difficult to treat in accordance with the clinical guidelines of the European Association of Urologists were examined. The study found that treatment of patients with chronic abacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome does not always lead to complete elimination of symptoms, particularly pain syndrome, since after treatment, the severity of symptoms remained moderate (11.9±1.7) due to pain or discomfort (10.7±1.3), although with a statistically significant tendency toward mild severity by 35.7 % (p<0.05) associated with a nearly threefold decrease in the incidence of dysuria. It has been established that patients with chronic pelvic pain that is difficult to treat require multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate gland, including patients with normal levels of total prostate-specific antigen in the blood, and especially when its level is elevated, since in a significant proportion of patients (32.6 %), the level of total prostate-specific antigen in the blood remained within 4-10 ng/ml after treatment, which prompted all patients to undergo multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate gland. For further diagnostic tactics, patients were divided into two groups. According to the data obtained from multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate gland, in the majority (79.4 %) of patients in group I, in whom the level of total prostate-specific antigen in the blood was within the normal range, and in almost a third (28.5 %) of patients in group II with elevated levels of total prostate-specific antigen in the blood, the level of prostate-specific antigen was within the normal range. -specific antigen levels were within normal limits, and in almost one-third (28.5 %) of patients in group II with elevated blood levels of total prostate-specific antigen, a low or very low probability of clinically significant prostate cancer was noted according to the PI-RADS system. Meanwhile, more than one-third of patients (35.7 %) in group II and 6.8 % of patients in group I were found to have a high or very high probability of clinically significant prostate cancer. In addition, more than one-third (35.8 %) of patients in group II and 13.8% of patients in group I were found to have an uncertain probability of prostate cancer. Accordingly, 20.6 % of patients in group I and 71.5 % of patients in group II underwent prostate biopsy, which resulted in 13.8 % of patients in group I and 42.9 % of patients in group II being diagnosed with prostate cancer, requiring further treatment at an oncology center. It has been established that prostate biopsy, as opposed to a wait-and-see approach, has definitive diagnostic value in patients with an uncertain probability of prostate cancer based on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate gland.
Modern advances in biotechnology, genetic engineering, and nanotechnology offer unprecedented opportunities to improve human health and longevity. However, these innovations also introduce complex ethical challenges. This article explores the role of bioethics in distinguishing the moral boundaries of interventions in living organisms, emphasizing the distinction between therapeutic applications and human enhancement “for the sake of improvement”. In this article we highlight the convergence of NBIC technologies (nano-, bio-, info-, and cognitive sciences) as a transformative force for healthcare and improving quality of life. Illustrate how natural models inspire technological solutions using avian wing designs and hydrophobic surfaces as examples of bioinspiration and biomimicry. Additionally, this article discusses the application of biomimetic nanomaterials in implantology and targeted drug delivery, while emphasizing the potential of natural bioactive compounds as alternatives to synthetic agents. Special focus is given to catalytic antibodies (abzymes) for treating addictions and cancer, and the use of transgenic plants in vaccine production. Emerging molecular technologies such as molecular imprinting and omics-based systems, particularly metabolomics, were examined as promising tools for more precise physiological monitoring. Genetic polymorphisms were analyzed in relation to toxic substance metabolism and disease susceptibility. Furthermore, we discussed the study of the genome of the "immortal jellyfish", which offers new insights into cellular rejuvenation. We reviewed genome editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9 as such that hold revolutionary potential, for example, for cardiac tissue regeneration. However, they also pose risks of uncontrolled genomic alterations, especially in germline cells. This raises critical ethical concerns regarding the right to life, privacy, and equitable access to advanced medical technologies. However, advances in biotechnology and nanotechnology offer important solutions to a number of human health issues. In particular, the use of nanomaterials, biotechnology, genetic engineering, complex mechanical systems and nanorobots has improved the accuracy of diagnosis, bioavailability of drugs and treatment options in oncology, regenerative medicine and dentistry for a number of genetic diseases. At the same time, the use of modern biotechnologies may carry potential risks of uncontrolled changes to the genome, especially when interfering with reproductive cells. The combination of nanotechnology with genetic engineering, artificial intelligence-based diagnostics, and biosensors raises questions about confidentiality, transparency of safety assessments, and clinical trials. This has sparked debate among a wide range of scientists about the right to life, confidentiality, and access to the latest methods. In conclusion, the rapid development of biotechnologies, particularly at the nanoscale, presents vast potential for diagnosing and treating genetic diseases, cancers, and addictions. Nonetheless, these advances require rigorous ethical oversight to safeguard human dignity and prevent unintended consequences.
