Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized through a microwave-assisted green route using an MAE-derived aqueous Rubus caesius L. fruit extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing medium. The effects of precursor concentration, extract volume, and microwave power were systematically evaluated within the tested experimental range. The combination of 0.075 mM HAuCl₄0.3 H₂O, 0.4 mL fruit extract, and 180 W microwave irradiation produced the most distinct and symmetric surface plasmon resonance response. FT-IR analysis suggested that oxygen-containing functional groups in the extract may have contributed to Au³⁺ reduction and AuNP surface stabilization. TEM analysis revealed spherical, triangular, and hexagonal nanoparticles with an average core size of 11.6 ± 3.2 nm. DLS showed a hydrodynamic diameter of 71.92 ± 4.12 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.425, while the near-neutral zeta potential indicated limited colloidal stability. UV–Vis monitoring showed that the RC-AuNPs largely retained their spectral characteristics for up to 45 days. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited a core size comparable to previously reported Rubus-mediated AuNPs. The specific contribution of this study is the use of an MAE-derived aqueous R. caesius L. fruit extract together with the systematic evaluation of key synthesis parameters affecting AuNP formation, optical response, and colloidal behavior.
This study numerically investigates magnetohydrodynamic Casson nanofluid flow over a curved stretching sheet under the influence of Joule heating, thermal radiation, activation energy, and chemical reaction. The Buongiorno model incorporating Brownian motion and thermophoresis describes nanoscale transport, while gyrotactic motile microorganisms stabilize the nanoparticle suspension through bioconvection. A systematic comparison between Newtonian and non-Newtonian (Casson) fluid models highlights the yield stress effects on transport characteristics. The governing equations of the Casson nanofluid flow are transformed into coupled ordinary differential equations by using similarity variables. The obtained system is solved by using the built-in bvp4c method of MATLAB. Key findings reveal that the Casson nanofluid exhibits lower velocity but higher temperature and concentration profiles than the Newtonian fluid due to enhanced viscous resistance and internal friction. Velocity decreases with increasing magnetic parameter (M) and buoyancy ratio (Nr), while it increases with mixed convection (λ). Temperature rises with higher thermal radiation (Rd), Brownian motion (Nb), thermophoresis (Nt), and thermal Biot number (β₁). Concentration enhances with increasing Brownian motion, mass Biot number (β₂), and activation energy (E). Microorganism density increases with motile Biot number (β₃) and curvature (A), but decreases with Peclet number (Pe) and bioconvection Lewis number (Lb). Skin friction rises with magnetic and Casson parameters, while the Nusselt, Sherwood, and motile density numbers show strong Biot number dependence. Results agree excellently with existing literature. This comparative analysis demonstrates that non-Newtonian behavior significantly alters thermal and transport characteristics, making the Casson model suitable for biomedical and industrial applications involving yield-stress fluids such as blood and polymer solutions.
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) utilizes ultrasound to activate sonosensitive agents, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) within tumor cells to induce oxidative damage. The advantages of ultrasound, such as deep tissue penetration, non-invasiveness, and spatial controllability, make it a promising candidate for cancer treatment. However, its practical application is still limited by factors such as low in vivo delivery efficiency, tumor hypoxia and antioxidant defense mechanisms, insufficient conversion of immunogenic cell death into durable anti-tumor immunity, and the lack of standardized ultrasound parameters, ROS quantification, and material quality control. Near-infrared II (NIR-II) conjugated polymers offer a promising platform because their tunable π-conjugated backbone, stable nano-assembly structure, organic composition, and modular design allow for the integration of imaging, ultrasound-triggered ROS generation, drug delivery, and immune microenvironment modulation into a single system. This article reviews recent research progress in NIR-II conjugated polymer SDT for cancer treatment. First, the physicochemical mechanisms, ROS generation pathways, and validation methods of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) are discussed, and conjugated polymers are compared with traditional small molecule and inorganic/semiconductor sonosensitive agents. This paper analyzes the significance of near-infrared II (NIR-II) imaging for surgical drug delivery (SDT) in terms of drug tracing, tumor localization, and therapeutic window. It further discusses the molecular design, aggregation state regulation, degradability, nanoassembly, delivery, and translational applications of organic conjugated polymer materials. Tumor-related barriers, including hypoxia, delivery obstacles, immunosuppressive microenvironment, and metabolic disorders, are then analyzed, and representative combined therapy strategies involving oxygen supply, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, myeloid cell remodeling, and matrix modulation are summarized. Finally, the challenges faced by materials in NIR-II signal quantification, ROS validation, long-term biosafety, ultrasound dosimetry, and clinical translation are discussed.
Efficient separation and transport of photogenerated charge carriers remain key challenges in wide-bandgap semiconductor photocatalysts. Herein, a UiO-66-derived ZrO2@TiO2/Ag(AgCl) multiphase composite was fabricated through a solvothermal–calcination route and evaluated for UV-driven dye degradation and photo-disinfection. X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy verified the coexistence and intimate interfacial coupling of ZrO2, TiO2, Ag, and AgCl domains. The composite exhibited an apparent optical bandgap of 4.24 eV and enhanced UV-responsive photocatalytic activity. Relative to the reference samples, the optimized composite showed a lower charge-transfer resistance (10.85 Ω), quenched photoluminescence emission, and an approximately 1.9-fold higher transient photocurrent response, supporting improved overall photoinduced carrier transport and extraction. The measured component band-edge potentials provide a thermodynamic framework for a proposed Ag-mediated interfacial charge-transfer model, while the photoelectrochemical behavior and reactive-species trapping results support improved carrier dynamics and the participation of reactive oxygen species. Within this proposed model, Ag-containing interfaces are hypothesized to facilitate selective interfacial recombination, thereby preserving charge carriers with strong redox capability. However, the present measurements do not directly resolve the phase-specific locations or migration directions of photogenerated carriers. Because the trapping experiments were conducted in the presence of H2O2, which can act as an electron acceptor and contribute to additional reactive-oxygen-species-generating pathways, the individual origins of •OH and •O2− cannot be uniquely assigned. Under the tested UV-irradiation conditions, the optimized composite achieved 97.8
Self-powered wearable systems for biomechanical energy harvesting and motion monitoring are highly desirable for sports training and rehabilitation. Herein, a hydrogel-based triboelectric nanogenerator is developed by integrating a Poly(vinyl alcohol)–MXene@carbon nanotube–deep eutectic solvent conductive hydrogel electrode into a single-electrode triboelectric configuration. Owing to the flexible conductive network and DES-regulated hydrogel structure, the PC-TENG delivers an open-circuit voltage of 82.7 V, a short-circuit current of 10.9 μA, a transferred charge of 28.1 nC, and a maximum output power of 129.9 μW. The device also shows stable output under varying humidity, temperature, and prolonged operation. As a proof-of-concept application, the PC-TENG is integrated into a wearable self-powered sensing system for sports-motion monitoring, demonstrating distinguishable motion-related signal responses and the potential for posture monitoring and biomechanical feedback. This work provides a promising strategy for hydrogel-enabled triboelectric wearable systems with balanced output performance, environmental adaptability, and application potential in intelligent sports monitoring.
The thermo-catalytic hydrogenation of greenhouse gas CO2 into more valuable products, primarily fuels such as methane and alcohols, is a promising pathway of carbon utilization. Since CO2 is known for its inertness with high activation energy, which makes it difficult to activate for the hydrogenation reaction, thus demanding higher temperatures for its conversion to useful products. Widespread efforts have been made to optimize catalysts for better catalytic performance at less severe operating conditions. This has garnered research community interest in utilizing the oxygen defect-rich metal catalysts, where missing oxygen atoms, or oxygen vacancies (VOs), contribute to the adsorption and geometry distortion of CO2, easing its reaction with H2. This review presents an overview of the potential of oxygen defect-rich catalysts for low-temperature CO2 hydrogenation, particularly focusing on those with supports such as CeO2, ZrO2, and TiO2. The fundamentals of VOs, including their types, impact, formation, and characterization techniques, are discussed, followed by an examination of their role in improving catalytic performance and steering reaction pathways towards methane and alcohols. Emphasis is placed on relevant optimization parameters, including catalyst features (metal loading and dispersion, type of metal, structure, etc.), presence and density of VOs and hydrogenation promoters, and reaction conditions (temperature, pressure, H2:CO2 feed ratio, flow rate). Recent advances are summarized, and lastly, current challenges and prospects are discussed.
Abstract ZnO-NPs were synthesised using Bauhinia purpurea leave s and explored as green nano corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in 1M hydrochloric acid. Comprehensive characterization of the synthesized ZnO-NPs was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Electrochemical methods, including potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), were performed to evaluate the corrosion inhibition efficiency at varying nanoparticle concentrations. Surface analyses through SEM, XPS, FTIR, and EDS confirmed the ZnO-NPs adsorption on the CS surface, validating the proposed inhibition mechanism. ZnO-NPs synthesized by sol–gel and co-precipitation methods exhibited maximum inhibition efficiencies of 94% and 97% at 100 ppm and 303 K, respectively, as determined by PDP. Consistently, EIS analysis demonstrated superior inhibition performance, with efficiencies of 99% (co-precipitation) and 98% (sol–gel) at 100 ppm. The findings confirm that green-synthesised ZnO-NPs act as effective, eco-friendly inhibitors by forming a protective adsorbed layer on the steel surface, thereby mitigating acid-induced corrosion.
Escalating environmental pollution and the increasing complexity of contaminants pose significant challenges to conventional remediation technologies, necessitating the development of innovative, sustainable solutions. This review critically examines the role of next-generation materials in environmental remediation and sustainable development, emphasizing their design principles, mechanisms, and practical relevance. Advanced material classes, including nanomaterials, polymeric and composite systems, and emerging functional materials such as metal–organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, and smart hybrid materials are systematically discussed with respect to their structure, property, and function relationships. The review highlights material-enabled remediation strategies for removing organic pollutants, heavy metals, metalloids, and emerging contaminants via adsorption, catalytic degradation, membrane separation, and integrated hybrid approaches. Particular attention is given to mechanistic insights, sustainability considerations, and the incorporation of green synthesis and life cycle assessment. The integration of artificial intelligence, smart sensing, and data-driven optimization for material design and process control is also addressed. Finally, key challenges related to scalability, environmental safety, and real-world implementation are outlined, along with future research directions. Overall, this review underscores the critical importance of material innovation in advancing efficient, scalable, and sustainable environmental remediation technologies aligned with global Sustainable Development Goals.
In this study, we investigated the tumor-accumulating efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) mediated by an aluminum chloride phthalocyanine-loaded nanoemulsion (AlClPc-NE) against breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and non-tumorigenic (MCF-10A) cell lines. The optimized AlClPc-NE formulation exhibited a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 168 nm, zeta potential of − 29 mV, low polydispersity (0.25), encapsulation efficiency of 81.10
The study describes the eco-friendly fabrication of chitosan–MgO@Ag nanocomposites (chitosan–MgO@Ag NCs) using an aqueous leaf extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, which serves as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent during synthesis. Fresh, disease-free leaves were processed to obtain a phytochemical-rich extract, which facilitated the phytoreduction of Ag+ ions and stabilized the composite matrix. Chitosan, MgO nanoparticles, and biosynthesized Ag nanoparticles were successfully integrated to form a stable NC system, which was comprehensively characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, DLS, zeta potential, SEM, TEM, SAED, and EDX analyses. UV–Vis analysis showed characteristic peaks at 244.81 and 418.32 nm confirming Ag nanocluster formation, while FTIR verified functional group interactions among chitosan, MgO, Ag, and E. camaldulensis biomolecules; XRD revealed distinct crystalline phases of MgO and Ag, DLS indicated a uniform hydrodynamic diameter of 242.3 nm with a zeta potential of − 25.3 mV, and SEM/TEM along with EDX confirmed well-dispersed spherical nanoparticles and homogeneous elemental distribution. Biological activity assessment demonstrated potent and dose-dependent antimicrobial effects against bacterial and fungal organisms, with S. typhi, C. perfringens, and K. pneumoniae showing high susceptibility. The NCs also exhibited significant anticancer activity against colon cancer cells (HCT-116), with IC50 values of 25 µg/mL (24 h) and 12 µg/mL (48 h). Increased intracellular ROS production, disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, AO/EtBr-assisted apoptosis, and modulation of apoptotic gene expression (downregulation of Bcl2; upregulation of cytochrome c, caspase-3, Bax) collectively confirmed mitochondria-mediated apoptotic cell death. These findings highlight the broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy and strong pro-apoptotic anticancer potential of green-synthesized chitosan–MgO@Ag NCs, suggesting their applicability in biomedical, therapeutic, and antimicrobial formulations.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is caused by progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. The disease is late onset, and to date, no early diagnosis is possible. Patients with ALS have a 5-year survival rate since diagnosis. Though recent studies highlighted the possible mechanisms of motor neuron degeneration in ALS, the treatment options are extremely limited. This underscores the urgent need to develop effective therapeutic strategies that can prolong patient survival and ultimately slow/halt ALS progression. Extracellular vesicles released from the degenerative milieu contribute to ALS propagation and progression by shuttling misfolded proteins, proinflammatory cytokines, and neurotoxins; thus, they could serve as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis. The advancement of stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases and the evolving understanding of extracellular vesicles as potential biotherapeutics provide a ray of hope for millions of patients suffering from neurological disorders/neurodegenerative diseases like ALS.
This study evaluates the amplitude of fluid temperature and periodic sequence of heat and mass transfer in Au-water nanofluid flow over thin-walled heat exchanger plate. The thermal performance of plate is predicted using exothermic reaction, nonlinear radiation and magnetic field. The convergence and accuracy of fluid temperature is predicted through Levenberg-Marquardt based neural network scheme. The activation energy is applied to improve temperature and concentration rate over plate. The governing model is solved through dimensionless variables, stokes transformation and complex variables. The primitive based steady, real and imaginary models are generated to develop steady and oscillatory flow features of heat ad mass transfer. Implicit finite difference method is used for asymptotic behavior of numerical results with Gaussian elimination approach. The numerical and graphical results of unknown quantities are displayed through various parameters such as exothermic reaction KR, radiation Rd, Richardson number RiT, activation energy EA, and temperature difference δ. The excellent accuracy and convergence of model is predicted at δ = 0.5 with smaller MSE values ( 10− 9) and lowest performance error 1.75 × 10−9 at 1000 epochs. The increasing peaks in amplitude of temperature and concentration are noted at higher volume Γ = 0.05. The stronger magnitude of streamlines, isotherms and iso-concentration is depicted as exothermic reaction KR enhances in steady and oscillatory regimes. Steady rate of heat and mass transfer enhances as reaction rate, Richardson number and magnetic number enhance. The stronger oscillating behavior in heat and mass transfer is predicted at higher radiation, activation energy and Richardson number.
Abstract The heat transfer through Riga surface associated to Robin condition and transient effects is an interesting topic. The primary objectives of this work are to model a heat transfer problem for vertical Riga surface using hybrid nanocomposite properties, along with thermal radiation, mixed convection and unsteady effects. The problem governs the flow transformed into dimensionless form with the help of similarity transformations, and enhanced properties of nanofluids. The model novelty falls in the development of superior tetra nanofluid class and its comparison with traditional classes (ternary, hybrid and simple) by integrating the aforementioned parameters. After that, the RK numerical scheme is applied for the solution and the results plotted by varying the physical parameters (thermal radiation, Biot number, unsteady and mixed convection parameters). The findings reveal that Biot number from 0.2 to 0.8, thermal radiation parameter from 0.1 to 0.7, and nanoparticles concentration from 1 to 4% promisingly increases the temperature with maximum increase in tetra nanofluid case than ternary, hybrid and simple cases. However, strengthening the mixed convection ( $$\delta $$ ) from 0.01 to 0.04 and magnetic effects due to Riga surface controls the temperature significantly. The skin friction against $${\phi}_{1}$$ from 1 to 4% shows variations from 1.0214 to 1.0051 (tetra), 1.1290 to 1.1179 (ternary), 1.1385 to 1.1304 (hybrid), and 1.1786 to 1.1740 for traditional nanofluid. The comparative heat transfer gradient improves for strong Biot number effects and enhances from 0.2707 to 0.440 (tetra), 0.1233 to 0.3915 (ternary), 0.1150 to 0.3671 (hybrid) and 0.1109 to 0.3536 for simple nanofluid with promising increase in tetra nanofluid. The comparative findings reveal key role of tetra nanofluid for heat transfer while the less thermal efficiency is investigated for other classes.
In the field of industry and mining sectors, energy demand is rapidly increasing, and it is very necessary to develop a durable, scalable, and broadband solar thermal absorber. And a conventional absorber has a narrowband absorptance and low thermal stability, so fulfil these requirements using graphene and MXene-based metamaterial absorbers as a next-generation solar absorber. This study shows the MXene and Graphene-based Multicylinder Resonator Solar Thermal Absorber (MGMRSA). Graphene and MXene are incorporated in the top layer of MGMRSA, whereas Si3N4 and Cr are employed in the substrate and ground component of MGMRSA. This MGMRSA is simulated with the FEM (Finite Element Method) approach to investigate the absorber and its various results. More than 95
Two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a promising adsorbent for wastewater treatment because of its layered structure, tunable surface chemistry, and accessible edge sites. Here, commercial MoS₂ (MoS₂-C) and hydrothermally synthesized MoS₂ nanosheet assemblies (MoS₂-S) were comparatively evaluated for methyl green (MG) adsorption. MoS₂-S exhibited improved colloidal stability, near-complete MG removal (> 98
Silicon photonics provides a scalable platform for photonic integrated circuits (PICs) through compatibility with mature complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) processing. However, silicon’s indirect bandgap intrinsically limits radiative recombination efficiency, necessitating material and structural strategies to enhance light emission. This review critically evaluates recent progress in silicon based light-emitting devices enabled by quantum confinement and hybrid integration approaches. Low-dimensional architectures including quantum wells (2D), nanowires (1D), and quantum dots (0D) are analysed in terms of emission control, threshold behaviour, thermal stability, and integration maturity. Advances in heterogeneous III–V/Si integration, GeSn group-IV heterostructures, nano-ridge epitaxy, and cavity-enhanced photonic crystal platforms are discussed from a materials and manufacturability perspective. Collectively, these developments reflect a progressive transition from passive silicon photonics toward reproducible, scalable light-generating platforms suitable for coherent and spectrally controlled optical systems.
Anisotropic titanium nano-surfaces produced by alkali etching exert diverse biological effects through physicochemical cues derived from anisotropically distributed nanospikes. These effects can be further enhanced by hierarchically superimposing nanostructures onto micro-roughened surfaces. This study aimed to investigate the effects of micro/nano three-dimensionally hierarchical titanium surfaces on the osteoblastic functions and osseointegration of dental implants. Three-dimensionally nano-roughened titanium surfaces fabricated using a combination of hot acid and alkaline treatments showed a higher density and anisotropic distribution of nanospikes than that on conventional nano-roughened surfaces, while exhibiting key physicochemical features similar to those of conventional nano-roughened surfaces, including superhydrophilicity and negative surface potential associated with surface hydroxyl groups. These three-dimensionally nano-roughened surfaces significantly enhanced bovine serum albumin adsorption. They also promoted the proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of mouse bone marrow stromal cells compared with conventional micro-roughened or nano-roughened titanium surfaces. In vivo, titanium implants with three-dimensional nano-surfaces showed significantly greater osseointegration strength than that of micro-roughened implants when placed in the rat maxillary molar region. This enhancement was associated with enhanced early bone formation and increased contact and distant osteogenesis. Exploratory association analysis suggested that the composite topographical descriptor reflecting nanospike density and spatial heterogeneity was associated with increased albumin adsorption under controlled in vitro conditions. Collectively, micro/nano three-dimensionally hierarchical titanium surfaces are associated with enhanced early osseointegration and promoted osteoblastic differentiation, highlighting their potential for advanced implant surface design.
Abstract Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) therapeutics have advanced rapidly, but their translation remains constrained by delivery performance, manufacturing robustness, and regulatory expectations. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the most clinically established non-viral delivery platform, yet their successful development depends on a well-defined chemistry, manufacturing, and controls (CMC) strategy that links lipid chemotype and process parameters to critical quality attributes (CQAs) and, ultimately, clinical performance. This review examines translation-critical decisions in mRNA-LNP development, beginning with a comparison of ionizable and permanently cationic lipid chemotypes in terms of efficacy–tolerability trade-offs, biodegradability, and immune activation. We then contrast LNPs with polymeric and hybrid carriers, with emphasis on characterization burden, scalability, and regulatory precedent. Manufacturing approaches, including microfluidic scale-out and impinging-jet scale-up, are further discussed in relation to their effects on CQAs, critical process parameter (CPP) sensitivity, comparability, and cost. Beyond formulation and processing, we highlight the need for orthogonal analytical characterization, physiological stability assessment in plasma or serum, and stability-indicating profiling of lipid impurities and mRNA–lipid adducts. We also discuss AI/ML-ready metadata standards and early comparability planning for scale-up and post-approval changes. Together, these considerations provide a practical CMC-oriented framework for aligning formulation design, manufacturing control, and clinical translation of mRNA-LNP products.
Environmental pollution from pesticides, synthetic dyes, heavy metals and micro-plastics has become a serious global concern due to their persistence, toxicity and ability to accumulate in living systems. Traditional methods for removing these contaminants are often energy-intensive and costly and may generate secondary pollution, underscoring the need for more sustainable solutions. In this context, green nanotechnology has emerged as a promising and environmentally friendly alternative. This review focuses on recent developments in biomass-derived nanomaterials for pollutant removal, emphasizing the use of renewable resources, including plant materials, microorganisms and agricultural waste. It discusses various green synthesis approaches, including biological and low-energy methods and explains how these materials interact with pollutants via mechanisms such as adsorption, catalytic degradation and redox reactions. Their applications in water purification, soil remediation and air pollution control are also explored. This review also brings together recent progress in biomass‑derived nanomaterials and highlights their pollutant‑specific performance, including heavy‑metal removal efficiencies exceeding 95
