Background: The rise of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria, particularly Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to β-lactam antibiotics, poses a major challenge to global healthcare systems. Natural products with antibacterial properties may offer alternative therapeutic options. Materials and Methods: This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of ethanolic and propanolic extracts of Terminalia chebula fruit against a β-lactam-resistant K. pneumoniae strain. Catalase inhibitory activity was assessed qualitatively, and phytochemical profiles were determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using standard assays. Results: Antibiotic susceptibility tests confirmed complete resistance of the bacterial strain to all tested β-lactam antibiotics. Both extracts inhibited bacterial growth at a concentration of 12.5 mg/mL dilution (MIC) and eradicated the bacteria at a 25 mg/mL dilution (MBC). Catalase activity was fully inhibited at concentrations as low as 6.25 mg/mL. Gas GC–MS analysis revealed that 1, 2, 3-benzenetriol (pyrogallol) was the dominant compound in the ethanolic extract, while the propanolic extract contained several bioactive compounds, notably D-limonene. Both compounds are known catalase inhibitors, promoting reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and impairing bacterial antioxidant defenses. Conclusion: T. chebula extracts exhibit potent antibacterial effects against β-lactam-resistant K. pneumoniae, primarily by inhibiting catalase and inducing oxidative stress. The presence of bioactive phytochemicals such as pyrogallol and D-limonene likely contributes to these effects, either individually or synergistically. These findings highlight the potential of T. chebula as a natural adjunct therapy for combating drug-resistant bacterial infections.
Background: Conventional metrics for assessing biological aging, like allostatic load or telomere length, have limitations in providing a comprehensive picture, especially across diverse populations exposed to chronic stressors like sulfur mustard. Materials and Methods: This study proposes a novel composite index the Biological Health Score (BHS)-to-telomere length ratio. It integrates a multisystem BHS (from non-invasive biomarkers) with leukocyte telomere length, applicable to various epidemiological studies. Results: The composite ratio demonstrated greater explanatory power than its individual components. It more successfully predicted injury severity in sulfur mustard-exposed veterans and showed a stronger association with biological aging markers. Conclusion: This feasible, integrative index is a promising tool for epidemiological and clinical research to identify individuals at risk of accelerated aging and health disorders resulting from chronic stress exposure.
Background: Vinca herbacea Waldst. & Kit. is a relatively understudied species of the Apocynaceae family, distributed across temperate regions of Asia and Europe, with verified populations in northern Iran, particularly within the Hyrcanian forests. The family is well known for producing monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs), such as vinblastine and vincristine, which possess potent anticancer activities. Vindolinine, an important indole alkaloid and a biosynthetic precursor of these chemotherapeutic agents, has not been previously reported in V. herbacea. Materials and Methods: In June 2024, aerial parts of V. herbacea (leaves, stems, and flowers) were collected from the Baleskuh Protected Area in Mazandaran Province, Iran. Plant materials were extracted using ethanol, n-propanol, and butanol through cold maceration, and all extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Compound identification was performed using National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Wiley spectral libraries. Results: Vindolinine was detected predominantly in the ethanolic extracts of leaves and stems, with retention times of 55.22 and 55.28 minutes, respectively, and was absent in flowers. The mass spectral data showed strong similarity to reference spectra (CAS: 5980-02-9), confirming its presence. The organ-specific pattern suggests higher biosynthetic accumulation in photosynthetically active tissues. Conclusion: This study provides the first global report of vindolinine in V. herbacea, highlighting northern Iran as a natural source of this rare and pharmacologically crucial alkaloid. These findings expand the phytochemical knowledge of the species and provide a basis for future biotechnological, pharmacological, and conservation-oriented studies.
Viral infections such as COVID-19 are significant environmental triggers for autoimmune diseases [1]. After infection with COVID-19, many autoimmune disorders that can potentially impact diverse organ systems may emerge [2]. The processes underlying the onset of autoimmunity in post-COVID-19 patients are complex and varied. Recent research has proposed several plausible mechanisms and theories to elucidate the molecular basis of immune dysregulation associated with COVID-19. These include molecular mimicry by viral proteins, systemic manifestations and multiorgan involvement due to the extensive expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2, bystander activation of immune cells, the release of autoantigens from virus-damaged tissues, superantigen-mediated lymphocyte activation, and epitope spreading. Several host factors, including age, comorbidities, and genetic predispositions, may also play a role [3].
Intrauterine adhesions (IUAs), also known as Asherman syndrome, is a pathological condition characterized by the development of fibrous scar tissue within the uterine cavity, leading to menstrual abnormalities, infertility, and recurrent pregnancy loss. Current treatment options for IUAs are limited and often associated with suboptimal outcomes. In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as potential therapeutic tools for various tissue injuries and disorders. MSCs play an important role in regeneration and repair and can differentiate into several lineages. These cells can be harvested from various sources, such as bone marrow, umbilical cord, adipose tissue, peripheral blood, and placenta. EVs are small membrane-bound vesicles containing a diverse cargo of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, which can be transferred to target cells to modulate their biological functions. Evidence suggests that EVs possess therapeutic properties similar to their parent cells but without the risks associated with cell-based therapies. Studies have demonstrated that EVs, by multiple pathways and mechanisms, can promote endometrial repair, reduce fibrosis, and restore normal uterine function in animal models of IUAs. Understanding the therapeutic effects of MSCs-derived EVs on IUAs could pave the way for developing novel and minimally invasive treatment options for this challenging condition. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge regarding the therapeutic potential of different sources of MSC-EVs in treating IUAs in preclinical and in vitro studies.
Background: Marjoram is an herbal plant with different medicinal effects. This study evaluates its impact on enzymatic antioxidant status, growth performance, intestinal mucosa morphology, and pulmonary hypertensive response in cold-induced pulmonary hypertensive chickens. Materials and Methods: Broiler chicks were reared for 35 days under cold stress and treated with 0.05% vitamin C (positive control) and 0 (control), 0.1%, or 0.2% marjoram extracts. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and activity of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were assayed on day 35. Meanwhile, gene expression of these enzymes was evaluated in the duodenum. Results: The right ventricle to total ventricles (RV:TV) ratio was lower in all treatments of chickens than control (P<0.05). The feed conversion ratio was only decreased in the chickens fed marjoram-0.2%. Lipid peroxidation was reduced in all groups, while the CAT activity was increased in the marjoram-0.2% group compared to the control (P<0.05). In the lung, SOD, CAT, and GPX transcripts were decreased in the marjoram-0.2% group compared to the control (P<0.05). In the right ventricle of the heart, SOD and CAT transcripts were increased in the marjoram-0.2% group compared to other groups of chickens, whereas GPX transcript was decreased (P<0.05). In comparison to the control, the chickens fed vitamin C and marjoram had longer duodenal villus and more surface area, and their villus lamina propria was thicker (P<0.05). Conclusion: Supplementation of marjoram could modulate pulmonary hypertensive response and ameliorate intestinal morphology through its antioxidant effects.
Background: Considering that non-eosinophilic esophagitis eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs) could mimic serious surgical conditions, including hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, intussusception, and bowel perforation, this study investigates these disorders as major causes of gastrointestinal surgery in children. Materials and Methods: Children who had undergone gastrointestinal surgery between March 2017 and March 2018 at Mofid Children’s Hospital in Tehran City, Iran, were randomly selected to perform a rigorous and complete re-evaluation of the pathology to determine the presence of eosinophils or eosinophil-related inflammation in the tissue samples collected after surgery. Traditional hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to quantify eosinophils and their footprints. Trichrome staining was also applied to measure the tissue fibrosis. Results: A total of 72 pediatric patients with a median age of 2.5 years, suffering from constipation and abdominal pain were studied. The majority of patients were primarily diagnosed with Hirschsprung’s syndrome (38.9%), followed by imperforated anus (34.7%) and ileal atresia (16.7%). Among the studied patients ten (13.9%) were confirmed to have tissue eosinophilia, compatible with the conventional method of non-EoE-EGID diagnosis. More evidence supporting the presence of tissue eosinophils was infiltration of 1-26 eosinophils in the muscular and subserosal layers of more than 97% of samples, degranulated eosinophils and multi-nucleated cells in 6(8.3%) tissue samples, and different levels of tissue fibrosis in 37 patients (51.4%). Conclusion: Non-EoE EGIDs should be considered in the context of severe relapsing gastrointestinal complications requiring urgent or emergent surgical interventions, particularly in subjects without a convenient response after surgery.
Background: Given the significant zoonotic threat posed by Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin (S. Dublin) and its substantial impact on animal populations and public health, the objective of the present study was to assess the immunogenicity and protectivity of subcutaneous administration of Salmonella Dublin bacterin in a murine model. Materials and Methods: Specific pathogen-free female BALB/c mice were tested for Salmonella-free status, and housed in controlled conditions. A formalin-killed bacterin was prepared from a local isolate of S. Dublin using a well-established protocol, ensuring bacterial inactivation and safety. Groups 1 through 3 of mice were received, respectively, either phosphate buffered saline plus alum or a single dose of inactivated bacterins with and without alum adjuvant via subcutaneous route. Immune responses were evaluated through microagglutination, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, delayed-type hypersensitivity, interferon-gamma assays, and challenge with viable S. Dublin. Results: Microagglutination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests revealed alum-adjuvanted injection as the best method for stimulation of anti-S. Dublin antibodies production. The gamma interferon production and delayed hypersensitivity tests, crucial for cellular immunity, were also most elevated in mice injected with alum-adjuvanted S. Dublin bacterin. After the challenge with the live bacteria, the isolation rate of S. Dublin was significantly different (P=0.03) among the different groups but only mice injected with alum-adjuvanted showed a significant difference (P≤0.05) compared to the control group. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the efficacy of alum as an adjuvant in inactivated S. Dublin vaccines. Insights gained from both humoral and cellular immune responses, provide valuable knowledge for the development of S. Dublin vaccination strategies.
Background: Pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) in broiler chickens is exacerbated by cold stress, leading to physiological responses that can adversely affect cardiac health. This study investigates the relationship between heart telomere length and lipid peroxidation in chickens experiencing PHS due to cold stress. Materials and Methods: A total of 31-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were divided into control and cold-stress (PHS) groups, with the latter exposed to decreasing temperatures to induce PHS. At 21 and 42 days of age, we assessed the right ventricular to total ventricular (RV:TV) ratio, relative heart telomere length through real-time quantitative PCR, and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as a marker of lipid peroxidation. Results: The RV:TV ratio was significantly higher in the PHS group at both 21 days and 42 days compared to controls. Relative telomere length was significantly reduced in the PHS group at 42 days (P<0.05), while MDA levels were elevated at this age (P<0.05). A negative correlation between telomere length and MDA levels was observed at 42 days (P<0.05). Conclusion: Cold stress-induced PHS in broiler chickens leads to increased oxidative stress, as evidenced by elevated MDA levels and reduced telomere length. The findings suggest that oxidative damage may accelerate telomere attrition, linking environmental stressors to cardiac dysfunction in poultry.
Background: Melatonin, an endogenously produced indoleamine, is a highly effective antioxidant and free radical scavenger. This study investigates the potential antioxidant effects of melatonin in birds exposed to conditions promoting pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) under cold stress. Materials and Methods: Two groups of birds were offered different concentrations of melatonin (0.2% and 0.4%), while a control group received no melatonin treatment. Serum and cardiac tissue samples were collected to evaluate glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) activities and the relative expression of GPX and SOD1 genes. Results: The results showed a significant decrease in the right ventricular to total ventricular weight ratio in the melatonin 0.4% supplemented group compared to the control. Melatonin supplementation at 0.2% and 0.4% levels led to lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum and heart compared to the control group, indicating reduced lipid peroxidation. Both melatonin groups exhibited increased serum/cardiac (GPX) activities compared to the control group; however, the serum SOD1 activity was only increased in the melatonin 0.4% group of birds compared to the control group. Furthermore, the melatonin-0.2% and -0.4% groups displayed decreased relative gene expression of GPX and SOD1 compared to the control group. Conclusion: Melatonin, especially with a dose of 0.4%, when used as an antioxidant agent, can be beneficial in reducing the severity of PHS and heart right ventricular failure in birds.
Background: One of the main reasons for tooth loss and functional incompatibility of dentition is periodontitis which is a multi-factorial disease. Among the main reasons for periodontitis is inflammation. Hypothesis: Some keystone bacteria, such as Prophyromonas gingivalis with a notable number of virulence factors could activate and modify inflammatory pathways in gingiva. A well-established therapy for this disease is topical antibiotics; however, these treatments have side effects and could promote antibiotic-resistant infections as well. Such antibiotic-resistant infections are a group of periodontitis with a severely complicated treatment approach that could fail. Thus, new strategies need to be developed for treatment-resistant (antibiotic-resistant) periodontitis. In the past decades, many randomized controlled clinical trials have shown that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) could treat inflammatory-dependent diseases or disorders. In addition to MSCs, the anti-inflammatory effects of their extracellular vesicles (EVs) have also been studied in the clinic. Results: Considering the anti-inflammatory potential of MSCs-derived EVs, it could be hypothesized that local delivery of these EVs could be an effective method for periodontal treatment due to the accessible location of the periodontium. Conclusion: This study suggests further in vivo studies and randomized clinical trials on the potential effects of MSCs-derived EVs on periodontal disease treatment.
The long COVID-19 syndrome is a complex clinical state that lasts for several months and extends beyond the initial acute infectious phase. More than 200 known symptoms impact two or more organ systems. The most common symptoms include arthralgia, weakness, exhaustion, low effort tolerance, cognitive impairment, poor focus, palpitations, and chest pain. Approximately 65 million people globally are affected by long coronavirus disease (COVID-19), calculated from a conservative estimate of 10% of infected individuals and over 651 million officially recorded COVID-19 cases globally. The actual number is likely much greater because of numerous unregistered cases. The estimated incidence is 10% to 30% for non-hospitalized cases, 50% to 70% for hospitalized cases, and 10% to 12% for vaccinated cases.
Background: The Razi-Cov-Pars vaccine, a recombinant protein vaccine developed in Iran, has undergone evaluation in three dosage strengths across three clinical trial phases. In phase I, volunteers received one of three dosages (5, 10, and 20 μg) corresponding to low, medium, and high strengths. Materials and Methods: This study assessed the long-term in vitro immune status of the Razi-Cov-Pars vaccine by transferring lymphocyte supernatants (SN) from individuals vaccinated for 8 months to lymphocytes from individuals vaccinated for 16 months and non-vaccinated healthy individuals. Immunological parameters were evaluated using the 3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay for stimulation index and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for interleukin 10, transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) and TGF-α levels. Results: The findings revealed that lymphocyte SN from individuals vaccinated for 8 months significantly enhanced the proliferation of lymphocytes from individuals vaccinated for 16 months with the licensed 10 μg strength vaccine. This suggests that the Razi-Cov-Pars vaccine may have long-term effects on lymphocyte proliferation and immune response. Notably, there was a significant increase in TGF-α levels across all vaccine strengths, hinting at the potential role of TGF-α in long-term immune processes following vaccination with Razi-Cov-Pars. Additionally, there was a marked increase in interleukin-10 levels in all vaccinated groups, indicating active pro-inflammatory elements in the SN. TGF-β expression significantly increased in the high-strength vaccine group, whereas no notable difference was observed in the low and medium-strength groups. Conclusion: We detected a significant stimulation in the lymphocytes isolated from vaccinated individuals after 16 months by measurement of proliferative potential and cytokine gene expression thereby assessing the long-term effect of the vaccine.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammatory processes that result in joint swelling, inflammation, and the onset of pain. This discomfort and pathological condition exhibit a gradual rise in scale and become more intense. Even though pharmacotherapy like disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biologics has improved, there is still a need for more focused treatments that cause less harm. This study examines how treatments for RA have changed over time, focusing on the shift from traditional medicines to new, creative ways to combine medicine with immune-engineering therapies. DMARDs are still the most common way to treat RA. On the other hand, biologics and Janus kinase inhibitors are options for people who do not react to their first medications. The development of nanomedicines and hydrogels is an exciting new area of study because they make it possible for more precise spread and less overall toxicity of the medicine. The early research suggests that these innovative approaches could greatly improve the effectiveness of therapy by delivering drugs directly to the site of inflammation while also reducing the severity of any side effects that might occur. RA care is quickly expanding beyond the traditional use of drugs to include more modern ways of managing medications and also personalized healing methods.
The respiratory system is continually exposed to various harmful agents, which is why DNA repair is required. This comprises injury, inflammation, and other contents that are toxic and can cause damage to its genes. To eliminate the impact of DNA damage and restore cellular function, three pathways of repair are induced as follows: base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair (NER), and double-strand break pathway. However, such healing responses can be downregulated by long-term or severe injuries resulting in decreased recovery ability and predisposition to various diseases, such as lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and fibrosis of the lungs. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during inflammation alters DNA and damages tissues. Despite this, inflammation will affect the initiation of tissue repair as well as DNA damage through the creation of ROS in this intricate process that occurs partly through innate immune responses and cytokine signaling. Cytotoxic processes hamper these fixing pathways of damaged genetic materials by inhibiting enzymes involved in DNA reparations and genes linked to repairs, thereby enhancing the risks of mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and progressive diseases. Hence, the relationship between DNA repair and inflammatory reactions is crucial for lung health. It plays a major role in the pathophysiology of illnesses, such as cancer, COPD, fibrosis, and asthma. Inflammation and DNA damage are positively associated because they form a positive feedback loop that promotes disease and tissue pathology progression. DNA injury activates inflammation because immune cells are attracted to the site of injury, which in turn produces more oxidant molecules damaging the DNA. The evaluation of this relationship may help find approaches for reducing DNA damage, protecting genomic integrity, and preventing the progression of respiratory diseases.
Background: Gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a peptide involved in mammals’ fertility and may also serve as a candidate target for cancer immunotherapy. Immunonsterilization is known as a proper alternative to surgical castration and has been advocated by European countries in recent years. Immunization with GnRH can effectively inhibit the secretion of gonadotropins and cause infertility in both genders of mammals. In this study, a recombinant trimer of GnRH is designed and expressed in a prokaryotic system. Materials and Methods: A construct containing GnRH trimer was designed and prepared using gene synthesis. A cloning site was embedded and connected to the GnRH using a linker to further clone any protein of interest. The construct was subcloned into a pET-32a+ plasmid vector. The recombinant vector was transferred to BL21, an Escherichia coli strain, and the expression was induced using isopropyl β- d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). The cell lysate was prepared using lysis buffer and nickel affinity chromatography purification. The GnRH expression was evaluated using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after protein purification. Results: The cloning was verified using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by sequencing the recombinant vector. The result of the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis verified the recombinant protein’s expression and the purification process’s function. Conclusion: The GnRH was properly cloned and expressed in BL21. The results also verified the reliability of the purification process. The construct design allows the researchers to express another peptide sequence attached to the GnRH using the embedded linker to improve the stability and antigenicity. A stable recombinant GnRH would be applied in immunocastration and cancer immunotherapies.
Cell therapy, especially with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), is a potent treatment for many diseases or disorders. Meanwhile, MSCs-based cell-free products, such as extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been suggested as an alternative to MSCs. These MSC-EVs have been used in different trials to treat various inflammatory-dependent disorders. MSCs, according to their isolated tissue source, could present different therapeutic features and their derived EVs. One of the new sources for MSC isolation is amniotic fluid (AF). In addition, other than MSCs, new studies have used AF as an acceptable source for EV isolation. These isolated EVs from AF (AF-EVs) or AF-derived MSCs EVs (AF-MSC-EVs) have been used in different in-vitro and animal studies to treat a wide variety of inflammatory-dependent pathological conditions due to their confirmed anti-inflammatory potentials (through suppressing different pro-inflammatory cytokines). Meanwhile, in other conditions requiring repairing properties (e.g. wound healing or myocardial infarction), considering their regenerative and angiogenic potentials, these EVs have shown proper therapeutic results. Furthermore, other than the in-vitro and animal studies, AF-EVs containing treatment have successfully been used in some clinical trials and showed no adverse events among the patients and expressed potent anti-inflammatory properties through suppression of two very important pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α. Accordingly, AF-EVs and AF-MSC-EVs could be suitable choices for treatment due to their anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties. However, further clinical studies are needed.
Sulfur mustard, a chemical warfare agent, that has been used in the Iraq-Iran conflict, exerts its devastating effects through multifaceted biochemical pathways. Its primary mode of action involves the alkylation of cellular macromolecules, particularly DNA and proteins, leading to cellular dysfunction and damage. DNA alkylation by sulfur mustard results in the formation of adducts, causing genetic mutations, chromosomal aberrations and ultimately cell death or malignant transformation. Similarly, protein alkylation disrupts cellular signaling pathways and homeostasis, contributing to tissue damage and dysfunction. Additionally, sulfur mustard exposure induces the generation of reactive oxygen species, exacerbating cellular damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress. This triggers the activation of inflammatory pathways, including NF-κB, MAPK, JAK/STAT and inflammasome activation, leading to the production of cytokines, adhesion molecules, chemokines, activator protein-1 (AP-1), and other inflammatory mediators. The inflammatory cascade initiated by sulfur mustard exposure perpetuates tissue damage, immune cell recruitment and systemic effects, enhancing acute symptoms and potential long-term health complications.
Background: Lung cancer, which is characterized by the presence of malignant tumors, offers a potential avenue for treatment through the use of nanomedicines. Previous in vitro studies have shown promising effects of modified zinc oxide nanoparticles on lung cancer cell lines. Accordingly, this study investigates the impact of this nanodrug on the immune response in a mouse model of lung cancer. Materials and Methods: In this study, a mouse model of lung cancer was utilized. Various aspects, including tumor size, infiltration of CD8+ cells and the survival rate of the mice, were carefully examined. The obtained results were subsequently analyzed using the GraphPrism software, version 9. Results: Mice treated with the nanodrug exhibited a reduction in tumor size. Additionally, there was an increase in the number of CD8+ cells infiltrating the tissue. Furthermore, the administration of the nanodrug led to improved survival rates among the mice. Conclusion: The use of this nanodrug has shown significant efficacy in inhibiting tumor growth. Moreover, it has demonstrated potential in enhancing CD8+ cell infiltration, thereby strengthening the immune response and suppressing tumor progression. Ultimately, this nanodrug improves the survival of mice receiving treatment.
Sulfur mustard (SM), an alkylating chemical agent, targets several organs, particularly the respiratory system, and results in early and late toxic effects. Currently, there is a considerable lack of adequate medical countermeasures for SM-associated lung injury. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are characterized by their self-renewal properties and differentiation capacity into multiple cell lineages. These features provide MSCs with the unique ability to engraft into injured tissues and exert immunomodulatory and tissue-repairing effects. Recent congruent findings on the usefulness of MSCs in the context of SM-induced pulmonary injury have raised the promise of their therapeutic use; however, their potential protective mechanisms are still unknown. A better understanding of the therapeutic mechanism of MSCs involved in SM-pulmonary injury would help figure out new target options. Accordingly, this study discusses the opportunities and therapeutic mechanisms of MSCs in SM poisoning. Recent advances in the treatment of SM-induced lung injury and the therapeutic mechanisms of MSCs as possible new treatments are highlighted. The PubMed and Scopus databases for published studies on the therapeutic approach of SM-induced lung manifestations were searched with a focus on the therapeutic mechanisms of MSCs.
