The high grade and low grade metamorphic rocks with volcano sedimentary varieties and associated intrusions are the main characteristic geological formations of Eastern and south Eastern Ethiopia. The Mozambique and higher grade metamorphic rock that dominated in the four parts of Ethiopia have limited exposure in the eastern Ethiopia. The Soka iron mineralization area was located in the Harerghe, Oromia Region, Eastern Ethiopia. Generally the current study area is situated in the south west of Harer town. The primary objective of this study was to delineate the geology and mineralogy of iron ore occurred in Soka locality. The objective of this research work is achieved using geological mapping with selective representative ore samples assisted by trenches and pits as working methodologies. The genetic type of iron formation and the host rock of the study area was understood from the field work investigation conducted in the area. The Soka locality iron mineralization is characterized as a vein-related iron formation that hosted within the basement rock of the area. Primarily low to medium grade of biotite, amphibolite schist, and quartzite are the main geological formation of Soka and surrounding areas. The average iron oxides like (Fe 2 O 3 ) contents in Soka were 53.42%, with a wide range of variation from different samples. The Soka iron mineralization mineralogical compositions are studied from the ore microscope analysis and the dominant ore constituents of analyzed iron ore body are hematite, magnetite and altered goethite assembeledge.
Selecting a CEO from a large pool of candidates is a challenge for many organizations. Succession planning ensures that key people are mentored and developed to fill key roles when vacancies arise. This study examines the influence of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) succession planning (SP) on firm growth in Ghana, considering the external environment. Twenty-one participants from ten industries were purposively sampled, and data were gathered through interviews and written reports. The study reveals that prospective CEO successors are prepared by identifying their leadership abilities, management skills, strengths, and formal educational qualifications. Preparation activities include delegation, mentorship, rotation, and training programs. However, the findings indicate that only 10% of businesses have effective SP procedures, while 20% engage in informal SP without a formal strategy. A significant 70% lack SP entirely, leading to instability and growth challenges upon CEO departure. The study highlights the role CEOs play in succession planning, guaranteeing service continuity and considering external environmental forces. Companies with SP strategies in place, such as world-class firms in Accra and Tema, Ghana, have achieved remarkable success due to good leadership and succession planning. This study highlights the importance of Ghanaian companies to prioritize succession planning in order to ensure continuity and long-term sustainability.
In Borno State, Nigeria, and much of sub-Saharan Africa, particularly the Sudano-Sahel region, groundwater is crucial for the development of both urban and rural areas. More than half of the state's population depends directly on this resource for daily water needs. This study aims to develop a local, sustainable water management framework, based on the opinions of primary local stakeholders, to address water management challenges in Borno State, Northeastern Nigeria. To achieve this, a stakeholder analysis methodology was employed, and relevant stakeholders in Borno State were engaged through Focus Group Discussions and Interviews to provide the necessary solutions. The main challenges to sustainable water management in the state include limited technical and human resources, insufficient investment, and funding shortages. Additional issues include a lack of stakeholder participation in groundwater management and the fragmentation of national institutions responsible for water oversight. The results from the interviews and focus groups show that educating citizens to raise awareness about the benefits of safe, clean water and environmental protection is crucial. The current legislative framework is not producing sustainable results in water management. Some problems in achieving sustainable water management stem from the people's ethics, beliefs, and cultural norms regarding water issues in the state. Additionally, institutional stakeholders noted that the state's current top-down governance structure is a significant obstacle, often leading to inconsistencies in government policy implementation. University stakeholders emphasized the need for stronger connections between various national and regional institutions. Overall, the stakeholders suggested five key strategies to address the problem. The findings of this study will be vital for achieving sustainable water management in Borno State, and the lessons learned can be applied to other states. The recommendations can be implemented by water managers and may support the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals in the state.
With the rapid advancement of audio deepfake technologies, detecting such manipulations has become a critical cybersecurity challenge. This study proposes a novel hybrid model that combines Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) with Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) networks to detect spoofed audio. The research is based on the Release-in-the-Wild dataset, which simulates real-world acoustic conditions, and employs a preprocessing pipeline involving the extraction of Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs) enhanced with first- and second-order derivatives. The proposed model achieved an accuracy of 99% with an Equal Error Rate (EER) of 0.011, while maintaining remarkable lightness with only 473k trainable parameters. Beyond numerical performance, the model demonstrates strong robustness against acoustic variability, environmental noise, and speaker diversity, highlighting its potential for deployment in uncontrolled real-world scenarios. Its compact design ensures low computational demand, making it practical for integration into online verification systems, intelligent voice assistants, and security monitoring infrastructures. Comparative experiments further confirm that the hybrid CNN–BiLSTM architecture achieves a superior balance between accuracy, efficiency, and generalization compared to recent Transformer-based models. Overall, this work contributes an interpretable and resource-efficient framework for generalized audio deepfake detection. The findings underline that high detection accuracy and lightweight design are not mutually exclusive, and future research will focus on extending the approach to multimodal systems that jointly analyze both audio and visual cues for more reliable deepfake forensics.
Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) is one of the most important highland food legumes grown in many parts of the world as food crops. It is among dominated legume crops produced in southern Ethiopia including Bule hora districts of West Guji zone. However, shortage of improved lentil varieties that suitable to the existing environment is one of the major production constraints. Consequently, this experiment was conducted to evaluate nine Lentil varieties and recommend suitable lentil varieties for the study areas and similar agro ecologies. Moreover, the field experiment was conducted for three years at Bule hora in 2018, 2019 and 2020 and the varieties were planted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. All necessary data were collected on yield and yield related traits and summarized on Microsoft excel sprit shit. Combined analysis of variance over three years revealed significant variations among varieties for grain yield, flowering dates, maturity dates and number of seeds per plants. Moreover, Varieties showed a grain yield as high as 1104kg/ha with pooled mean of 894.84kg/ha. Derash (1104kg/ha) variety is relatively high yielding variety followed by Chackol (1099.999kg/ha) with yield advantage of 18.95% and 18.65% over variety mean respectively. Therefore, those two varieties are suggested for commercial production all over the place of the study area and locations with similar agro climate until new high yielder varieties will be developed through breeding program.
