Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavor enhancer that is commonly used in food; however, consuming it during pregnancy might pose risks for embryonic development. The purpose of this study was to assess the histological effects of maternal oral consumption of monosodium glutamate on the testicular development of Swiss mouse offspring. We studied two experimental groups; both consist of 15 animals. One group served as a control group, while the second group (MSG group) received monosodium glutamate at a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg body weight from conception through three days post-conception (0.5 mg X Mouse Body Wgt. = 0.5g/Day). Testis body wgt., testis diameter and testis histology were measured. Testis wgt. and testis diameter of prenatal-exposed fetuses were significantly reduced on day 17 of gestation compared to the normal control animals (P < 0.05). Moreover, this investigation revealed that their testes had undergone adverse developmental alterations relative to the control population. These alterations include: decreased numbers of Primordial Germ Cells exhibiting clear signs of degeneration. Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) is harmful to both body weight, as well as histology, of the male reproductive system in embryo cases, of male mice, of Swiss strains. After combining dietary manipulation (i.e., through supplementation) with the amount of MSG consumed, a dose-dependently significant decrease to both, body weight (and weight ratio) was seen. It has been concluded that MSG adversely affects the developing embryo testis of male Swiss mice.
The emergence of such new bioactive heterocyclic compounds has increased the demand for compounds due to antimicrobial resistance and treatment-resistant cancers. Four nitrogen-containing derivatives were designed and synthesized from chalcone intermediates as follows: two pyrazole derivatives bi and bii and two 1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives ci and cii. Chalcones were prepared by Claisen-Schmidt condensation and cyclized with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine or o-phenylenediamine. FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy revealed the formation of the suggested heterocyclic systems in the structural characterization, and study antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae was assessed at different concentrations of 0.1, 0.001, and 0.00001 µg/mL. The synthesized compound bii has more antibacterial activity than other derivatives, generating inhibition zones as 19 mm with E. coli, while 28 mm into S. pneumoniae at 0.1 µg/mL, larger than the 26 mm of inhibition zone formed by azithromycin directed against S. pneumoniae. The cytotoxicity of breast cancer MCF-7 cell line against synthesized derivatives bi and cii was concentration-dependent, with observed IC50 values as 44.24 and 23.2 µg/mL, respectively. At 320 µg/mL cells viability dropped to 12.8% after treatment with derivative bi and 5.0% after treatment with synthesized derivative cii. Molecular docking, succinate dehydrogenase (PDB ID: 6VAX), produced binding scores of -6.808, -7.006, -6.089, -6.207 kcal/mol for these derivatives bi, bii, ci and cii, respectively, and this derivative bii had highest predicted binding, where hydrogen-bonding and π-H interactions were observed with TYR205 and SER214. The synthesized compound bii was found to have the highest antibacterial and docking activities, whereas derivative cii showed greatest potent antiproliferative behavior against cells with MCF-7, respectively. These results suggests that favor use of these compounds as promising lead compounds for further mechanistic, selectivity, and in vivo studies.
Apoptosis is a finely regulated physiological process responsible for keeping tissue homeostasis by removing damaged, abnormal, or unnecessary cells. Disruption of apoptotic pathways is a hallmark of cancer, enabling malignant cells to evade programmed cell death and continue their uncontrolled proliferation. Survivin, the minimum member of the inactivating protein (IAP) inhibitor family, has emerged as a key regulator of both apoptosis inhibition and cell cycle progression. Because of its marked overexpression in a wide range of human malignancies and its limited expression in most normal adult tissues, Survinin has garnered significant attention as a potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarker. This review aims to summarize and evaluate current evidence regarding the biological functions of Survinin, its role in cancer development and progression, and its clinical significance in predicting treatment response and patient outcomes. Relevant scientific literature published in peer-reviewed journals was collected and analyzed using major biomedical databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies concerning the expression of the servifin protein, its molecular mechanisms, its predictive value, and its therapeutic targeting in various types of cancer were reviewed and summarized. The reviewed evidence indicates that elevated survivin protein expression is strongly associated with tumor aggressiveness, resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, poor disease prognosis, and reduced survival rates in multiple cancer types. Furthermore, its selective expression pattern and multifunctional role make survinin an gorgeous target for developing novel cancer control strategies. The present review highlights the growing importance of incorporating survivin protein assessment into cancer research and clinical practice and supports further research into survivin-targeting approaches to improve cancer prognosis, prognosis, and treatment outcomes.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Escherichia coli (E. coli) significantly compromises global healthcare, driving up morbidity and mortality through severe urinary tract, bloodstream, and gastrointestinal infections. While conventional antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) remains highly reliable, its prolonged incubation periods (18–24 hours) delay critical clinical decisions. This review systematically evaluates and compares traditional methods with rapid phenotypic, molecular, and emerging diagnostic technologies. Our comparative analysis indicates that automated phenotypic systems (e.g., VITEK 2) and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry substantially accelerate time-to-result, reducing turnaround times to 4–8 hours and <4 hours, respectively, while maintaining over 92% sensitivity. Furthermore, molecular assays like real-time PCR provide ultimate specificity (>99%) within 1–4 hours. Despite challenges such as high initial costs and technical complexity, integrating these rapid diagnostics into clinical workflows is essential for guiding targeted antibiotic therapy, reducing broad-spectrum misuse, and fortifying global antimicrobial stewardship.
It is thought that only patients with major thalassemia need to be under healthy control compared to minor. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to compare the liver status complications of small thalassemia with those of major thalassemia. Therefore, 84 patients with thalassemia were randomly selected; 56 with major and 28 with minor. After the blood samples were obtained, the levels of ferritin, liver enzymes, and lipid profiles were measured. The findings demonstrated that whereas ALP levels did not differ considerably, major thalassemia had significantly higher ALT and AST levels than minor thalassemia. All the patients with major and minor had abnormal higher ALP, 45% of major had elevated AST and 30% of the major had abnormal ALT than normal range. BilD, BilT, LDH and HDL levels were found to be significantly elevated in the major group compared to the minor group, whereas cholesterol and trig levels were significantly greater. The BilD levels in 90% of the major compared to 40% of the minor were increase than normal range. As conclusion, there were abnormality in the ALP and some lipid profile of minor thalassemia. Therefore, the patients with minor thalassemia could be under risk of liver disorder so they need to be under control and to find the exact reason of this disorder need more researches.
