The derivatives of 1,4-Dihydropyridine compound have gained significant interest for their potential-anticancer properties particularly in targeting breast-cancer. The study aimed to synthesize and evaluate the anticancer activity of four novel 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives (5a–d) against breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and SK-BR-3. The derivatives were synthesized via the reaction of N-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-oxobutanamide with substituted benzaldehyde and ammonium acetate. Cytotoxic activity was assessed using MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 cells, and IC₅₀ values were determined. Molecular docking was performed to evaluate the binding affinity of the compounds to the HER2 receptor. Structural characterization was conducted using FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and mass spectrometry. All four derivatives (5a–d) demonstrated higher inhibition rates in SK-BR-3 cells (72%, 83%, 89%, and 85%, respectively) compared to MCF-7 cells (51%, 54%, 58%, and 55%) at a concentration of 100 μg. Compound 5c exhibited the highest cytotoxicity, with the lowest IC₅₀ value (18.5 μg/mL) against SK-BR-3 cells, followed by 5b and 5d, while 5a showed the weakest effect. Molecular docking results supported the potential of these compounds as HER2-targeted agents. The synthesized 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives, particularly compound 5c, demonstrated promising anticancer activity, especially against HER2-positive SK-BR-3 cells.
LiMn₁.₅Ni₀.₅O₄ cathode material was synthesized by the solid-state method at sintering temperatures of 500, 600, 700, and 800 °C. Synthesis was done by grinding and heating the material at these temperatures for 4 hours. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), and Charge-Discharge (CD) tests. There are three different phases, such as Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO), Manganese Oxide (MnO₂), and Nickel Oxide (NiO) in the material from XRD analysis. FE-SEM data indicated that the disappearance of the granules and formation of denser, finer, and more uniform particles had taken place at 800 °C. Electrochemical characterization showed that the material had a low ionic resistance of 142.5 Ω and a specific capacity of 146 mAhg⁻¹ at 800 °C. In this study, we have successfully synthesized LiMn₁.₅Ni₀.₅O₄ by solid-state method and showed that the sintering at 800 °C may improve the electrochemical performance.
The increasing global demand for plastic has become a serious threat to the environment due to environmental pollution. Eco-friendly materials, such as bioplastics, have become a necessity. This study aims to synthesize tapioca starch-based chitosan carrageenan bioplastics with the addition of bagasse microcellulose. The bagasse microcellulose was obtained by hydrolysis. Bioplastics were produced using the solvent casting method, with fixed masses of tapioca starch, chitosan, and carrageenan of 4 g, 0.49 g, and 2.4 g, respectively. The mass of sugarcane bagasse microcellulose was varied as follows: 0 g (F0), 0.2 g (F1), 0.4 g (F2), 0.6 g (F3), 0.8 g (F4), and 1 g (F5). The test parameters in this study were density, moisture content, opacity, and surface morphology of bioplastics. The test results showed that adding bagasse microcellulose increased bioplastic density and opacity and reduced moisture content as the filler amount increased. The optimum formulation was obtained in F3, with a density of 1.459 g/mL, a moisture content of 14.652%, and an opacity of 2.373 /mm. Based on the characteristics produced, the tapioca starch-chitosan-carrageenan-sugarcane bagasse microcellulose bioplastic aligns with the direction of environmentally friendly bioplastic development in accordance with SNI 7188-7:2022.
Water pollution is caused by synthetic dyes, especially methylene blue (MB), and it has become a major environmental concern, so efficient and sustainable treatment technologies are needed. In this review, the recent advances in the application of metal oxide-based nanomaterials as adsorbents for MB removal from aqueous solutions are summarized. The characteristics of metal oxide nanomaterials, adsorption mechanisms, and effects of key operating parameters, including pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, temperature, and adsorbent dosage, are discussed. In addition, the regeneration and reusability of the adsorbents, as well as the challenges and future prospects for their practical application, are highlighted. Based on recent studies, a high adsorption performance is exhibited by metal oxide-based nanomaterials, such as ZnO, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, CuO, Mn₃O₄, and their composites, because a large specific surface area, abundant active sites, and tunable physicochemical properties are possessed by them. However, some challenges are still faced, which are related to the synthesis cost, the long-term stability, the regeneration efficiency, and the environmental safety. In future research, green synthesis strategies, enhanced adsorbent stability, and pilot-scale evaluations should be focused on, so the practical implementation of metal oxide-based nanomaterials for sustainable wastewater treatment can be facilitated.
Tetracycline (TC) antibiotic residues entering water bodies pose a global health threat, necessitating technology to reduce their concentration. Photocatalysis of rGO-modified TiO₂/Fe₂O₃ composites can degrade TC into simple molecules that are harmless to the environment. In this study, an rGO-decorated TiO₂/Fe₂O₃ composite was successfully synthesized using a combined green synthesis and hydrothermal method. The green-synthesized TiO₂ exhibited a band gap of 3.26 eV. Incorporating Fe₂O₃ into the TiO₂ matrix reduced the band gap to 2.97 eV and demonstrated good photocatalytic activity for the degradation of 30 ppm tetracycline (TC) under visible light irradiation for 120 minutes, achieving a degradation efficiency of 54%. The addition of rGO at weight ratios of 1%, 2%, and 3% to the TiO₂/Fe₂O₃ matrix formed TiO₂/Fe₂O₃/rGO composites designated as TF1, TF2, and TF3 with band gaps of 2.92, 2.82, and 2.94 eV, respectively. The optimal rGO-to-TiO₂/Fe₂O₃ weight ratio was 2% (TF2), yielding the highest TC degradation efficiency of 72%. This enhanced photocatalytic activity for TC degradation stems from the synergistic contribution between the TiO₂/Fe₂O₃ heterojunction composite and rGO, facilitated by charge-pair separation through charge transfer from the TiO₂/Fe₂O₃ to the rGO surface.
