Hog fuel is a broad term used by the forest products industry to describe all types of wood residues that are used as fuel. These can be bark, wood chip rejects, sawdust, shavings, etc. The moisture content of these residuals depends mainly on their source and on the conditions of storage and could range from 50 to 70% (wet basis). The introduction of the significant amounts of water contained in the hog fuel impairs the efficiency of operating a hog-fuel boiler by: (i) reducing the net heating value of the fuel, (ii) increasing the particulate emissions caused by incomplete combustion, (iii) requiring higher air flows to maintain combustion, (iv) decreasing the rate of combustion, and (v) reducing the heat flux as a result of lower flame temperatures. Several drying systems are commercially available for the drying of hog fuel and most of them use the waste heat in the flue gas as the source of heat for the drying operation. Commercial flue gas dryers are rotary, cascade or flash type. However, all of these suffer from the same inherent disadvantages.
A common feature to current noise control in ventilating systems is their computing the attenuation due to the elements of the network, each considered separately. In doing so, they miss accounting for the interactions between these elements and they cannot represent or model large systems to simulate optimum control. In this paper, we draw a modeling approach which, in using an equivalent electrical network, has the potential to meet this limitation; then, give a brief description of programming considerations. Next, the authors show the use of the program and the accuracy of the model we have used. To this end, we first have compared the attenuation due to some simple networks with experimental results, and then we will show the application of the program to a large network and compare the results with those obtained by other methods. Finally, the authors show how an efficient noise control may be achieved thanks to our program and how it is possible to optimize the shape, size and location in the system of silencers to satisfy any noise level requirements.
Many new energy technologies appear at the household level as negative loads. These can be tightly coupled with other household loads through a common weather dependence, creating distributions of demand which are unlike those in homes without alternative energy sources. Knowledge of these load interactions requires either customer monitoring or a scheme to forecast weather-dependent end-use loads. Previous models of weatherdependent loads included the nonlinear functions of Galiana renewal process models, such as Chong, detailed simulations as developed by Chan, and state models, such as Ihara and Calloway. A common feature of these models is the use of a linear relation between demand and some weather variable, once thermostatic controls are considered. Furthermore, they neglect the cyclical time patterns of end-use demands in order to focus on the physics of weather-dependent phenomena. In this paper two ideas based on Woodard and Ruane are combined to introduce non-linear treatment of weather dependence simultaneously with a compact representation of the various cyclical patterns present in weather dependent loads. Model development is presented and empirical results given based on the analysis of utility end-use electric space heating data.
This study deals with the different aspects of residential home energy criterias and regulations, so that any one with basic knowledge can study and use it the best way for their application. A simplified home energy management approach for new residential homes and the existing (old) homes has been developed. The different aspects of the maximum energy use have been discussed for the residential buildings. A home energy audit and analysis procedure with sample calculations for a residential building is also included.
This paper examines the various energy sources, renewable and nonrenewable, in the context of developing and industrialised countries. Particular experiences and technical data are mentioned regarding the United States' experience in this area and the Public Utilities Commissions of various states. The author has gathered various technical information on energy generation and public policies on energy issues while associated with the Public Utility Commission as a staff member and having testified as expert witness in a number of electric energy rate cases in Pennsylvania, North Carolina and West Virginia. This paper surveys the available alternate energy technologies to meet the energe needs at the village level, with particular reference to their application in Pakistan. This paper concludes after analysing the various energy choices as to the resources, policies and energy education development. The author has proposed small workshops at the high school level for students and teachers, based on the same concepts developed by the Department of Energy. Development of advanced research and cooperation in ''renewable energy resources'' through A.I.D. programs is recommended.
