Abstract Premise This study investigates the value of scale‐space representations of spatial features for the identification and mapping of invasive plants using high‐resolution multispectral imagery. Scale‐space representations combine the two‐dimensional spatial domain with a third dimension representing spatial scale, such that features can be represented across both space and image spatial resolution. Methods Gaussian pyramids were constructed to create representations of the features across five image resolution levels (between 3 and 46 cm) within the scale space. A case study was employed to evaluate the importance of features across the scale space for the identification and mapping of spotted knapweed in a grassland ecosystem using multispectral imagery acquired using a remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS). Classification was performed using a random forest classifier that was constructed using a process that included feature and hyperparameter optimization. Results The results of this case study show that classifiers constructed with only high spatial resolution features were associated with better classification performance than those constructed with only lower spatial resolution features; however, the best classification is achieved by leveraging features from throughout the feature scale spaces. Discussion These findings suggest that optimization of the spatial scale at which features are computed can substantially improve remote sensing image analysis and potentially inform RPAS flight planning to improve mission efficiency.
Abstract Premise Despite the availability of several plant trait databases, significant traits remain undocumented for a substantial number of species. To address this issue, the current study explored digital text from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) as an innovative source of plant trait information and evaluated its capacity to reduce existing deficiencies. Methods Data were gathered on lifespan ( LS ), growth form ( GF ), flower color ( FC ), and maximum plant height ( PH max ) for vascular plants from GBIF and four common plant trait databases. The resulting dataset was used to evaluate the novelty and consistency of trait values derived from GBIF's digital text relative to those from other databases. Results Incorporation of GBIF‐extracted trait data led to increases of 1.2‐, 1.2‐, 5.5‐, and 2.7‐fold in the number of species with documented LS , GF , FC , and PH max traits, respectively. GBIF's trait data demonstrated high congruence with other databases, except in the case of FC . Additionally, a comprehensive dataset compiling these trait values from GBIF and the four databases was created, offering a valuable resource for future plant trait research. Discussion Our findings suggest that digital text in GBIF represents a significant source of plant trait information and can effectively help bridge information gaps.
Premise:Road verges function as refuges for semi-natural species, but they can also facilitate the spread of non-native plants such as Lupinus polyphyllus. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based remote sensing is a promising tool for mapping these species; however, its application in roadside contexts remains limited. Methods:We developed and evaluated a UAV-based workflow to detect and map lupine presence and density along roads. Red-green-blue (RGB) imagery was processed into orthomosaics and classified using object-based and pixel-based approaches with support vector machines and random forest algorithms under multiple classification schemes. Results:The highest accuracy (88.8%) was achieved using pixel-based random forest classification and a simplified scheme. Flowering purple lupine showed strong classification performance (F1 score = 96.3%), while early-stage greenish individuals were harder to detect (74.5%). Spatial heatmap comparison revealed low overestimation (1.79%) and underestimation (1.47%). Discussion:Assuming optimal phenological conditions, UAV-based mapping provides a scalable and cost-efficient complement to ground surveys for the management of L. polyphyllus within infrastructure areas.
Premise:Ex situ spore banks are essential for fern conservation and research, yet traditional germination tests for assessing spore quality are time consuming and labor intensive. We explored whether electrical conductivity (EC), a rapid proxy for seed vigor, could offer an efficient alternative for evaluating fern spore quality. Methods:Using chlorophyllous spores of Plenasium banksiifolium, we developed a microscale EC protocol (0.01-g spores, 1-h immersion) to track EC and germination over eight weeks of storage. Spore longevity (p 50) was estimated via probit analysis, and correlations among EC, viability, and longevity were assessed. Results:Fresh spores from different individual plants showed varied initial EC (EC0) values, with lower EC0 values associated with longer longevity (p 50). During storage, EC values increased over time, while germination percentage declined. The relative EC ratio (ECi/EC0) showed significant negative correlations with germination percentage, with a ratio of ~2 indicating 50% viability loss and ~3 signaling complete viability loss. Discussion:The EC test presents a promising approach for rapidly assessing spore viability and longevity. Lower initial EC (EC0) values predicted greater initial spore viability and longer longevity, likely reflecting differences in spore maturity. The relative ECi/EC0 ratio effectively tracked viability loss, supporting its use in improving spore bank management.
Premise:Accessioning herbarium specimens is labor intensive, yet remains vital for research in ecology, evolution, and conservation. As institutional support for herbaria declines, efficient tools are needed to streamline this process. The R package BarnebyLives was developed to assist collectors by supplementing collection notes, verifying taxonomic data, conducting quality checks, generating labels, and submitting digital records. Methods and Results:BarnebyLives integrates geospatial data from U.S. government sources to provide jurisdictional and site information and checks taxonomic names using in-house spell checkers, International Plant Names Index (IPNI) author standards, and Kew's Plants of the World Online. Optional features include generating Google Maps driving directions. The tool outputs data in tabular and spatial formats for review before producing LaTeX-based labels and shipping manifests. Conclusions:BarnebyLives improves data accuracy, ensures up-to-date taxonomy, and significantly reduces the time and effort required to accession herbarium specimens in the United States.
