Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is a rare imprinting disorder primarily characterized by growth restriction, but its broader neurodevelopmental phenotype remains incompletely described. We evaluated autistic traits, cognitive function, visuospatial abilities, visual acuity, and visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in children and young adults with SRS. A multidisciplinary team in Gothenburg, Sweden, assessed 24 individuals with SRS. Age-appropriate cognitive assessments were performed and autistic traits were assessed using parental questionnaires and medical records. Perceptual visual dysfunctions (PVDs) were compared with 112 matched controls from a previous study in Gothenburg. The median age was 9.3 years (range 3.4-17.1) at the cognitive assessment and 11.7 years (range 3.4-22.1) at the ophthalmological examination. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores ranged from 66-142 and 9/24 scored below 85. Verbal-performance IQ discrepancies of ≥15 points were observed in 12/22 individuals. Six boys reached the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire cutoff scores or had an established autism spectrum disorder diagnosis. PVDs were recorded in 5/21 individuals and 4/112 controls (p = 0.008). There were 10/16 patients with abnormal VEPs: three had PVDs and four showed verbal-performance IQ discrepancies. Most individuals with SRS showed normal overall IQ, but neurodevelopmental concerns, impaired visual perception and abnormal VEPs were common. Regular follow-up visits are recommended.
Children with specific learning disorder (SLD) frequently experience emotion regulation difficulties, yet the family factors associated with these difficulties remain poorly understood. This cross-sectional study examined maternal alexithymia and cognitive flexibility in relation to emotion regulation difficulties in 116 children with SLD without psychiatric comorbidity and 111 age- and sex-matched controls. Mothers completed questionnaires assessing alexithymia, cognitive flexibility, and their children's emotion regulation; Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised scores were recorded. Compared with controls, mothers of children with SLD reported lower cognitive flexibility and greater child emotion regulation difficulties, whereas maternal alexithymia did not differ. After adjustment for demographic and socioeconomic covariates, the difference in children's emotion regulation difficulties persisted, whereas among maternal measures only perceived control over difficult situations remained lower. Within the SLD group, maternal alexithymia, cognitive flexibility, and maternal age were each associated with children's emotion regulation difficulties in a covariate-adjusted model (R2 = .527; adjusted R2 = .455). Because all measures were mother-reported and obtained concurrently, the direction of these associations cannot be determined, and child-to-parent or bidirectional effects remain plausible. Longitudinal and intervention studies should test whether changes in maternal emotional awareness and cognitive flexibility relate to children's emotional functioning.
This study investigates social media addiction among students. It includes definitions, ways to measure it, how common it is, and its effects on mental health and academic performance. A focused review of literature from 2018 to 2025 gathers systematic reviews, meta-analyses, psychometric studies, and research that connects problematic social media use to issues like mental health problems, sleep disruptions, and academic results. The article also provides a method for analyzing student-level social media addiction data. It discusses common findings in datasets and offers recommendations for educators and policymakers based on evidence. Using data from 705 participants across 110 countries, this study combines a thorough literature review, dataset-driven exploratory data analysis (EDA), and correlational modeling. The results show strong connections between social media addiction, academic success, sleep, and mental health. The EDA reveals gender differences in usage, regional differences in platform preferences, and clear links between addiction and poorer sleep quality and mental health. These findings align with global research and suggest the potential value of targeted digital well-being interventions among students.
