Carbohydrates (CHO), also known as carbs or saccharides, are biomolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They constitute the most efficient and readily available source of energy for the body, especially during moderate- to highintensity physical exercise. An adequate intake of carbohydrates is important to meet energy expenditure, ensure that amino acids from the diet are used for protein synthesis and not metabolized for energy, maintain optimal blood glucose levels, and replenish muscle glycogen lost during physical activity to prevent fatigue. This chapter presents a summary of carbohydrates, including their definition and functions, effects, Recommended Daily Intake (RDI) or dietary reference value, and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) if established, dosage, level of evidence, side effects, interactions, and contraindications. If available, the nutritional and health claim, conditions of use for the claim, restrictions or supplementary warnings, and its UR (Uniform Resource Locator).
The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of a 12-week program of a healthy back school (HBS) on functional capacity and musculoskeletal pain perception in adult women. Nine women between 36 and 61 years old participated in a 12-week healthy back gravity program. At the beginning of the program (T1), at 6 (T2) and 12 weeks (T3), a functional assessment was carried out using the functional movement screen (FMS™) and the passive straight-leg-raise test (PSLR), and participants completed the brief pain inventory (BPI). After 6 weeks of intervention, there were significant differences in 5 of the 10 functional variables analyzed (P <0.01 and P <0.05; η² = 0.30 to 0.77, small to large), and in 7 of the 10 variables analyzed at 12 weeks of intervention (P <0.01 and P <0.05; η² = 0.48 to 0.88, medium to large). In addition, the pain reported by the participants decreased in all pain areas analyzed. In BPI, the program was effective between T1 and T2 for the improvement of Sleep (P <0.05; η² = 0.30 to 0.77, small to large), and between T1 and T3 total pain at work, work as cause of pain, and degree of pain at work increased (P <0.01 and P <0.05; η² = 0.40 to 0.69 medium to large). The analyzed HBS program appears to effectively improve functionality and reduce pain perception in adult females.
Although there was a lot of controversy at the beginning, the benefits of exercise during this period of life have begun to be seen for quite some time, with the first works in 1920-1930. From that initial moment until today, the papers that support the practice of exercise during pregnancy have increased exponentially. Despite the bibliography that currently exists, many health professionals and pregnant women are poorly informed on this subject, which significantly reduces the number of women who remain active during pregnancy, or those who could start a regular activity during pregnancy that is beneficial for both their health and that of the fetus. This review of the literature aims to serve as an updated guide when it comes to knowing the changes that occur in the woman’s body during pregnancy, and that influence the physical activity that she can do and her control. It also provides information on what types of activities are safe during pregnancy and which ones should be avoided, what intensities we can reach, what are the warning signs that may appear, etc. As a key concept we could say that every pregnant woman in the absence of complications should perform physical activity on a regular basis, aimed at improving her aerobic capacity, moderate Streng the exercises, improving flexibility, balance, coordination and strengthening the pelvic floor. As the work increases and the information becomes more and more available, the absence of complications and the benefits found mean that the current trend is becoming more and more permissive with the possibilities of exercise, which helps to adapt to the preferences of the woman and thus achieve greater adherence to the activity, with all the benefits that this entails.
Introduction: Oral health is a basic aspect of high-performance athletes. In general, the emergence of gingivitis, periodontal disease, pericoronitis, caries, attrition and dental erosion are key aspects to take into account in relation to oral health. Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of dental attrition and wear in a group of highperformance athletes (HPA) and the characteristics associated with their occurrence. Material and method: A total of 156 individuals (88 men and 68 women) participated in the study. The median age was 23 (20-27) years. Their oral health was evaluated using a questionnaire established for this purpose (Tooth Wear Evaluation System-TWES and Basic Erosive Wear Examination-BEWE), as well as a standardized dental consultation. Crude odds ratios were calculated. Results: A high prevalence of attrition was found in one in four athletes. Likewise, dental erosion was found in 84.25% of those evaluated. Being a woman, having a higher sporting age, and a TWES score above one were positively associated with the occurrence of attrition. On the other hand, being a man, having a TWES greater than one, and having a greater amount of dental wear was positively associated with dental erosion. Conclusion: High levels of attrition and dental erosion were found in the HPA. These findings would have a negative impact on the athlete’s health and sports performance.
