Second order linear homogeneous ordinary differential equations are solved using fuzzy Laplace transform method with generalized Hukuhara differentiability concept. The results obtained is in this study is in the form of generalized triangular fuzzy number. Existence and uniqueness of solution are also obtained. However, based on the cases presented, the results have shown that relationship existed between the FLT of second order and its kth derivative for k ≥1.
Hybridization is significant in producing higher breeds, it produces new breeds and strain and reduce inbreed. The study examined the percentage fertilization, hatchability, heterosis and survival of the hatchlings in a complete randomized design. The cross established high fertilization rate across the hybrids. Clarias gariepinus male (Cl♂) x Heterobranchus bidorsalis female (Hb♀) recorded the highest fertilization (100%), Hb♂ x Cl♀ and Hb♂ x Hb♀ had (90 %), and the least was in Cl♂ x Cl♀ (60%), respectively. Pure strain Hb♂ x Hb♀ performed significantly higher (p<0.05) in final weight (234.7±0.0577g) and length (119.7±0.374mm) in all the trials from the onset of exogenous feeding with Blue Crown feed for 56 days. The best and least specific growth rate (SGR) 3.64 and 3.55 were recorded in Hb♂ x Cl♀ and Hb♂ x Hb♀ respectively. Hb♂ x Cl♀ and Hb♂ x Hb♀ survived 90% followed by Cl♂ x Hb♀ with 80% but the least survival was in Cl♂ x Cl♀ (30%). The growth of the hybrids revealed a hope for aquaculture improvement in Nigeria, and a means of promoting the availability of fish all year round if employed in the farm.
High levels of heavy metals in polluted soils are common, and concerns about their possible hazards to humans, livestock, and crops cannot be overemphasized. This study was carried out to determine the effects of Chromium (Cr) and Copper (Cu) on germination and seedling growth of Sammaz, Oba super and Oba 98 maize (Zea mays) cultivars in order to determine their potentials as susceptibility (bioindicators) or tolerance (bioremediators). Treatments of the heavy metal ranged 2.88, 5.76, 8.63, 11.51, and 23.02 mg kg-1 for Cr, and 5000, 10000, and 15000 mg kg-1 for Cu, and no chemical treatment (control). Heavy metals from the plants were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) machine. All chemicals used had different levels of their effects on germination percentage (%) in the following pattern of increasing order of magnitude Cr ˃Cu. Initial seedling growth and development were strongly impeded by Cu, except Cr in all the three maize cultivars with a little bit development in the root and shoot. The concentration of Cr in the shoot of the three maize cultivars is in the order of Oba 98 ˃Oba Super˃ Sammaz while that of the root is in the order of Oba 98˃Sammaz˃Oba super. It can be concluded that the toxicity of Cr and Cu at the concentrations used in this experiment showed susceptibility of all the three maize cultivars and the toxic effects of these heavy metals. Thus, the maize cultivars could be bio-indicators of Cr and Cu toxicity.
Benzyl imidazole (1a) was successfully synthesized from the N-alkylation of imidazole with benzyl bromide. The product (1-benzylimidazole) was further alkylated using neat butyl bromide to yield an imidazolium ionic liquid, (1-Benzyl-3-butylimidazoliumbromide (2a)). Similarly, 1-methylimidazole (1b) was reacted with benzyl bromide to yield 1-Methyl-3-butylimidazolium bromide (2b). The synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques and elemental compositions were established on the basis of C, H, N elemental analyses. Proton NMR of both ionic liquids 2a and 2b reveals the presence of downfield signals at 10.08 and 11.681 ppm respectively, which were assigned to the C-2 proton of the imidazole rings in the respective 2a and 2b confirming the successful synthesis of the two ionic liquids.
