Pet ownership is an important responsibility that requires adequate knowledge, compassion and commitment toensure the health, welfare, and well-being of companion animals. Dogs and cats are among the most popular household pets, providing companionship, emotional support, and numerous social benefits. However, responsible pet parenting involves morethan providing food and shelter; it requires a comprehensive understanding of nutrition, preventive health care, hygiene, behaviour, and disease management. This guide, “Art of Pet Health Care: A Complete Guide to Dog and Cat Parenting,” aimsto provide practical and scientifically informed knowledge for current and prospective pet owners. It covers essential aspects ofselecting a suitable pet, understanding breed characteristics, providing balanced nutrition, maintaining personal hygiene andgrooming, implementing vaccination and deworming schedules and ensuring regular veterinary health check-ups. Specialemphasis is placed on early recognition of common diseases, parasite control, dental care, reproductive health, behaviouraltraining, exercise, mental stimulation, and age-specific care for puppies, kittens, adult animals and senior pets. The guide alsohighlights responsible pet ownership, animal welfare, environmental sanitation and preventive measures against zoonoticdiseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Furthermore, it encourages positive human–animal relationshipsthrough humane handling, appropriate socialisation, and compassionate care. By combining fundamental veterinary principleswith practical recommendations, this guide seeks to empower pet owners to make informed decisions and adopt preventiveapproaches to pet health management. Ultimately, it promotes healthier, happier and longer lives for dogs and cats whilestrengthening the bond between pets and their human families.
This paper presents findings from a field-based comparative study on the reproductive performance of cattleunder Natural Service (NS) and Artificial Insemination (AI) in Firozabad district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Data were drawn fromanex-post facto field survey covering indigenous, exotic, crossbred and non-descript cattle breeds. This paper reports results forthe first two objectives of the parent study: (1) comparing breed-wise conception performance under NS and AI, and (2) comparing conception performance across winter , summer and rainy seasons. Efficiency was measured as the mean number ofservices/inseminations required per conception, a lower value indicating better reproductive efficiency. Breed-wise resultsshowed that Holstein Friesian (HF) and Crossbred cattle required fewer natural services per conception, while Gir and Crossbredcattle performed best under AI. Season-wise results indicated that winter and summer generally offered the most favourableconception outcomes foremost breed–method combinations, with exotic and crossbred animals (HF , Gir) showing the largestswings in performance across seasons, consistent with heat-stress effects on estrus expression. The results are presented withdescriptive tables and comparative bar charts for each objective.
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Butea monosperma flowers as a feed ingredient in thediet of koi carp to assess their growth performance and coloration impact over a period of 90 days under controlled conditions. The experiment comprised four treatment groups with three replicates: Control (feed without added palash flower powder), T1 (feed with 0.5% palash flower powder), T2 (feed with 1% palash flower powder) and T3 (feed with 1.5% palash flower powder) and followed a completely randomized design (CRD). Twelve aquarium tanks were used as experimental units and each of thetanks 10 healthy fingerlings with an average initial weight of 2.02±0.01 g, was stocked and fed a 28% crude protein diet at 3% body weight. The results demonstrated that treatment T3 (10.46±0.12 µg g–¹) showed the highest carotenoid content, followed by T2 (9.72±0.04 µg g–¹) and T1 (8.64±0.02 µg g–¹) and the lowest carotenoid content was observed in the treatment T0 (4.19±0.07µg g–¹). The highest growth performance was observed in the treatment T3, followed by T2, T1 and a lower value was observed inthe control (T0) group. The survival rate ranged from 98±0.00 to 100±0.00, and statistical analysis showed no significantdifference (p>0.05). The water quality parameters, including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, total ammonia, total alkalinityand total hardness, remained stable throughout the culture period and statistical analysis showed no significant difference (p > 0.05). The findings of the present study concluded that the inclusion level of B. monosperma supplementation for koi carp is 1.5%, resulting in considerable improvement in growth performance and coloration. B. monosperma is recommended as acost-effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable natural feed additive for colour enhancement in koi carp.
The comparative investigation of medicinal plant extracts and biosynthesized nanoparticles provides an opportunityto understand their potential biological activities. The present study evaluated the in vitro anti-inflammatory properties of Justicia tranquebariensis extract and biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using egg albumin protein denaturation, lipoxygenase inhibition, protease inhibition, and membrane stabilization assays. The samples were tested at concentrationsranging from 100 to 500 µg/mL, with diclofenac sodium serving as the reference standard. The results showed a concentrationdependent increase in inhibitory activity across all four assays. AgNPs exhibited higher activity than the plant extract at everytested concentration. At 500 µg/mL, AgNPs demonstrated 89.05% inhibition of protein denaturation, 91.53% inhibition oflipoxygenase activity, 90.64% protease inhibition, and 89.40% inhibition of hemolysis. In comparison, the plant extractproduced inhibition values of 83.77%, 82.75%, 86.52%, and 85.78%, respectively. The IC50 values of AgNPs were 247.17, 243.27, 249.23 and 245.80 µg/mL for the respective assays, indicating greater inhibitory potency than the extract, whichrecorded higher IC50 values. Diclofenac sodium exhibited the strongest activity among the tested samples. Overall, the findingsindicate that biosynthesized AgNPs possess promising in vitro anti-inflammatory potential compared with J. tranquebariensisextract alone. Further studies are necessary to assess their mechanisms of action, biocompatibility and efficacy under in vivoconditions.
The chemical components of Cystoseira indica seaweed extract were examined in this study utilizing gaschromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The Wiley and NIST spectral libraries provided reference data forcomparison with the measured mass spectra. Retention times and mass spectrum patterns were used to tentatively identifyeleven substances. Dione derivatives, benzenacetamide, hexasiloxane, lipid derivatives, a derivative of Montanin D, 1,4bis(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl) piperazine, 7-oxocholesteryl isocaproate, and oxybutynin were among the main ingredients. Numerous biological characteristics, such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antispasmodiceffects, have been linked to the discovered substances. The results show that C. indica has a wide variety of chemicalcomponents that could be interesting for additional biological research. To demonstrate the described activities’ applicabilityto the seaweed extract, however, laboratory confirmation is necessary. The chemical profile of C. indica is briefly describedin this paper, which also emphasizes the need for more investigation into the plant’s possible uses in the creation ofnatural products.
