The quality of the seeds and the subsequent germination process are critical for the successful cultivation of coffee seedlings that meet the desired standards. However, coffee seed germination is notoriously slow, which can hinder the efficiency of coffee seedling producers and seed testing laboratories. In this context, the substrate utilized in the germination test exerts a direct influence on the germination process. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of rolled paper with vermiculite (RP+V) as an alternative substrate for coffee seed germination testing. Five germination substrates were evaluated: rolled paper (RP) and rolled paper with vermiculite (RP+V) at four water-to-vermiculite ratios (1×, 2×, 3×, and 4× the vermiculite weight). The results indicated that the RP+V substrate significantly enhanced germination and seedling length compared to RP, particularly the RP+V 1× treatment, attributable to the enhanced water retention and aeration properties of vermiculite. Conversely, increasing water levels, particularly the RP+V 4× treatment, was observed to reduce radicle protrusion. This phenomenon can be attributed to excess water limiting oxygen availability. In general, the application of RP+V has been shown to have a positive influence on the development of coffee seedlings, particularly the root system. This suggests that the RP+V 1× substrate may be a promising alternative for assessing the germination potential of seed lots.
Root-knot nematodes are among the main pathogens of Arabica coffee, with emphasis on Meloidogyne exigua. Among the management alternatives, the use of biofertilizers of microbial origin stands out, but this is commonly limited, due to the lack of information about which species make up the product. This information is essential for the management and association of biofertilizers with chemical nematicides, for example. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of microorganisms present in two commercial biofertilizers used for the management of M. exigua and to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing the population of M. exigua in Arabica coffee crops when associated with two chemical nematicides. To this end, the microorganisms present in biofertilizers Bio1 and Bio2 were isolated in different culture media and morphologically and genetically characterized. The effectiveness of biofertilizers alone and associated with chemical nematicides in controlling the M. exigua population was evaluated in an Arabica coffee plantation cv. Catuaí 44. For this, 218 bacteria distributed in 61 genetic groups were isolated. Higher Relative Efficiency values were observed in plants treated with Bio1+Bio2+Fluensulfone, Bio2, Bio1+Bio2, and Bio1, respectively. The reduction of root nematodes was greater in the Fluensulfone treatment, followed by Bio1 and Bio2. For the number of soil nematodes, the greatest reduction occurred in the Bio1+Bio2 and Bio2 treatments. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of biofertilizers containing microorganisms that act to promote growth and bioprotection, when used for reducing the population of M. exigua in Arabica coffee crops.
This study aims to analyze the electromyographic (EMG) signal and strength of the erector spinae muscles and heart rate variability (HRV) of caregivers before and after a workday. Twenty-four caregivers with low back pain were selected. EMG data (RMS (Root Mean Square) and F50) and erector spinae strength were collected from three maximal voluntary isometric contractions and recorded using an electromyograph (EMG System of Brazil 830C). HRV was collected using the POLAR H10 strap. For data analysis, GraphPad Prism (version 8.4; GraphPad Software, Inc.) was used, and the significance level was set at 5%. RMS significantly increased after a workday, but no significant drop was observed in the values of F50 and strength. Regarding HRV, a predominance of the sympathetic nervous system was observed to the detriment of the parasympathetic nervous system. The results suggest increased neuromuscular demand and autonomic alterations consistent with higher physiological stress at the end of the day.
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of mini-screw position and number in mini-screw-assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) expanders in a patient with cleft lip and palate (CLP). A cone-beam computed tomography scan of a patient aged 17 years with bilateral complete CLP was used to construct six finite element models with MARPE expanders: three bone-borne and three tooth-bone-borne configurations, varying by mini-screw number (two or three) and position (anterior or posterior). Each expander was transversely activated to achieve 1.0 mm expansion. Equivalent elastic strain (µƐ) distributions were assessed in the maxillary palatal bone, dentoalveolar bone, and anchoring teeth. Deformation patterns in the palate and alveolar ridges (4,000 µƐ) were influenced by both mini-screw number and, more significantly, position. The presence of at least one mini-screw was critical for generating strain in the anterior palate. Expander arms produced notable strain at the insertion sites of banded anchoring teeth (100 µƐ). Mini-screw position appeared more influential than quantity in determining strain distribution. An anterior mini-screw was essential for inducing anterior palatal stress, while expander arms, regardless of mini-screw configuration, contributed to stress distribution across anchoring teeth and posterior alveolar ridges.
This study analyzes the spatial autocorrelation of mortality rates from respiratory diseases in Brazilian municipalities between 1999 and 2022, emphasizing associated socioeconomic and environmental factors, including GDP per capita, population density, urbanization index, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Statistical analyses related to the Global Moran’s I and Local Moran’s Index (LISA) were applied to identify spatial patterns of dependence, followed by Pearson correlation analysis. The results reveal a reduction in the global autocorrelation of mortality over time, with persistent high-risk clusters in the South and Southeast regions, especially among the elderly and groups with higher education levels, while the North and Northeast regions show greater vulnerability associated with low education, income, and urbanization. GHG emissions maintained distinct spatial patterns over the period, with CH₄ showing relative stability, whereas CO₂ and N₂O showed an increase in spatial autocorrelation in more recent years. The findings reinforce the importance of spatial analysis in identifying territorial health inequalities and provide support for integrated public policies aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aimed at mitigating the effects of climate change and promoting socio-environmental equity.
Osteoradionecrosis is a chronic complication of head and neck radiotherapy. It is characterized by necrotic bone exposure in previously irradiated areas. The clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic bone exposure to severe infections and pathological fractures. We report the clinical outcomes of adjunctive therapies for osteoradionecrosis management. Three male patients diagnosed with osteoradionecrosis following head and neck radiotherapy underwent treatment with a weekly ozone therapy protocol that included ozonated water irrigation, gas infiltration, and topical ozonated oil application. One patient with severe disease required a combination of surgical debridement and platelet-rich fibrin membrane placement. All the patients demonstrated progressive epithelialization, infection control, and accelerated wound healing. These results suggest that ozone therapy is a valuable strategy for enhancing tissue regeneration and improving wound healing, whether used alone or in combination with surgical procedures and platelet-rich fibrin. Altogether, these findings reinforce the potential of multimodal approaches in the clinical management of osteoradionecrosis.
The use of bio-inputs has been highly effective in cultivating large crops. Azospirillum brasilense and Pseudomonas fluorescens are referred to as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which act through both direct mechanisms, providing nutrients, and indirect mechanisms, such as biocontrol. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of bio- inputs based on A. brasilense and P. fluorescens in sugarcane development. These bio-inputs were produced in bioreactors in isolated and combined fermentation. The test was conducted in a plant growth chamber with controlled temperature, photoperiod, and humidity. Pots received a sugarcane bud, and the bio-inputs were applied. The treatments consisted of T1 = control, T2 = A. brasilense, T3 = P. fluorescens, T4 = A. brasilense + P. fluorescens (combined fermentation) 0 hours (shelf life), and T5 = A. brasilense + P. fluorescens (combined fermentation) 180 hours (shelf life). The biocontrol action of bio-inputs against phytopathogenic fungi, the influence on soil microbiota, and the development of sugar cane were evaluated. The strains did not show biocontrol activity. In terms of microbiological parameters, the study revealed a significant increase in microbial biomass and soil biological activity, confirming the importance of fertility and nutrient availability. Positively impacting plant development. Thus, bio-inputs based on Azospirillum brasilense and Pseudomonas fluorescens, isolated or by combined fermentation, improved soil quality, soil biological activity, and the availability of plant nutrients.
Harvest timing affects both physical and physiological characteristics of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of harvest periods on the physical and physiological quality of seeds. It also assessed the initial development of Vigna unguiculata cv. Corujinha seedlings. Experiment I took place in the field, using a randomized block design during twelve harvest periods (57, 65, 71, 78, 85, 92, 99, 106, 113, 120, 127 DAS, and a single harvest) with four replications. Experiment II was carried out in the laboratory using a completely randomized design. It analyzed germination (%) and the germination speed index (GSI). After each harvest, evaluations included the number of seeds per pod, pod and seed biometry and moisture content, germination percentage, GSI, seedling length and dry mass, and fungal incidence in seeds. Biometric analysis revealed significant differences. The best pod length was at 120 DAS and 127 DAS, width at 57 DAS and between 85 and 113 DAS, and thickness at 92 DAS. The longest seed length was observed between 92 and 120 DAS, the width between 85 and 113 DAS, and the maximum thickness between 85 and 99 DAS. Single-harvest samples showed higher fungal incidence. They also recorded lower germination and seedling growth values. The maximum dry mass for pods and seeds occurred between 71 and 99 DAS, and in the single harvest. Staggered harvesting reduces seed exposure to field conditions. This enhances seed quality and initial seedling development.
Reasonable fertilization is important for promoting potato growth and increasing potato yield and quality. Rational fertilization is crucial for promoting potato growth and enhancing both yield and quality. As a major potato-producing region in China, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture still commonly faces excessive and improper fertilizer application. This study focuses on the locally predominant cultivar “Chuanliangshu 10” and adopts a fully implemented “3414” fertilizer experimental design, with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) as the main factors, each at four levels. By analyzing the variations in potato agronomic traits, yield, and quality under different NPK ratios, this research aims to explore the optimal fertilization ratio suitable for potato cultivation in the region. The results revealed that the potato yield was greatest in the T3 treatment (N1P2K2, N 56.25 kg ha⁻¹, P₂O₅ 112.50 kg ha⁻¹, and K₂O 112.50 kg ha⁻¹). By fitting the yield data to a ternary quadratic regression model, the theoretically optimal fertilization treatment was calculated as T13 (N1P2K1, N 56.25 kg ha⁻¹, P₂O₅ 112.50 kg ha⁻¹, and K₂O 56.25 kg ha⁻¹). In the T5 treatment (N2P1K2, N 112.50 kg ha⁻¹, P₂O₅ 56.25 kg ha⁻¹, and K₂O 112.50 kg ha⁻¹), the potato plant height, emergence rate, marketable tuber ratio, dry matter content, and amino acid content were relatively balanced. Considering all the factors, the T5 treatment is recommended as the optimal fertilization ratio for potato cultivation in this region.
This study evaluated the association between occupational stress and compassion fatigue among Brazilian nurses working in a hospital setting. This study is a census-based, cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational investigation conducted among 83 nurses from a medium-sized university hospital in the southernmost part of Brazil. Validated instruments were used to assess occupational stress (Work Stress Scale) and professional quality of life (Professional Quality of Life Scale – ProQoL-BR). Logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between occupational stress and compassion fatigue, while adjusting for sociodemographic and professional variables. The prevalence of compassion fatigue was 65.9%, while 34.9% of participants exhibited occupational stress. A 10% increase in the occupational stress score was associated with a 33% increase in the likelihood of developing compassion fatigue. This association was influenced by variables such as age, sex, and sleep duration. This study associated occupational stress with compassion fatigue among hospital nurses, particularly in more vulnerable subgroups, such as female, older, and sleep-deprived professionals. These findings underscore the need for institutional policies that promote occupational health and prevent psychosocial problems.
Brewer’s spent yeast (BSY) contains Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is a byproduct that may be used as a biofertilizer and plant growth promoter. Improving the understanding of the ideal BSY concentration and application method for coffee seedling development will enable more targeted application strategies. We hypothesized that a given BSY concentration and application method would improve the development of coffee seedlings by adding sources of organic matter containing yeast. This hypothesis was tested by assessing the development parameters of Coffea arabica var. Typica (Cramer variety) using different concentrations (0, 2.35, 4.71, 9.40, 11.75 x 108 S. cerevisiae cells mL-1) and two application methods (foliar-FA and soil-SA). Our analysis revealed that BSY foliar application was more efficient than soil application in improving coffee seedling development. Foliar application at 2.3 x 108 S. cerevisiae cells mL-1 increased fresh shoot weight (2.35 times), fresh root weight (4.22 times), dry shoot weight (2.23 times), and dry root weight (3.62 times) in coffee plants compared to the negative control (sterile solution). Our findings provide evidence of waste reuse as an alternative method for developing coffee seedlings through the addition of materials rich in organic matter and yeast. They also align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), demonstrating strategies that support sustainable agriculture and circular economy practices.
Sterility information on reciprocating endodontic instruments is often unclear on the packaging. This can make clinicians uncertain about the safe use of these instruments without prior sterilization. This study evaluated the sterility of different reciprocating file systems directly from their original packaging. Six instruments from five commercially available reciprocating systems (Reciproc® Blue, WaveOne® Gold, W File, X1 Blue MK Life, and AllPrime R Blue) were tested. Each file was aseptically removed from its packaging inside a laminar flow chamber and immediately placed into sterile glass vials containing 5 mL of Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) medium. A 0.25 mL aliquot from each vial was collected after 24, 48, and 72 hours of incubation and plated onto Petri dishes. Then, they were incubated for an additional 72 hours. To ensure methodological reliability, two instruments (one Reciproc® Blue and one AllPrime R Blue) were deliberately contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis and served as positive controls. The presence of colony-forming units (CFUs) was assessed at 24-hour intervals throughout the experimental period. No bacterial growth was detected in any of the test groups at any time point, while CFUs consistently appeared in the positive controls. Considering the limitations of this study, reciprocating endodontic files, in their original manufacturer-sealed packaging and without prior clinical use, seem free of microbial contamination and are safe for immediate clinical application.
This study evaluated biogas production, methane concentration and yield, as well as the potential for energy production of anaerobic co-digestion of ricotta cheese whey and dairy cattle manure in 60 L plug flow reactors. Four reactors were operated: three with different proportions of ricotta cheese whey (20, 40, and 80%) and a control reactor containing only dairy cattle manure. The reactors were operated for 106 days, with a hydraulic retention time of 30 days. In all reactors, pH remained near neutrality, and alkalinity stayed above 2,500 mg L⁻¹. Notably, only the reactor with 80% ricotta cheese whey demonstrated more efficient removal of total solids, volatile solids, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand, with average reductions of 54, 69, 69, and 78%, respectively. However, the reactor operated with 40% ricotta cheese whey produced the highest accumulated biogas volume, surpassing the 80% ricotta cheese whey reactor by 36 L, with a realistic extrapolation of electricity production estimated at 1.67 kWh m-³. Although methane yields were close to theoretical maximum values and methane concentrations showed no significant differences between treatments, the results confirm the effectiveness of anaerobic co-digestion in the treating of agro-industrial waste. The 40% ricotta cheese whey and 60% dairy cattle manure ratio stands as a promising alternative for biogas production.
This study evaluated the morphometry and bromatology of the forage cactus cultivar Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw., which was drip-irrigated every 7 and 28 days in a semi-arid environment. The experiment was conducted under field conditions at the National Institute of the Semi-arid Region (INSA), Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, arranged in a 2 x 12 factorial scheme, with two irrigation frequencies (7 and 28 days) and 12 evaluation periods, resulting in 24 treatments distributed across four blocks over 12 months. Regrowth was conducted under a 2 x 5 arrangement, with two irrigation frequencies and five evaluation periods. The morphometric and bromatological characteristics of the forage cactus were evaluated 12 months after planting, and the morphometric characteristics 5 months after regrowth. The data were evaluated using analysis of variance, and the means were compared using Tukey’s test and the t-test at a 5% probability level, in SAS® (2002). The frequency of irrigation of 7 days yielded better morphometric and bromatological responses in the forage cactus. Irrigation at a low frequency and low water volume provides satisfactory forage cactus yields in a semi-arid environment.
Studies on plant root system architecture may yield valuable data for genetic improvement programs for developing cultivars that acquire water and nutrients more efficiently. This study used morphological descriptors to characterize the root system and evaluate genetic diversity among 30 melon accessions. A completely randomized experiment was conducted with 30 treatments and 5 replications. The plot consisted of one seedling. After seed germination, five seedlings were fixed in a dried growth medium for 12 days. Then, they were scanned and measured for primary root length and primary root neck diameter. Root hairs were visually evaluated. Finally, basal root angles were measured. The accessions diverged genetically regarding the root system morphological characteristics. The primary root neck diameter contributed the most to the dissimilarity between the accessions (43.06%). The A-50 accession stood out for the highest mean for morphological characteristics. It may represent a reference in genetic improvement programs to develop cultivars that acquire water and nutrients more efficiently.
This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency and selectivity of pyroxasulfone and pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin at garlic cv. Ito pre-emergence. The experiment was conducted in two commercial areas in Curitibanos/SC during 2021 and 2022, using randomized block design with four replications. The treatments consisted of the pre emergence application of: pyroxasulfone at rates of 75, 100, and 125 g ha pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin at rates of 60 + 40, 90 + 60, and 120 + 80 g ha oxyfluorfen + flumioxazin (180 + 25 gha(-1)); pendimethalin + flumioxazin (1820 or 1600 + 25 g ha(-1)); and pendimethalin alone (1820 or 1600 g ha(-1)). In addition, we included an untreated and a weed-free control. This study evaluated weed density, dry mass, phytotoxicity, and bulb yields. In 2021, no weeds were reported in the cultivation area, thus only herbicide selectivity for garlic was evaluated, with all the treatments being selective without reducing the yield of garlic. In 2022, ryegrass and wild radish were predominant weeds in the crop, but the treatments caused a greater reduction in number of ryegrass plants compared to wild radish. The plots with a higher number wild radish plants showed a greater accumulation of dry mass due to their rapid development and large size. The most effective herbicides against these species were pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin at doses 60 + 40 and 120 + 80 gha(-1), and oxyfluorfen flumioxazin, while also giving a high total and commercial yield. Therefore, pyroxasulfone and pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin are selective treatments at garlic Ito pre-emergence.
Signal grass (Urochloa decumbens) is a common troublesome weed in peanut areas, and its control is essential. This study evaluated the efficacy of herbicides associated with harvested sugarcane residues in controlling U. decumbens. Herbicides were applied with or without sugarcane straw during U. decumbens pre-emergence (imazapic, imazethapyr + flumioxazin, diclosulam, s-metolachlor, clomazone, sulfentrazone, sulfentrazone + diuron, pyroxasulfone, and trifluralin) and post-emergence (imazapic, imazethapyr, bentazon + imazamox, quizalofop-p-ethyl, clethodim, haloxyfop-p-methyl, fluazifop-p-butyl, propaquizafop, and glyphosate). Sugarcane residues reduced plant emergence (68%) and emergence speed (77%). Except for imazapic, every pre-emergent herbicide application without sugarcane straw promoted control levels higher than 90%. The highest U. decumbens control levels (over 95%) occurred mainly with clomazone, pyroxasulfone, and trifluralin, regardless of the straw factor. Glyphosate and haloxyfop herbicides promoted the highest U. decumbens control levels, primarily reducing growth characteristics, followed by propaquizafop, quizalofop-p-ethyl, and fluazifop-p-butyl. The study concluded that sugarcane straw reduced U. decumbens emergence. Clomazone, pyroxasulfone, and trifluralin herbicides applied during pre-emergence promoted the highest U. decumbens control levels, regardless of the presence or absence of sugarcane straw. All pre-emergence herbicide applications without sugarcane straw controlled U. decumbens satisfactorily, except for imazapic. Glyphosate and haloxyfop-p-methyl herbicides applied post-emergence provided the highest U. decumbens control levels, followed by propaquizafop, quizalofop-p-ethyl, and fluazifop-p-butyl, regardless of the presence of sugarcane straw.
O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência e seletividade do piroxassulfone e piroxassulfone + flumioxazin na pré-emergência do alho cv. Ito. O experimento foi conduzido em duas áreas comerciais em Curitibanos/SC, nos anos de 2021 e 2022, utilizando um delineamento em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação em pré-emergência de: pyroxasulfone nas doses de 75, 100 e 125 g ha-1, pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin nas doses de 60 + 40; 90 + 60 e 120 + 80 g ha-1, oxyfluorfen + flumioxazin (180 + 25 g ha-1), pendimetalina + flumioxazin (1820 ou 1600 + 25 g ha-1), e pendimetalin (1820 ou 1600 g ha-1). Além do controle e do teste livre de ervas daninhas. A densidade de ervas daninhas, a massa seca, a fitotoxicidade e os rendimentos dos bulbos foram avaliados. Em 2021, nenhuma planta daninha foi relatada na área de cultivo, portanto, apenas a seletividade do herbicida para o alho foi avaliada, com todos os tratamentos sendo seletivos sem reduções na produtividade do alho. Em 2022, o azevém e o rabanete-bravo foram predominantes na cultura, onde os tratamentos demonstraram maior redução no número de plantas de azevém. As parcelas com maior número de plantas de rabanete-bravo mostraram maior acúmulo de massa seca devido ao seu rápido desenvolvimento e grande tamanho. Os herbicidas mais eficazes contra essas espécies foram pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin nas doses de 60 + 40 e 120 + 80 g ha-1, e oxyfluorfen + flumioxazin, e também se destacaram em termos de rendimento total e comercial. Pyroxasulfone e pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin são seletivas na pré-emergência para alho cv. Ito.
Adding adjuvants to crop protection sprays is common practice; however interactions among formulations must be better understood to prevent reducing efficacy, especially for those containing microorganisms for biological control. This study aimed to assess physicochemical interactions, droplet formation, and viability of the fungus Cordyceps fumosorosea mixed with an adjuvant. The experiments followed a completely randomized design with four replications and six treatments. The treatments included the fungus associated with five adjuvants: polyether/silicone copolymer (1 - PSC), alkyl phosphate ester (2 - PAE), soybean oil methyl ester (3 - SME), orange peel oil (4 - OPO), lecithin/propionic acid mixture (5 - LPA), and a control (only fungus) (6). The LPA adjuvant was physically compatible with the fungus, unlike others that showed phase separation. All adjuvants reduced the contact angle and surface tension compared to the control, with treatments PSC and LPA presenting the lowest values, respectively. All adjuvants reduced droplet size compared to the control. Treatment LPA produced the smallest droplet size, the highest risk of drift, and the most droplet uniformity. The highest viscosity values originated from solutions in treatment LPA, followed by PAE. Formulations with the LPA adjuvant plus the bioinsecticide yielded the lowest pH and the highest electrical conductivity values, followed by OPO. Even with the low pH, the LPA treatment did not affect the viability of the entomopathogenic fungus. It is evident that the adjuvants affected the physicochemical characteristics of the solutions, and treatment LPA yielded the best results for physicochemical compatibility, as it did not reduce the viability of the entomopathogenic fungus.
This study assessed the impact of individual social capital and clinical variables on the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of vulnerable children and their families. This cross-sectional observational study included children of both sexes and their parents or guardians. The OHRQoL was assessed using the Brazilian version of the ECOHIS questionnaire. Individual social capital was evaluated through participation in community, school, and religious activities. The criteria recommended by the WHO were used to analyze dental caries and malocclusion. Adjusted logistic regression models estimated the odds ratios at a 95% CI; the multiple regression model included variables with p < 0.20 in the individual analyses, and those with p ≤ 0.05 remained in the final model. Younger children with caries occurrence and lower social capital are 1.74 (95% CI: 1.13-2.68), 2.89 (95% CI: 1.88-4.45), and 3.69 (95% CI: 2.36-5.78) times more likely to experience a higher impact on OHRQoL (p < 0.05). Families of children with caries occurrence and lower social capital are 2.31 (95% CI: 1.52-3.50) and 3.56 (95% CI: 2.29-5.54) times more likely to experience a higher impact on OHRQoL (p < 0.05). Families of children with caries experience and lower social capital are 2.11 (95% CI: 1.40-3.19) and 3.55 (95% CI: 2.89-5.50) times more likely to show a higher impact on total OHRQoL (p < 0.05). Dental caries experience and lower individual social capital were associated with a higher impairment of the OHRQoL of children and their families in conditions of social vulnerability.
