The article provides information about a research study conducted with the aim of investigating the prevalence of diabetic distress (DD) in people with diabetes mellitus (DM). The study included 2547 patients aged 18–75 years with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Individuals across different age groups, diabetic distress, its occurrence frequency, and severity were studied. The occurrence of DD in relation to age, types of diabetes, duration of diabetes, and target levels of glycemia and HbA1c was examined. The study showed that in people with diabetes mellitus (DM), the prevalence of diabetic distress (DD) occurs at varying levels of intensity. Among the diabetic participants included in the study, 26.8% had mild and non-problematic DD, 33.1% had moderate DD, and 40.1% had severe DD. An increase in the prevalence of severe DD was noted with age and longer duration of diabetes. Among people with diabetes, severe DD was observed in relation to emotional burden (30.8%) and treatment regimen (42.0%). In diabetic individuals with high glycemia and HbA1c, an increase in moderate-to-severe and severe forms of DD was observed, along with a rise in diabetic complications and cardiovascular risk.
Milk adulteration represents a critical global food safety issue, as illegal additions of synthetic chemicals and neutralizers compromise nutritional quality and pose severe human health risks. Among common adulterants, urea and alkaline neutralizers (such as caustic soda, sodium bicarbonate, or carbonate) are added to artificially inflate apparent protein content and prevent souring. To address the need for simple, low-cost point-of-care testing, this study developed a plant-based dual-zone colorimetric paper strip for the simultaneous screening of urea and alkaline adulterants in milk. The screening device utilizes Whatman filter paper partitioned by a paraffin wax barrier to prevent cross-contamination. Zone A is functionalized with crude soybean (Glycine max) extract as a natural source of urease enzyme integrated with turmeric-derived curcumin (Curcuma longa), while Zone B contains curcumin alone as a pH-responsive indicator. Enzymatic hydrolysis of urea in Zone A generates ammonia, causing local alkalinization and a distinct visual color change from yellow to reddish-brown. Zone B responds directly to elevated pH (> 8.0) resulting from alkaline adulteration. Under optimized conditions, the test strip exhibited a rapid visual response within 30–60 seconds using a sample volume of 20–30 µL. Evaluation across 30 field and commercial milk samples demonstrated presumptive positive screening in 13 samples (43.3%), with no false-positive color changes observed in negative pure milk controls. While the curcumin indicator effectively screens for alkaline conditions, it does not distinguish specific sodium hydroxide from other basic adulterants. This eco-friendly, equipment-free paper strip provides a promising preliminary screening platform for dairy quality monitoring, though quantitative validation against gold-standard laboratory methods (such as HPLC/FTIR) and broader matrix interference testing remain necessary before field deployment.
The speed at which AI is being used in health care and the making of clinical decisions leads to legal, ethical, and regulatory dilemmas on data protection, informed consent, clinical responsibility, and the explanation of clinical decision-making. This paper focuses on health care AI and addresses biotechnology in the context of genomic, diagnostic, drug development, and clinical services and/or health data processing. Using doctrinal and comparative legal analysis of laws, cases, regulations, policies, and relevant literature published in the European Union, the United States, India, the United Kingdom, and China, this study uses the legal cut-off date of June 30, 2026. The comparison focuses on data protection, medical liability, transparency, informed consent, and institutional accountability. It differentiates primary law from non-binding law and policy. The analysis did not find such a comprehensive health care AI system in these jurisdictions, and found remaining gaps in informed consent, distributed liability, explainability, and institutional control. It proposes providing more information to the patient, oversight by humans, and greater control over response allocations, but acknowledges that the content and the nature of the legal obligations will vary in each jurisdiction.
Reliable analytical methods are essential for the quality control of Lemborexant in pharmaceutical formulations. The present study aimed to develop and validate a simple, rapid, and robust Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the quantitative estimation of Lemborexant in bulk drug and tablet dosage forms using a Quality by Design (QbD) approach. Critical method parameters were systematically optimized using Design Expert® software (Version 13) to ensure consistent chromatographic performance. Separation was achieved on a Kromasil C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile (70:30, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Detection was carried out at 222 nm with an injection volume of 20 µL and a column temperature of 35°C. Under the optimized conditions, Lemborexant exhibited a retention time of 3.97 min. The developed method demonstrated excellent linearity over the concentration range of 10–30 µg/mL (R² = 0.9998). Validation performed according to ICH guidelines confirmed the method’s accuracy (mean recovery 99.89%), precision (%RSD < 2%), sensitivity (LOD 0.30 µg/mL and LOQ 0.90 µg/mL), and robustness. The results indicate that the proposed QbD-based RP-HPLC method is reliable, accurate, precise, and suitable for routine quantitative analysis and quality control of Lemborexant in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Ethnomedicinal knowledge forms an integral part of traditional health care systems and continues to be used by the tribal populations having limited access to the conventional medical facilities. The present study was conducted to document the diversity of medicinal plants and assess ethnobotanical knowledge of indigenous tribal communities of the East Nimar Region of Madhya Pradesh in India via qualitative and quantitative approaches. Semi-structured interviews, guided field excursions, participant observation, and group discussions were used to carry out ethnobotanical surveys from December 2024 to November 2025. The study included 146 informants from 52 villages, predominantly belonging to the Korku, Bhil, and Gond tribal communities.The survey documented 159 angiosperm species belonging to 144 genera and 58 families, used to treat 51 diseases grouped into 12 disease categories.Fabaceae was the dominant family (26 taxa).Herbs were the dominant growth form, although it was the leaves that were most frequently used. Powder and decoction were the main methods of preparation. The quantitative ethnobotanical studies identified Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (UV = 0.281) and Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (UV = 0.274) as the most culturally important species, and Meliaceae exhibited the highest Family Use Value (FUV = 0.274) among all families, followed by Combretaceae (FUV = 0.113) and Moraceae (FUV = 0.098). The Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) values ranged from 0.17 to 0.60. The highest consensus was observed for respiratory (0.60) and gastrointestinal disorders (0.59).The findings highlighted the richness and cultural significance of indigenous medicinal knowledge, supporting its conservation, scientific validation, and future pharmacological research.
