Premarket clinical trials demand substantial investment, yet without data protection, generic applicants could rely on originator data to obtain approval, undermining innovation incentives. In May 2026, China’s National Medical Products Administration issued the Implementation Measures on the Protection of Drug Trial Data , establishing a comprehensive tiered data protection regime covering chemical drugs and biological products. This article aims to systematically introduce China’s 2026 new data protection regime, analyze approved varieties based on empirical evidence, compare the Chinese regime with the U.S. data exclusivity system, and discuss implications for pharmaceutical innovation and public health. In this study, a mixed-method approach integrating institutional analysis, empirical statistical analysis of 40 approved entries published on the Center for Drug Evaluation platform as of June 22, 2026, and cross-country analysis between China and the United States. The Implementation Measures establish China’s first formal data protection regime featuring three-tiered terms (six, four, and three years). Compared with the U.S. system, China provides longer protection for innovative and imported originator chemical drugs, and offers three-year protection for first generics of overseas unlisted reference products. The regime balances innovation incentives with drug accessibility, and carries significant implications for global healthcare stakeholders.
