Human acellular dermal grafts (HADGs) are widely used in regenerative medicine and tissue banking because of their biocompatibility and structural support. Residual DNA is an important quality attribute for assessing cellular material removal, and its interpretation should be integrated with evaluation of extracellular matrix (ECM) integrity and scaffold performance. A systematic review (search date: October 15, 2025) of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and grey literature was conducted. English-language in vitro or experimental studies (2010–2025) reporting quantitative residual DNA levels and at least one structural, functional, or biological assessment were included. Data on decellularization protocols, DNA quantification methods, analytical sensitivity, validation, and scaffold performance were extracted. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria from 1,250 screened records. Residual DNA varied with decellularization method and quantification technique. Enzymatic and hybrid protocols achieved near-complete DNA removal (> 98
Cardiac homografts are indispensable in complex cardiac surgery, particularly in the paediatric population. Optimising procurement and minimising discard rates are important for maintaining graft availability, especially in resource-limited settings. This study evaluated 20 years of cardiac homograft procurement at a tertiary cardiovascular centre, focusing on discard rates, causes of discard, microbiological profiles, and the impact of protocol refinements. A retrospective analysis was conducted using procurement records from the Cardiac Homograft Tissue Bank at the Institut Jantung Negara, Malaysia, between January 2004 and December 2024. The data collected included annual procurement volume, reasons for discarding, and microbiological culture results. In 2015, a revised procurement protocol was introduced, which incorporated instrument and operative field segregation, aseptic redraping, and enhanced donor screening. A total of 190 hearts were procured (mean 9.05 ± 4.18 hearts/year), with an overall discard rate of 13.7
Nanofat, produced through mechanical processing of autologous adipose tissue, contains stromal vascular fraction (SVF), extracellular matrix components, and perivascular cell populations associated with paracrine, angiogenic, and immunomodulatory signalling. Cryopreservation before emulsification allows material from a single harvest to be stored and used across multiple treatments, supporting staged clinical, reconstructive, and tissue-support applications. This reduces patient burden and the morbidity of repeated liposuction, and potentially enables treatment schedules to align with tissue remodelling cycles. The cryobiology of adipose tissue and the biological properties of SVF-derived preparations are each well characterised in isolation, but the literature lacks a coherent account of how they combine in a workflow that is both clinically practical and compatible with regulatory oversight. Most published approaches describe same-day preparation, offering little structure for staged treatments without repeated harvest. This article synthesises current evidence on nanofat biology, cryobiology principles for adipose-derived preparations, mechanical processing and delivery, and governance requirements for regulated cryostorage. A generic Human Tissue Authority (HTA)-licensed cryopreservation workflow model is presented to illustrate how validated controlled-rate freezing, cryopreservation of whole lipoaspirate, thawing, and mechanical emulsification to produce nanofat, supported by traceability and a documented quality management system (QMS), can support regulated clinical use. This article addresses a gap in the literature by providing a structured pathway for consistent autologous treatments from a single harvest while meeting regulatory expectations for human tissue storage. This article is a narrative synthesis, not a systematic review; it focuses on workflow, cryobiological, and governance conditions rather than grading therapeutic efficacy.
Allogeneic bone grafts are frequently used in reconstructive orthopaedics and trauma surgery and require appropriate processing to ensure biological safety. Thermodisinfection represents an established procedure; however, its influence on the mechanical properties of individual trabeculae has not yet been sufficiently investigated. Single trabeculae were prepared from human femoral heads and assigned within a paired study design to either native or thermodisinfected conditions. Mechanical characterisation was performed using a two-point bending test. The elastic modulus (E) was determined from the linear region of the force–displacement curve, and the maximum fracture force ( F_max ) was recorded as a measure of load-bearing capacity until structural failure. Furthermore, the influence of anatomical location within the femoral head was analysed. No significant difference in elastic modulus was found between native and thermodisinfected trabeculae. The maximum fracture force was significantly increased in the thermodisinfected group. No consistent differences were observed for either parameter with respect to anatomical location within the femoral head. Thermodisinfection did not significantly impair the elastic properties of individual human trabeculae but significantly affected failure-related behaviour. No consistent influence of anatomical location was observed. These findings indicate that thermodisinfection largely preserves the intrinsic mechanical properties of individual trabeculae while also influencing failure-related behaviour. They complement previous predominantly macroscopic investigations by providing a microstructural perspective on the biomechanical effects of thermodisinfection. Furthermore, the present findings may provide a biomechanical rationale for future bone graft processing strategies involving smaller bone fragments or granule-based graft preparation, although the clinical feasibility of such applications requires further investigation.
Bone defects continue to pose a significant challenge in orthopedic and reconstructive surgery, especially when presenting as large, irregular, infected, or load-bearing lesions. The advent of three-dimensional (3D) printing has opened new avenues for customized bone repair, offering precise anatomical restoration, tunable porous architectures, mechanical support, and biological functionalization. Nevertheless, the global research landscape, intellectual framework, and emerging frontiers of 3D printing applied to bone defects have yet to be systematically characterized.Bibliometric records were retrieved from the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) within the Web of Science Core Collection for publications from January 1, 2006, to March 15, 2026. PubMed was searched separately as a supplementary source to identify relevant clinical trials and randomized controlled trials. Bibliometric and visualization analyses were subsequently performed using VOSviewer, R Software, and CiteSpace. The analyses focused on publication output over time, country and institutional contributions, author productivity, journal impact, keyword evolution, and trends in clinical translation. A total of 7233 relevant publications were identified in this study, revealing a consistent upward trend in annual output. China and the United States were the predominant contributors in this research domain. Leading institutions included Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Sichuan University. Wu, CT emerged as the most prolific author with 62 publications, while Bose, S demonstrated the highest co-citation frequency (1,290 citations). Regarding journals, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology recorded the largest number of publications, and Biomaterials ranked first in co-citation count. Analysis of research hotspots indicated that clinical trials primarily evaluated the efficacy of 3D-printed bone materials for the reconstruction of various bone defects. Meanwhile, basic science investigations focused on artificial intelligence, oxidative stress, antibacterial properties, macrophage polarization, and advanced scaffold functionalization. Over the past two decades, recent research attention has increasingly shifted from scaffold fabrication and material optimization toward intelligent design, immune-related research, antibacterial functionalization, and more application-specific scaffold development. Future efforts should prioritize mechanistic studies, clinically relevant defect models, multicenter trials, and problem-oriented scaffold engineering to facilitate reliable clinical translation.
