综述了2020-2022年我国水稻遗传规律研究、品种选育与种业发展等方面的进展,简要比较了国内外的研究进展差异,提出了研究趋势与展望.在水稻品种演化规律研究方面,揭示了已知功能基因在主栽品种选育中的演化规律,发现高产、植株形态优势和抵御生物胁迫的抗性单倍型是籼稻主栽品种能够大面积种植的关键因素,早熟、抵御非生物胁迫的抗性单倍型是粳稻主栽品种大面积种植的关键;创制了世界首例重新设计和快速驯化的四倍体水稻,实现从"0"到"1"的突破,开辟了全新的作物育种方向;开发了一款智能化的水稻育种导航程序,在水稻新品种快速培育方面应用潜力巨大;创新了许多育种理论与技术,创制了许多基因编辑水稻材料,为新品种培育奠定基础,3年来育成审定品种(不育系)6 177个,其中61.4％以企业为第一单位育成.
7011S系安徽省农业科学院水稻研究所以生产上广泛使用的籼型两系不育系1892S为母本,与抗稻瘟病材料谷梅4号杂交、自交,经5年7代选育而成的籼型温敏核不育系.该不育系具有株型适中、叶色深绿、分蘖力较强、茎秆较粗、不育起点温度低、异交结实率高、配合力强及广适等特性,2019年8月通过安徽省农作物品种审定委员会鉴定.以7011S为母本、R202为父本配制的两系杂交籼稻新组合两优7002具有优质、高产、抗逆特点,于2022年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定.
湖南是我国双季稻主产区,在晚稻灌浆期可能出现极端低温天气,造成水稻减产.为明确增施生物炭在灌浆期低温下对晚稻抗氧化酶活性和产量的影响,以主推品种泰优390和传统品种湘晚籼1号为材料开展盆栽试验.试验设置3个施肥处理和2个灌浆期温度处理.施肥处理为常规施肥(NPK)、常规施肥+增施土壤质量5％的生物炭(NPK+BC)和常规施肥+增施与生物炭中所含N、P、K等量的化肥(NPK+),灌浆期温度处理为常温(环境温度)和低温(日均温17℃).结果表明,与灌浆期常温处理相比,低温胁迫下泰优390和湘晚籼1号的产量分别下降35.85％和27.70％;2个品种的产量下降幅度均表现为NPK+BC＜NPK＜NPK+,且处理间存在显著差异;在灌浆期低温胁迫下,产量下降幅度与结实率极显著负相关,而与有效穗数和每穗总粒数的相关性不显著;与灌浆期常温处理相比,灌浆期低温胁迫下泰优390和湘晚籼1号剑叶和根系的POD(过氧化物酶)、CAT(过氧化氢酶)活性以及MDA(丙二醛)含量均提高;在灌浆期低温胁迫下,2个水稻品种剑叶和根系中的POD、SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)和CAT酶活性均表现为NPK+BC处理显著高于NPK和NPK+处理.总的来看,灌浆期低温胁迫导致晚稻产量降低,但是增施生物炭可以减少产量损失,这可能与生物炭提高了灌浆期低温胁迫下晚稻结实率和抗氧化酶活性有关.
Soil fertility and nitrogen（N） rates are important factors affecting methane（CH 4 ） emissions from rice fields,but the interactive effects between them is not clear.It is of great significance to clarify the effects of nitrogen application rates on CH 4 emissions in paddy fields under different soil fertility to improve the accuracy of CH 4 emission inventory and CH 4 emission model in paddy fields.Based on the content of soil organic matter,three soil organic matter gradients（low,medium,and high） were selected,and four nitrogen application rates（0,90,150 and 210 kg/hm~2） were set to study the interaction effects of soil fertility and nitrogen application rates on CH4 emissions from red soil rice fields.The results showed that,in the early rice season,compared with the low fertility paddy field,the CH4 emissions from the middle and high fertility paddy fields were significantly reduced by 115.7% and 32.4%,respectively;compared with N 0 treatment,the CH4 emission in N 90 treatment significantly increased by 36.0%,while in N 150 and N 210 treatment significantly decreased by 32.9% and 55.0%,respectively.In the late rice season,compared with the low fertility paddy field,the CH 4 emission in the medium fertility paddy field increased by 40.0%,while in the high fertility paddy field had an increasing trend,but the difference was not significant;the CH 4 emission of N 90 treatment increased significantly by 46.4% compared with N 0 treatment,and there was no significant difference between N 0 ,N 150 and N 210 treatment.Under low fertility conditions,compared with N 0 treatment,the annual CH 4 emissions of N 90 treatment significantly increased 82.8% while N 150 and N 210 treatment had no significant difference;under medium and high fertility conditions,there was no significant difference in annual CH4 emission among different nitrogen application treatments.Soil fertility and nitrogen application rates had significant interaction effects on CH 4 emissions in early and annual rice season,but had no significant interaction effects on CH4 emissions in late rice season.
多年生稻品种及其配套技术已在生产上应用多年.但是,多年生稻品种在高海拔稻区安全越冬、绿色轻简化栽培等田间管理技术仍有待探索.自 2016 年参加云南大学胡凤益团队主持的多年生稻项目以来,作者经过多年实践,探索出一套高海拔(1 670m)稻区"多年生稻+鱼"绿色高效安全越冬生产技术,主要包括多年生稻品种选择、育秧移栽、肥水管理、病虫害防治和稻田鱼管理,以及越冬季稻桩、水肥、鱼的管理和次年后的稻鱼管理技术.
