The article addresses the issue of uncertainty in forecasting the cost of construction and installation works (CIW) in investment construction projects under conditions of high price volatility, regional market differentiation, organizational fragmentation of business processes, and insufficient formalization of pricing procedures. An analysis of external and internal factors affecting the accuracy of cost forecasts is carried out. Particular attention is given to macroeconomic, logistics-related, seasonal, design and technological, organizational and process-related, and information-based sources of uncertainty. A significant share of forecasting errors is caused not only by market volatility, but also by imperfections in baseline data, the subjectivity of expert assessments, weak coordination between departments, and the absence of a unified digital environment for cost formation. The purpose of the study is to identify and systematize uncertainty factors affecting the accuracy of forecasting the cost of construction and installation works, as well as to substantiate approaches to their reduction based on digitalization and the use of intelligent data analysis methods. The objectives of the study include analyzing the key uncertainty factors, comparing cost forecasting methods, and developing practical recommendations for improving forecast accuracy. The paper systematizes uncertainty factors by project life cycle stages and by levels of managerial influence. A comparison of traditional and intelligent cost forecasting methods is performed. The necessity of transitioning from classical cost estimation analysis to a digital cost management framework is substantiated. The practical significance of the study lies in the development of a set of recommendations aimed at reducing uncertainty in forecasting the cost of CIW, including the standardization of baseline data, improvement of the transparency of procedures for reviewing commercial proposals, digitalization of cost change approval processes, implementation of price monitoring systems, and the use of predictive analytics in the management of investment construction projects.
The article discusses the issues of monitoring construction based on aerial and satellite images. The issues of using images obtained from space, from a manned aircraft and from an unmanned aerial vehicle are discussed. Monitoring of construction by remote methods is based on the collection and analysis of spatial data. It is optimal to use aerial photography from an unmanned aerial vehicle. To solve local problems, it is advisable to use photography from an unmanned aerial vehicle, and satellite imagery is possible to solve control problems at the state or general contractor level. The article provides an overview of the literature sources on this topic. The accuracy and resolution of the methods of aerial and space photography are compared depending on the tasks being solved. For the optimal option, it is recommended to use aerial and space photography materials in a complex.
Traditional approaches to managing railway infrastructure assets are characterized by fragmented data at various stages of the lifecycle, where information obtained during surveys and construction is often lost by the time the asset is commissioned, reducing the effectiveness of asset management. This article presents an integrated monitoring technology that enables the creation and seamless updating of a railway asset information model based on remote sensing data from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The results of testing on a 750-meter experimental railway section are presented, confirming the metrological performance of the proposed methods (the error in determining geometric parameters is less than 1%, provided the survey modes are observed). The practical significance of this work lies in the transition from episodic surveys to continuous digital infrastructure monitoring, which is consistent with the "smart railway" concept and the objectives of the Transport Strategy of the Russian Federation.
Problem statement. Due to changes in society, the number of educational projects is growing every year, and the scale of educational spaces is reaching a new level. The relevance of the research is justified by the complex crisis of the traditional model of education and the rapid transformation of the demands of society faced with the era of digitalization. The purpose of the research is to identify, systematize and develop architectural and planning principles for the formation of a modern educational and entertainment center based on game mechanisms and modern pedagogical techniques that increase the level of engagement, creativity and cognitive activity of students. Special attention is paid to the flexibility of planning solutions, the integration of technologies, the creation of multifunctional zones and visual stimulation, contributing to the development of creativity and motivation of students. Based on the analysis of pedagogical techniques, recommendations are offered on the organization of a space that combines comfort, safety and innovation. Results. The main results of the study are that a comprehensive study of the principles of creating educational spaces based on modern pedagogical techniques has been conducted. Conclusions. The article discusses the key principles of the formation of the architectural environment of educational and entertainment centers based on the game learning format.
Introduction. The relevance of the study is due to the need to improve the efficiency of control and supervisory activities under the transition to a risk-based model. The aim of the work is to develop a methodology for forming variable control requirements for inspection programs of civil engineering facilities, differentiated by risk categories. The scientific novelty lies in the integration of analytic hierarchy process and expert assessments to quantify the significance of individual types of work and structural elements. Materials and methods. The methodological basis was the provisions of federal legislation and the criteria for classifying capital construction projects into risk categories. To rank potential violations and determine the weight coefficients of control points, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) by T. Saaty was applied. The expert data (12 experts from the State Construction Supervision authorities) was processed using specialized software. Results. A correspondence matrix has been developed that allows for the formation of an individual list of control requirements for each risk category of the facility. Key control points for high-risk and medium-risk facilities have been established. The most frequently identified types of violations have been identified and classified, grouped by the degree of impact on safety. Conclusions. The proposed approach allows reducing the administrative burden on bona fide developers and concentrating the resources of supervisory authorities on potentially hazardous facilities. The implementation of the developed methodology into the administrative regulations for the execution of the state function of construction supervision is recommended.
