The intricate nature of the rights and responsibilities that emerge in international private relations regarding personal status, along with the variations in these rights and concepts across different countries, have had a significant influence on the laws governing custody. This study has centred on important and essential issues that formed the basis of the research and a brief discussion that presented a fresh examination of the needs and regulations of custody in private international law. It takes into account recent advancements in international private relations, recognising that custody is primarily a social concept rather than a purely legal one. For this study, a secondary qualitative study was conducted, incorporating a legal approach. The data was gathered from various primary and secondary sources, and a descriptive analysis was performed. The findings of this study indicate that the primary focus of all legal research has been on matters related to personal status, such as custody. These issues are crucial for the functioning of societies and the well-being of individuals. Comparative legislation, including the legislatures of Jordan and Egypt, has shown interest in the topic of custody. However, these legislations did not establish a clear framework for determining the applicable law. As a result, the issue was left to be addressed by legal scholars and the judiciary, leading to disagreements among scholars and hesitation among judges when making rulings. The doctrinal conflict and judicial hesitancy in custody determinations arose from contrasting perspectives on adaptation, which is a fundamental aspect of custody law. Based on the analysis of legal precedents and court decisions, it has been determined that custody is equivalent to soul guardianship. As the head of the family, the father's nationality law applies, granting him the authority to regulate all family activities. Because parent-child dynamics differ from parent-parent dynamics. The current study has also highlighted significant implications, emphasising the need for strict laws and policies to safeguard the custody rights and requirements of children.
The government relies on tax revenues to finance public endeavours aimed at promoting the welfare of the populace. However, in recent years, tax income has fallen short of initial projections, attributed partly to deficiencies in the self-assessment tax collection framework, where taxpayers' integrity governs the accuracy of tax remittances. To address this, the Government, via the Directorate General of Taxation, instituted a Tax Financial Information Access Policy to streamline tax assessment, collection, and enforcement efforts. The effective implementation of this policy is imperative to mitigate tax irregularities. Drawing upon EDWARD III (1980) "Policy Implementation Theory," this research endeavours to evaluate the execution of Minister of Finance Regulation No.19/PMK.03/2018, which delineates technical protocols for accessing tax financial data, and its impact on augmenting tax revenue. Employing a normative legal approach, the study finds that despite encountering various impediments, the implementation of the technical policy concerning access to tax financial information has marginally bolstered tax revenue at the DGT Regional Office of East Java I. Nevertheless, the efficacy of fully leveraging this policy for tax-related financial transparency remains constrained.
Several Southeast Asian nations, including Vietnam, enforce mandatory detoxification in detention facilities for individuals with substance abuse issues. Since 2010, growing concerns regarding human rights abuses associated with compulsory drug detention centres have been expressed by various United Nations agencies, human rights experts, and other stakeholders, prompting calls for their closure since 2012. Despite these concerns, the Vietnamese government persists in employing this strategy under the guise of the "war on drugs," and its discontinuation appears improbable in the near future due to numerous political and social hurdles. This study employs established legal research methods to assert that compulsory detoxification constitutes a breach of human rights. It aims to elucidate to the global academic community the reasons behind Vietnam's persistent use of this measure. By utilizing both Vietnamese and international legal frameworks alongside statistical reports on the outcomes of compulsory detoxification, the research argues that these practices can be viewed as violations of human rights. The article highlights the challenges impeding the prompt elimination of compulsory detoxification in Vietnam based on practical experiences, including insights from random surveys gauging public opinions. The findings indicate a prevalent concern among the majority of individuals who are unwilling to coexist with drug addicts in their communities. This study presents compelling arguments urging the Vietnamese government and policymakers to acknowledge compulsory detoxification as a violation of human rights. Simultaneously, it provides insights for the global community of human rights experts, helping them understand the complexities that hinder Vietnam from abolishing this measure despite objections from human rights organizations. The outlined initiatives in the article also serve as a guide for Vietnamese policymakers and international human rights organizations to comprehend and address the challenges faced by Vietnam in protecting the human rights of individuals struggling with drug addiction.
In the contemporary landscape marked by dynamic transformations and progress, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has emerged as a pivotal catalyst, exerting a transformative influence on global political, economic, and cultural trajectories. Conceived by China in 2013 and rooted in the historical Silk Road, this initiative represents a concerted effort to reconsider international collaborations, integration, and development spanning across continents. Leveraging their inherent geographic positioning and strategic alignment, China and Russia have forged strategic alliances. The effectiveness of the Belt and Road Initiative hinges on the success of partner countries at every stage along the route. Cultural considerations are pivotal in facilitating and advancing transn a tion al trade collaboration. Utilizing Geert Hofstede's cultural dimension model, we aim to assess variations in organizational behavior across five human resource management practices: organizational recruitment and selection, employee rewards and benefits, performance evaluation and feedback, training and development, as well as decision-making and leadership practices. This study conducts a comparative analysis in this domain. In the course of this investigation, secondary data derived from a transnational human resource management project were utilized. The study employed inferential independent t-tests through IBM-SPSS to meticulously scrutinize potential variations. Our findings reveal that culture exerts a noteworthy influence across various facets of the organization, manifesting considerable distinctions in communication, human resource policies, management styles, and decision-making approaches. This underscores the imperative of prioritizing negotiation, compromise, and adeptly managing these divergences in the context of cross-cultural collaboration and the administration of Chinese and Russian organizations.
This research emphasises the concept of international jurisdiction and its relationship with legislative jurisdiction and the applicable law. International jurisdiction pertains to the authority of a state to regulate and impact individuals, as well as things and situations, in accordance with international law, which is based on the principles of state sovereignty and equality. This study seeks to evaluate how courts analyse their jurisdiction in cases involving foreign elements and the resulting impact on the applicable law. A qualitative approach was used to evaluate the impact of international jurisdiction on the relevant law. The current research is divided into various sections that explore the characteristics of international jurisdiction rules, their autonomy from legislative jurisdiction, and the impact of designating competent courts and applicable laws on international jurisdiction. The findings revealed that national courts have the authority to resolve disputes involving foreign elements in private international relations. The perceived conflicts of laws are primarily attributed to the abundance of laws rather than genuine legal conflicts. The application of rules pertinent to a judge's law is heavily influenced by international jurisdiction, which places a strong emphasis on legislative jurisdiction. Various factors, such as maintaining public order, the impact of external influences, and differences in legal procedures, can affect the implementation of laws from other countries. This research has multiple theoretical and practical implications. This study incorporates the increasing amount of research on the comprehension of jurisdictional frameworks. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the extent and boundaries of judicial authority, helping individuals and entities gain a clear understanding of their rights and obligations within both local and international legal systems. The study also discusses the limitations of the research and provides insights into future directions.
