Introduction: Myricetin is a hexahydroxylated flavonoid present in fruits, vegetables, tea, and medicinal plants. It is known for its multi-target pharmacological potential in the treatment of chronic disease. Methods: This systematic review, using the PRISMA 2020 principles, searched Pub- Med/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar from their creation to May 2026. The eligible peer-reviewed research on myricetin was comprehensively assessed as per the defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 79 studies were qualitatively synthesised. Results: Myricetin biosynthesised via the phenylpropanoid-flavonoid route exhibits antioxidant, anti- inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, and neuroprotective activities by modulating the PI3K/Akt, MAPK, NF-κB, AMPK, and JAK/STAT pathways. However, its therapeutic use is limited due to its poor aqueous solubility, low oral bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and insufficient human data. Novel approaches such as nanosuspensions, glycosylated derivatives, and nanocarrier systems may improve its pharmacokinetic properties. Discussion: The present data demonstrate that myricetin exhibits pleiotropic therapeutic effects through the coordinated regulation of multiple molecular pathways. While clinical evidence for quercetin is more extensive and other flavonoids exhibit complementary pharmacological activities, comparisons with structurally related flavonoids suggest that myricetin has a broad multitarget mechanistic profile. However, methodological heterogeneity and the limited clinical evidence preclude a definitive assessment of its therapeutic potential. Conclusion: This review offers an integrative and critical synthesis that relates biosynthesis, structure- activity correlations, molecular pharmacology, comparative flavonoid biology, and translational findings within a single framework. It further highlights mechanistic convergence, evidence gaps, and research priorities relevant to the rational development of myricetin as a potential lead compound for future therapeutic applications.
Introduction: Due to the growing environmental worries and the depletion of fossil fuels, mankind has been looking for eco-friendly substitutes for petroleum-derived lubricants. Chloroplast engineering has opened up new ways to achieve biodegradability; along with chloroplast engineering, wax esters have been identified as a bio-lubricant due to their strong resistance to oxidation, excellent lubricating properties, and biodegradability through chloroplast engineering. Methods: This paper compiles reports of work carried out on chloroplast lipid pathways, wax ester biosynthesis, and genetic engineering strategies. It is based on scientific database screening using wax esters, chloroplast metabolism, and bio-lubricants as keywords. Results: Studies show that expression of essential enzymes at the chloroplast level is a way to increase the formation of wax esters. Additionally, by playing with biochemical reactions, we have successfully produced more wax esters in certain plants. It is also acknowledged that wax esters have a beauty industry use in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Discussion: A number of chloroplast engineering hurdles include limitations on substrates such as metabolites from the pathway and bottlenecks in the metabolic processes as well as the need to go from lab scale to full scale. Hence, a deeper investigation of the metabolic pathways combined with a collaborative academic and industry approach should drive the next big step in chloroplast engineering development. Conclusion: Chloroplast engineering can be a green solution for manufacturing wax ester-based bio-lubricants without using chemical fuels. To get a commercial product out of this technology, continued refinement of plant engineering techniques and development of high-throughput production systems are the way forward.
Introduction: Crocus sativus (C. sativus), commonly known as saffron, has been valued for its therapeutic properties since ancient times. Crocus sativus (saffron crocus) is a prized perennial flowering plant in the Iridaceae family. It is cultivated worldwide for its crimson red stigmas, which are meticulously hand-harvested and dried to produce saffron. Methods: The present review aims to systematically compile and critically analyze the available molecular and scientific evidence on C. sativus, focusing on its phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and pharmacognostic properties. Relevant literature was retrieved from electronic databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, and other accessible scientific sources. Results: Saffron has long been employed as an antianginal agent. Moreover, extensive research has highlighted its pharmacological potential in managing obesity and various gastrointestinal disorders. Discussion: In TCM, saffron has been widely used as an antianginal agent and is increasingly being explored for its therapeutic potential in managing obesity and gastrointestinal disorders. Phytochemical investigations reveal that saffron contains bioactive compounds such as crocin, crocetin, safranal, and picrocrocin, which contribute to its diverse pharmacological effects. Crocin, a water-soluble carotenoid pigment, is primarily responsible for the characteristic color of saffron, and its biosynthesis involves the enzyme carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase. Conclusion: Saffron is considered the most expensive spice globally, as approximately 180,000 flowers are required to produce 1 kilogram of dried stigmas. Overall, C. sativus exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities, supporting its traditional use and highlighting its potential as a promising natural therapeutic agent for various diseases.
Introduction: Anxiety disorders have neurochemical imbalances, structural changes in the brain, and dysfunctional neurotransmitter systems. The challenge in treating these disorders is the complexity of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) and the ineffectiveness of traditional pharmacological methods, which may not provide accurate targeting of drugs and could be toxic. Methodology: The literature study was performed to identify relevant studies on Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems (SRDDS) and their uses in the treatment of anxiety. The major databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, were thoroughly studied. Results: SRDDS had great potential in improving bioavailability, achieving targeted release, and reducing systemic side effects in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Responsive systems to internal and external stimuli helped improve drug penetration through the BBB and prolonged the effects. Discussion: The incorporation of SRDDS in the treatment of anxiety fills a major gap in the conventional delivery of drugs by ensuring a controlled release at the desired site. Although the interdisciplinary approach of nanotechnology, materials science, and neurobiology has helped advance the field, concerns about cost, reproducibility, and safety remain. Conclusion: SRDDS offers a new approach to managing anxiety by allowing for targeted, controlled, and flexible delivery of anxiolytics through the BBB. While most existing evidence is still at the preclinical level, ongoing investigations, the incorporation of biomarkers, and improvements in scalable manufacturing techniques could help turn these systems into effective, customized treatments for anxiety disorders.
Abstract: The field of personalized herbal medicine is rapidly developing as a holistic approach that integrates traditional phytotherapy practices along with modern scientific techniques for personalized treatment. The present article examines the phenomenon of pharmacogenomic fingerprinting as a tool for understanding, in a precise manner, differential gene-based and metabolomics-derived views of herbal drug responses. The genetic diversity of drug-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and receptors plays a critical role in shaping herbal drug absorption, metabolism, and consequent efficacy, underscoring the need for genotype-directed treatment strategies. The rapid development of genome-scale and exome-scale analysis, as well as nextgeneration sequencing technologies, has strengthened the quality control processes necessary for the reproducibility of herbal drug efficacy and for prompt plant authentication; in addition, it has revealed the biological pathways of phytoconstituents in plants. Artificial intelligence accelerates such developments by enabling faster interactions across multiple datasets, analyzing herb-drug interactions, constructing toxicity risk graphs, and optimizing herbal drug formulations for personalized treatment strategies. However, the biochemical complexity underlying multicomponent herbal formulations, the lack of standardization methodologies, issues related to data privacy, and the non-generalizability of current state-of-the-art artificial intelligence models due to incomplete or biased dataset generation are areas where research has yet to address. To enhance these areas, shared analytical pipelines, fair data-distribution paradigms, harmonized policies, and collaborations across genomics, phytochemistry, data analytics, and mainstream medicine are needed. The synergy underlying the integration of pharmacogenomics, multi-omics technologies, and artificial intelligence provides a crucial launchpad for developing precision-medicine healthcare tailored to each patient’s distinct genetic heritage through herbal medicines.
