Myocardial infarction (MI), a major manifestation of coronary artery disease, remains a global health challenge despite significant advances in research and therapy. This review highlights current developments in diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, treatment strategies, and emerging therapeutic targets. Type 1 MI, driven by atherosclerotic plaque rupture and thrombosis, continues to dominate, but growing recognition of type 2 MI and MINOCA (myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries) underscores the need for refined diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. High-sensitivity cardiac troponins and advanced imaging have improved early detection, classification, and risk stratification. The management now emphasizes personalized, evidence-based care, including percutaneous coronary intervention or thrombosis, dual antiplatelet therapy, lipid-lowering agents, and cardioprotective drugs. Despite improved outcomes, challenges, such as late presentation, treatment disparities, recurrent events, and progression to heart failure, persist. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using electronic databases, such as Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, SciFinder, Reaxys, and the Cochrane Library. By identifying persistent gaps, this work aimed to inform clinicians, researchers, and policymakers on innovative strategies for prevention, early detection, and optimal MI management.

Introduction: Colorectal cancer causes high global mortality. Natural compounds boldine and naringenin exhibit preventive potential by reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting cell proliferation, and regulating inflammation, making them promising, safer therapeutic agents. This study evaluated the chemopreventive potential of boldine and naringenin using DMH-induced Wistar rats, in silico EGFR binding studies, and in vitro antiproliferative assays. Methods: A multi-pronged approach was employed to evaluate the chemopreventive potential of boldine and naringenin. In silico molecular docking and dynamics simulations assessed binding affinity and stability with EGFR kinase, a key regulator of cancer progression. In vitro studies evaluated cytotoxicity in HCT116 colorectal cancer (CRC) cells using the MTT assay, and antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH assay. In vivo, Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Control, DMH only, DMH + Boldine, DMH + Naringenin, and DMH + Vincristine. Lipid profiles, oxidative stress markers, and colon histopathology were analyzed. Results: Molecular docking revealed boldine’s stronger binding affinity (-8.75 kcal/mol) to EGFR kinase compared to naringenin (-7.43 kcal/mol), with dynamics simulations confirming stable interactions beyond 100 ns. In vitro, both compounds significantly reduced HCT116 cell proliferation dose-dependently and exhibited robust antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay. In vivo, boldine and naringenin counteracted DMH-induced lipid imbalances (by reducing serum cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, and TG levels, with a simultaneous increase in HDL) and modulated oxidative stress (by decreasing malondialdehyde and restoring glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels; p<0.05). Histopathological analysis showed that both compounds, restoring nearnormal colon architecture, markedly alleviated DMH-induced hyperplastic polyps and crypt distortions. Discussion: Boldine and naringenin demonstrated chemopreventive potential by regulating lipid metabolism, bolstering antioxidant defenses, and preserving colon tissue integrity. Their strong EGFR interactions suggest utility as complementary therapies in CRC management, though further clinical validation is required to confirm their therapeutic potential. Conclusion: Boldine and naringenin effectively attenuated DMH-induced colorectal carcinogenesis by modulating lipid profiles, reducing oxidative stress, and mitigating histological abnormalities. Their multifaceted mechanisms highlight their promise as adjuvant therapies for CRC, necessitating further clinical studies.

Developing efficient therapies for both acute and chronic wounds requires a thorough un-derstanding of wound healing mechanisms and possible therapeutic approaches. Preclinical research simulates wound healing processes and evaluates the effectiveness of novel medications and treat-ments using a range of experimental models. This review examines and contrasts the main preclinical models-in vitro, in vivo, in silico, explant, and genetically modified models that are employed in wound healing research. While in vivo models offer insights into complex tissue connections and systemic effects in animal subjects, in vitro models facilitate specific cellular and molecular studies to be conducted under controlled settings. The use of in silico models can reduce the requirement for animal testing by supporting predictive analysis and the computational simulation of wound healing processes. Explant models, which bridge the gap between cell cultures and whole-animal models, provide a more complicated environment than in vitro methods by using portions of tissue or organs. Furthermore, targeted research on gene-specific involvement in wound healing is enabled by genet-ically modified models, which are frequently based on animals with particular gene changes. These models' relative advantages and disadvantages are examined, emphasizing their applicability and complementary functions in experimental wound repair studies. This thorough analysis provides a cohesive perspective on each model's suitability, which aids in the development of preclinical ap-proaches for wound healing treatments.

INTRODUCTION:Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and death globally, driven by ischemic heart disease and oxidative stress. Quisqualis indica (Q. indica), a plant traditionally used in Chinese medicine, is recognized for its therapeutic potential due to its rich phytochemical profile, which includes flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. OBJECTIVES:The objective of this study is to evaluate the cardioprotective potential of the ethanolic extract of Quisqualis indica using established experimental models. The study aims to assess its effect on key biochemical, histopathological, and functional cardiac parameters. The phytochemical constituents responsible for these effects will be explored, with emphasis on quercetin and related flavonoids. Ultimately, the study intends to establish Q. indica as a potential natural therapeutic agent for cardiovascular disorders. METHODS:This study investigates the cardioprotective efficacy of an ethanolic extract of Q. indica (EQI) in an isoproterenol (ISO)-induced MI rat model. Experimental groups were pretreated with EQI, and the extract's effects on various biochemical markers were evaluated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:Results indicated that EQI significantly reduced oxidative indicators by lowering malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and restoring antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and catalase. Histopathological analysis showed reduced myocardial necrosis, edema, and fibrosis in EQI-treated groups compared to the ISO control group, confirming the cardioprotective potential of Q. indica. CONCLUSION:These findings suggest that Q. indica may serve as a natural therapeutic agent against MI through its antioxidative properties, potentially paving the way for the development of novel, plant-based cardioprotective treatments.

Introduction: Goji berry is a well-known Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that has been widely used for centuries due to its diverse health benefits and medicinal properties. This comprehensive review examines the pharmacognostic and pharmacological actions of Goji berry from a TCM perspective, integrating both historical and modern scientific research. The review highlights the traditional uses of Goji berry in TCM, where it is primarily prescribed to nourish the liver and kidneys, improve vision, and promote overall vitality. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of Goji berry (Lycium barbarum) by exploring its pharmacognostic characteristics and pharmacological effects from both Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and modern scientific perspectives. It aims to bridge traditional knowledge with contemporary research, highlighting the historical uses of Goji berry, such as nourishing the liver and kidneys, enhancing vision, and boosting overall vitality, while also examining scientific evidence supporting its therapeutic benefits, thus offering a holistic understanding of its medicinal value. Material and Methods: A total of 140 articles were selected for this review, and several search terms were used, including Goji berry, L. barbarum, Pharmacognosy, Pharmacology, and Phytoconstituents, using the online databases PubMed, CNKI, and Google Scholar. Results: Pharmacognostically, Goji berries are recognized for their rich content of bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, carotenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, which contribute to their therapeutic potential. These components exhibit multiple pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, and anti-aging activities. Discussion: The review highlights the traditional uses of Goji berry in TCM, where it is primarily prescribed to nourish the liver and kidneys, improve vision, and promote overall vitality. In modern pharmacological studies, the efficacy of Goji berry in treating chronic conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancers, has been extensively explored. The study also discusses the mechanisms underlying these pharmacological actions, particularly the role of Goji berry polysaccharides in enhancing immune responses and their potential as a natural therapeutic agent in disease prevention and management. Conclusion: The review concludes by addressing the future prospects of Goji berry in modern medicine, advocating for further clinical trials to validate its traditional uses and pharmacological effects. By bridging traditional knowledge and contemporary research, this article aims to provide a solid foundation for the continued exploration and therapeutic application of Goji berry in integrative healthcare.

Bempedoic acid is a well-known lipid-lowering agent which in-hibits the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme. It contains various chemical groups in its struc-ture, which are responsible for antimicrobial potential. The study investigates the antimi-crobial activity of Bempedoic Acid (BA) against pathogenic bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella Typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus. The disc diffusion method was employed for this study. Initially, Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) was prepared according to the standard formulation provided by Himedia. Specifically, 38 grams of MHA powder was dissolved in 1 liter of distilled water. The medium was then sterilized by autoclaving at 121°C and 15 psi for 15 minutes using an autoclave (Gentek India Pvt. Ltd.). After sterilization, the medium was poured into sterile glass Petri dishes inside a laminar airflow cabinet (Toshiba, India) under aseptic condi-tions, with each plate receiving 30 ml of the medium. The plates were left to solidify in the laminar flow. Once solidified, the bacterial inoculum was evenly spread across the surface of the agar using a sterile cotton swab. Ten minutes after inoculation, discs were placed onto the agar using sterile forceps. Each disc was loaded with 25 μl of sample at three different concentrations: 100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, and 25 mg/ml. The samples were allowed to diffuse into the agar, after which the plates were sealed with parafilm and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. BA lacked significant activity against B. subtilis but exhibited notable inhibition against E. faecalis (zone of inhibition: 11±0.00 mm at 50 mg/kg), S. Typhi (10±0.00 mm at 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg), and S. aureus (significant activity at 100 mg/kg). Comparative analysis revealed BA exhibited efficacy comparable to that of ciprofloxacin in certain cases. Molecular studies highlighted BA's ability to mitigate bac-terial virulence by disrupting mechanisms, such as pro-inflammatory protein synthesis and mitochondrial genomic integrity, especially in E. faecalis. These findings underscore BA’s selective antimicrobial properties, suggesting its potential for therapeutic application in managing polymicrobial infections, gastrointestinal pathologies, and systemic diseases. The pharmacodynamic profile suggests BA exerts its antimicrobial effects by targeting bacterial virulence mechanisms, including the suppression of pro-inflammatory responses and the disruption of mitochondrial genomic stability. These attributes position BA as a promising candidate for further pharmacological development, especially as a po-tential adjunct to conventional antibiotics for managing drug-resistant and opportunistic infections. Further in vivo validation and clinical studies are warranted to establish its ther-apeutic potential and safety profile.

INTRODUCTION:Hypertension impacts over one-third of the global population of adults and is a significant contributor to premature mortality, despite substantial progress in pharmaceutical interventions. Increasing evidence supports dietary strategies for the prevention and supplementary management of hypertension. METHODS:This systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Literature was retrieved from PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases for studies published between 1995 and 2025, using the keywords: "Hypertension," "DASH Diet," "Paleolithic Diet," "Ketogenic Diet," "Low-Carbohydrate Diet," "Blood Pressure," and "Cardiovascular Risk." Two investigators independently screened all titles and abstracts to determine eligibility for inclusion in the systematic analysis. RESULTS:This review examined 13 studies involving approximately 87,597 individuals to evaluate the effects of four dietary strategies, DASH, Paleolithic, low-carbohydrate, and ketogenic diets, on hypertension. The DASH diet demonstrated persistent decreases in systolic blood pressure, particularly among adults. Low-carbohydrate and ketogenic diets enhanced both blood pressure and weight in overweight persons. The Paleolithic diet, supported by the most extensive sample, demonstrated significant advantages for blood pressure and metabolic health. All diets showed potential, with the Palaeolithic and DASH diets emerging as the most effective approaches for hypertension management. DISCUSSION:Non-pharmacological dietary interventions are increasingly recognized as high-impact and sustainable strategies for the management of hypertension. This review emphasizes that dietrelated strategies, most importantly the DASH and Paleolithic diets, are providing clinically significant reductions in blood pressure and cardiometabolic risk. Short-term outcomes are encouraging, but long-term safety and compliance are important concerns, especially for the ketogenic and lowcarb diets. Variation in study quality, sample size, and measures of adherence complicates direct comparisons. Personalization and integration with lifestyle are central to outcomes. CONCLUSION:Dietary interventions showed the highest potential for blood pressure prevention and control. The DASH and Paleolithic diets offer the strongest evidence to support their usage among all the therapies studied. However, further high-quality, long-term clinical studies would be needed to support these results and give evidence-based diet recommendations. Future efforts should focus on nutritional adequacy and sustained adherence to optimize outcomes in the hypertensive population.

BGR-34, a polyherbal formulation, has garnered attention for its antimicrobial properties, attributed to its diverse composition of primary and secondary me-tabolites. The objective of the study was to generate good scientific data regarding BGR -34. This study was carried out to investigate the phytochemical screening, High Per-formance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis using Quercetin as a standard, and an-timicrobial efficacy of BGR-34 against significant human pathogens, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Listeria monocytogenes, Esch-erichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Typhi, Strepto-coccus mutans, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, and Xan-thomonas oryzae. The findings revealed a dose-dependent antimicrobial effect, with optimal activity observed at 100 mg/mL, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent. The phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of various primary and secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins, proteins, terpenoids, etc. HPLC analysis demonstrated the presence of quercetin (2.2974 ug/mL), which is responsi-ble for various pharmacological activities. Antimicrobial potential showed activity of BGR-34 against various microbes that are responsible for various diseases. The bioactive com-pounds in BGR-34, such as phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids, exhibit mechanisms like biofilm disruption and microbial membrane interference, underscoring its broad-spectrum efficacy. Furthermore, its potential role in addressing infections related to biofilm-forming pathogens and resistant strains establishes its clinical significance. These results support the continued exploration of BGR-34 as a viable option in combating microbial infections, with implications for managing resistant pathogens, and reducing the burden of infectious diseases.

Tipuana tipu (Benth.) is a leguminous plant traditionally valued for various medicinal properties. Preliminary phytochemical analysis indicates the presence of bioactive compounds with potential antihyperglycemic effects. This study aimed to evaluate the glucose-lowering activity of methanolic extract of T. tipu (METT) in an experimental hyperglycaemic model. Molecular docking simulations were performed to evaluate the potential binding interactions of five phytocompounds—nonadecanol, alpinumisoflavone, β-sitosterol glucoside, protocatechualdehyde, and protocatechuic acid—with the carbohydrate-digesting enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The three-dimensional crystal structures of α-amylase (PDB ID: 1PIG) and α-glucosidase (PDB ID: 3E37) were obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Experimental animals were divided into a negative control group and two treatment groups receiving METT at 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Blood glucose levels were measured in all groups, and body weight changes were monitored. The phytochemical profile of the extract revealed the presence of constituents including nonadecanol, alpinumisoflavone, β-sitosterol glucoside, protocatechualdehyde, and protocatechuic acid. No significant changes in body weight were observed in any group during the study period. The negative control group showed a mean blood glucose level of 200.50 mg/dL. Treatment with METT significantly reduced blood glucose to 82.15 mg/dL (25 mg/kg) and 79.50 mg/dL (50 mg/kg), corresponding to a reduction of approximately 59–60

INTRODUCTION:Chinese essential oils, hydrophobic substances derived from aromatic plants, are widely used in industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and pest control. This review focuses on their potential as natural therapies for skin conditions like acne and aging, with an emphasis on their antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. METHODS:A literature search was conducted using various databases, including Scopus, PubMed, and Medline, focusing on terms like "essential oils and acne," "tea tree oil and acne," and "essential oils and skin aging." The articles were selected from 1980 to 2025. RESULTS:The findings reveal that Chinese essential oils, particularly tea tree, lavender, and chamomile, have significant anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant effects that may outperform traditional acne therapies. DISCUSSION:These oils also show promise in addressing skin aging. However, while current research highlights their potential, further studies are required to fully understand their mechanisms and opti-mize their therapeutic applications. CONCLUSION:Essential oils could play a key role in future skincare innovations, particularly in acne and anti-aging treatments.

Pharmaceutical waste is a major environmental and public health problem because it can pollute ecosystems and lead to problems such as antimicrobial resistance. This chapter defines pharmaceutical waste as unused medicine, personal care products, and accessories that need special collection and disposal. It discusses the main sources of pharmaceutical waste, ranging from healthcare facilities, drug manufacturing, homes, veterinary and agricultural sectors, to illegal drug markets. The chapter also explores several classification approaches for pharmaceutical waste by chemical composition, level of hazard, physical state, and regulatory classifications to guide suitable disposal and treatment. It also explores some of the challenges in determining and classifying pharmaceutical waste, including inconsistency in international regulations, non-uniform systems, analytical complexity in trace detection, and information gaps on pharmaceutical environmental fate. Based on notable academic research, the chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding pharmaceutical waste sources and classification to develop effective management practices and prevent their negative effects.

In women globally, breast cancer ranks as the second most frequent cause of cancer-related deaths, making up about 25% of female cancer cases, which is pretty standard in affluent countries. Breast cancer is divided into subtypes based on aggressive, genetic and stage. The precise cause of the problem is still unknown. However, the following significant risk factors have been found: sex, age, heredity, not having children, breastfeeding, elevated hormone levels, and personal lifestyle. The presence or lack of three nuclear receptors ER, PR, and HER2/ERBB2 (triple negative) and the amplification of the HER2/ErbB2 gene are the clinical criteria used to classify breast cancer. Chemotherapy is still the cornerstone of treatment for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), even. If, for the first two groups of patients,receptor-specific therapy is used. The most often prescribed chemotherapy agents for the treatment of breast cancer include doxorubicin (DOX), curcumin paclitaxel (PTX), docetaxel (DCX), thioridazine (THZ), disulfiram (DSF), and camptothecin (CPT). Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were used in antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) to bind tumor-associated target antigens selectively and deliver very effective cytotoxic agents. According to recent research, synthetic derivatives effectively combat both MCF- 7 and breast cancer cell lines that are resistant to many drugs. This review provides a wealth of information on the mechanism of action of synthetic derivatives on multidrug-resistant cell lines. This review includes information about how synthetic derivatives affect cancer cells that have developed multidrug resistance during chemotherapy. These mechanisms have been linked to factors such as increased drug efflux, genetic factors, growth factors, increased DNA repair capacity, and elevated xenobiotic metabolism. Because of this, more research is necessary to learn more about the effectiveness of synthetic derivatives against breast cancer and cell lines that are resistant to several drugs. This review aims to find recent prospects of various types of cellular signaling pathways (JAK/STAT, Akt, MAPK, etc.) involved in the progression of breast cancer disorder, and we also study different synthetic and natural drugs that are applied for treating breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study is to investigate the role of the aporphine alkaloid boldine as a potential inhibitor of specific protein targets involved in colorectal cancer, using in silico docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies, and to evaluate its therapeutic potential in modulating the pathological progression of colorectal cancer. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of boldine using in vitro and in vivo methods. METHODS:The 2-dimensional structure of boldine was retrieved from the PubChem database. Its interactions with colorectal cancer target proteins were analyzed using structures obtained from the RCSB Protein Data Bank (https://www.rcsb.org/), which provides the crystal structures of tubulin (PDB ID: 1Z2B), human NF- κB (1A3Q), human interleukin-2 (1M47), and EGFR-kinase. Molecular docking was then performed using Schrödinger software. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to evaluate Boldine's binding affinity and stability with colorectal cancer protein targets. On the Growmac platform, we performed the molecular simulation, and the simulation was only done with the highest docking score. Additionally, molecular dynamics was performed for 100 ns. Boldine was added to the colorectal cancer cell line (HCT116) at different doses, and the cytotoxic effects of the treatment were evaluated using cell viability assays. Furthermore, Boldine's capacity to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modify the oxidative stress assay in vitro was used to assess its antioxidant capability. Boldine's in vivo anticancer effectiveness was examined using DMH-induced colorectal cancer in Wistar Rats. After Boldine was administered (100mg/Kg), Tumour progression, histological alteration, and oxidative stress markers were evaluated. The study aimed to ascertain how boldine affects tumor growth in DMH-inducedDMH colorectal carcinogenesis. RESULTS:Molecular docking revealed favorable binding interactions between boldine and key targets implicated in colorectal cancer. The in silico data supported the hypothesis that boldine modulates essential pathways associated with cancer development. Boldine exhibited a dose-dependent reduction in colorectal cancer cell viability, indicating potential cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, boldine demonstrated antioxidant properties by effectively scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulating oxidative stress markers in vitro. In animal models, boldine administration resulted in a significant reduction in tumor growth. Histopathological examination revealed favorable changes in tumor morphology. Additionally, boldine demonstrated antioxidant effects in vivo by modulating oxidative stress markers. CONCLUSION:According to this extensive study performed in silico, in vitro, and in vivo, boldine may be able to prevent CRC through its antioxidant and cytotoxic properties. These results encourage more research into boldine as a viable option for treating CRC. It is successfully done, and we can say that boldine is a valuable addition to the CRC treatment choice.

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of Achras sapota (A. sapota) fruits in scopolamine induced amnesia & cognitive impairment in mice. A. sapota commonly known as Chiku belong to Sapotaceae family. Memory impairment was induced in Swiss albino mice by a single injection of scopolamine (1mg/kg, i.p). Animals (Swiss albino mice) were divided into five separate groups of six animals each. Positive control group received CMC (carboxy methyl cellulose) as vehicle, negative control group received scopolamine along with vehicle, standard group received Donepezil (5mg/kg, p.o) with scopolamine. Ethanolic extract of A. sapota (EEAS, 200mg & 400mg/kg, p.o) was administered to group Test 1 and Test 2 respectively along with scopolamine. Elevated plus maze (EPM), modified passive avoidance test, Morris water maze (MWM) models and locomotor activity were employed as exteroceptive behaviour models to assess learning and memory activity. Thereafter lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione and catalase level were estimated in homogenized brain of mice. The extract showed the presence of different chemical constituents like flavonoids, tannins, glycosides and alkaloids. The pre-treatment of mice with EEAS (200mg/kg & 400mg/kg) significantly reduced the scopolamine induced increase in EL time in MWM, whereas in EPM administration of extract produces significant decrease in TL. In Modified passive avoidance test significant increase in SDL, was shown by the animals. In locomotor activity, treatment of EEAS did not alter normal locomotor activity whereas lipid peroxidation was significantly decreased, catalase & reduced glutathione levels were significantly increased in animals of test 1 & test 2 when compared to negative control group. Hence it would be worthwhile to explore the potential of this plant in management of cognitive impairment and other memory disorders

Aims: We aimed to conduct an L-Pipecolic acid-catalyzed synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles and N-cycloalkyl-2,4,5- trisubstituted imidazoles to develop a novel synthetic route followed by the synthesis of novel series of compounds Background: A rapid, highly efficient, and greener approach for the synthesis of a series of 2,4,5- trisubstituted imidazoles and N-cycloalkyl-2,4,5- trisubstituted imidazoles were developed via onepot multicomponent reaction (MCRs). Objective: The objective of the current study was to discover a new and highly efficient organocatalyzed synthetic route for the synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazoles followed by the synthesis of novel series of compounds. Method: L-Pipecolic acid was used as a bifunctional catalyst in one-pot multicomponent reaction (MCRs) for the cyclo-condensation of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds, substituted aromatic aldehydes, cycloalkyl amines, and ammonium acetate in ethanol at moderate temperature. Purification of compounds was performed through a non-chromatographic method. Physical and spectral data analysis was carried out to characterize the products. Result: Employing our newly developed L-Pipecolic acid-catalyzed synthetic route, a series of total twenty-three compounds incorporating 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles (3a-n) and N-cycloalkyl- 2,4,5- trisubstituted imidazoles (4a-i) were synthesized successfully, and a plausible reaction mechanism is proposed based on the results of the experiment. Conclusion: All the derivatives were afforded high purity and excellent yields (92–97%) in a short reaction time (45–90 min). The newly developed synthetic route is rapid and robust and could be applicable for the synthesis of pharmaceutically active compounds.

Bacoside A is a vital bioactive component of the Indian medicinal herb Bacopa monnieri, which ranks second among the most significant medicinal plants. Bacoside A was discovered to have more pharmacological activity than bacoside B. It has been used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat mental problems and memory loss. It also possesses antioxidant, antidepressant, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, ant-cancerous, vasodilator and other pharmacological properties. The main objective of this review is to highlight the importance of Bacoside A in the treatment of various diseases. Several sources were used to acquire the material, including review articles published in various publications, such as PubMed, Scopus, Bentham Science, Elsevier, Springer Nature, Wiley, and Research Gate, which were used to compile the data for the article following a thorough analysis of the various research findings connected that had keywords, such as Bacoside A, Ayurvedic medicine, Brahmi, jujubogenin. Bacoside-A, derived from the Bacopa monniera plant, is a traditional medicine said to have therapeutic qualities. Various studies have found that bacoside-A has considerable therapeutic benefits. All of the evidence suggests that Bacoside-A has multiple therapeutic properties in regulating the various biological processes as well as paving the path for the treatment of various disorders in modern medicine. The current review focused on the pharmacological action of bacoside A. The results of the pharmacological investigations indicated that Bacoside A had a wide range of pharmacological effects, including those on the central nervous system (memory improvement), antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiparkinsonian, anticancer, and more.

Objective Myrica esculenta (family Myricaceae), a valuable plant species in China and India, has been traditionally used by many tribes and local communities to manage gut disorders. Scientific validation of its anti-ulcerative colitis activity was aimed. Methods The ethyl acetate fraction of Myrica esculenta (MeEa) was prepared and evaluated for its potency against DSS-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice at 200 and 400 mg/kg BW oral dose. The effective dose of MeEa was determined through its effect on DSS-induced UC and was further analyzed through its effects on disease activity index (DAI), colon length, colon weight/length ratio, spleen weight, serum and colon tissue cytokine level, cell count and hemoglobin content. Further, the effect was determined through histopathology and FITC-dextran-induced membrane permeability assay. Results Between the two doses, MeEa at 400 mg/kg BW was found to be the most effective dose in terms of reduced DAI scores, protected colon length from shortening, decreased colon weight/length ratio, reduced spleen weight, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine level and stabilized the anti-inflammatory cytokine level in serum and colon tissue. MeEa 400 reduced cell counts and increased hemoglobin content and platelet count. MeEa 400 also prevented the colon by protecting epithelial cells and crypts. MeEa 400 provided significant protection from intestinal leakage and reduced FITC dextran level in serum. Discussion MeEa 400 possesses significant anti-inflammatory potential and acts via attenuation of DSS-induced UC and inhibition of DAI scores. It reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines and stabilizes anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, reduces cell count, and protects epithelial tissue and crypts in the colon, as well as intestinal membrane leakage that occurred due to FITC-dextran administration in mice.

The term "inflammatory bowel disease," which includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), refers to a chronic inflammatory condition of the digestive system. There are many different treatment options, such as corticosteroids, biologics, 5-aminosalicylate, and immune-suppressants, but none of them can maintain the disease remission for a longer period, which is the ultimate goal of treatment. Furthermore, they have numerous serious side effects like nephrotoxicity, infertility, congestive heart failure, myopathy, etc. So, in order to treat these conditions, researchers are concentrating more on natural medicine that is less expensive and has fewer side effects. The current analysis includes a list of plants showing promising activity against IBD. These include Cannabis sativa, Aloe vera, Boswellia serrata, Withania somnifera, Curcuma longa, Triticum aestivum, and many others. These plants need to be further investigated in terms of preclinical and clinical studies to obtain the safety and efficacy data necessary for their commercialisation. Global regulatory norms will facilitate simple commercialisation. Also, more investigation is required to pinpoint the precise mechanism of action to confirm clinical success.

According to Chinese Medicine system, Chinese honeysuckle have a lot of valuable metabolites which have a various potential like anti-inflammatory action, antidiabetic, analgesics, antipyretic, eliminates pollutants etc. According to Chinese Medicinal System, the plant is mentioned to cure various diseases like peptic ulcer, diabetes, inflammation etc. It is frequently given for patients with colds that include fever, headaches, and sore throats, but it may also be used to help people who are overheated or under stress chill down. Total 72 articles were found out by the help of online database including Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science and 63 had selected. Different keywords like Chinese honeysuckle, Qusqualis indica phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology were used to searched the content. The purpose of this review is to summarize the previously reported phytochemicals, pharmacological status of the chosen Chinese plant species. Our findings indicate that Chinese honeysuckle contains a diverse array of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and terpenoids. Moreover, previous studies have demonstrated that extracts and isolated constituents exhibit significant pharmacological activities and other therapeutic properties. Chinese honeysuckle is a rich source of bioactive compounds that can be incorporated into human diets in low doses and hold potential for treating a range of medical conditions, from minor to severe. This review aims to encourage further research on this plant species, particularly focusing on its toxicity and bioactivity.

Abstract: Up to 10% people in the world are affected by a chronic condition known as peptic ulcer. Peptic ulcer development is influenced by the pH of gastric juice and a decline in mucosal defenses. Protonpump inhibitors, histamine (H2) receptor antagonists, prostaglandin analogues and sucralfate have all been used to treat peptic ulcer disease. There has been a continuing search for an appropriate, palliative, and curative agent for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease using natural materials of plant and animal origin due to the complexity, cost, and toxicity of these medications. The goal of this review was to examine medicinal plants, phytochemicals, pathways, and research models that have been applied to the treatment of PUD in order to assess the potential contribution of natural substances to the development of herbal treatments for PUD. A literature search was used to find information utilising electronic databases such as Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Sci Finder, Reaxys, and Cochrane.