Introduction: Methotrexate (MTX) is an anticancer drug widely used in clinical practice. Due to its narrow therapeutic index and significant interindividual variability, there is an urgent need for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) to mitigate adverse effects. This study aims to establish a simple, rapid, and highly sensitive fluorescent assay for MTX. Methods: A rapid fluorescence detection strategy was developed using highly specific MTXstructure- switching nucleic acid adaptors; the linear range, limit of detection, and specificity of the method were systematically evaluated, and the method’s performance was validated in a complex biological matrix containing 80% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 20% human serum. Results: The linear detection range of this method for MTX in buffer is 0.5 μM to 6 μM, with a detection limit of 0.034 μM; effective detection remains achievable in 80% FBS, with a detection limit of 0.33 μM. Additionally, stable detection is possible in 20% human serum, and the method exhibits excellent specificity and is not affected by the presence of various interfering substances. Discussion: The MTX fluorescence assay developed in this study offers advantages, including ease of use, high sensitivity, and good selectivity. It can effectively measure MTX in complex biological matrices and holds significant potential for clinical drug monitoring in MTX therapy. Conclusion: The validated sensor enables rapid MTX monitoring in biological matrices, supporting clinical individualized medication.
Introduction: The industrial application of water splitting largely relies on developing high-performance and low-cost catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). As a representative cobalt single-atom catalyst, the CoN4 moiety embedded in an Ndoped carbon matrix exhibits significant HER potential. Methods: The Co2Nx (x = 4–8) dual‑atom catalysts (DACs) were systematically investigated for HER by means of density functional theory as implemented in the Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package. Results: Most Co2N7/8 DACs are more favorable for the Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism than CoN4. Furthermore, Co2N7 structures are better suited for the Volmer-Tafel mechanism than CoN4, and the Co2N8 structures also serve as promising candidates for this mechanism. Discussion: The bond strength (-ICOHP) and bond order (ICOBI) values of the Co2N7/8 structures cluster around 0 – 0.13 eV and 0 – 0.2, implying weak Co-Co bonding and a low degree of electron overlap between Co atoms. Given the similar bond strengths and Ncoordination environments in the Co2N7/8 structures, combined with significant Bader charges (~ 0.90 e), the Co atoms adopt an electron-deficient, high-valence state, which consequently induces a low-spin state. Owing to this electron deficiency, less charge is transferred to H* during the interaction, resulting in a weaker interaction between them; consequently, their ΔGH* values approach zero. Therefore, the high valence state of Co plays a critical role in the HER performance by optimizing the hydrogen adsorption free energy (ΔGH*). Conclusion: The atomic configurations of Co2Nx (x = 4–8) moieties on N-doped carbon supports are the key to determining their HER activity. The Co2N7 and Co2N8 DACs are promising HER catalysts featuring a high N/Co ratio. Consequently, experimentally realizing these active sites requires nitrogen-rich carbon supports, precise control of Co loading, and spatial confinement during synthesis.
Introduction: Ring Field-Effect Transistors (RingFETs) demonstrate an increased immunity to short-channel effects and, therefore, are promising candidates for advanced nanoelectronic applications. Methods: In this study, a machine learning framework combined with Sentaurus TCAD simulations is developed to investigate the performance characteristics and the impact of heavy-ion irradiation on RingFET devices. The datasets, including 10240 device configurations, have been generated by varying critical dimensions and doping concentrations within realistic design space constraints. results: The ability of regression models to predict ON current, OFF current, and transconductance characteristics has been investigated, where the decision tree model shows ideal prediction ability with R2 values close to unity compared to other regression models, whereas random forest, gradient boosting, and stacking models have shown high generalisation performance. The important features have been identified based on their influence on device characteristics and have been used to investigate the radiation impact on RingFET devices. For charge collection due to irradiation, the stacking regression model shows superior performance in terms of prediction accuracy (R² ≈ 0.995). Results: The prediction ability of regression models for ON current, OFF current, and transconductance characteristics has been analyzed. The random forest and stacking models demonstrate better predictive ability with higher R2 values compared to other regression models like gradient boosting, decision trees, and KNN models. Discussion: The important features have been identified based on their influence on device characteristics and used to investigate the impact of radiation on RingFET devices. For charge collection under irradiation, the random forest and stacking models achieve superior prediction accuracy (R² ≈ 0.996). The results show that the effect of heavy-ion irradiation is mainly determined by Linear Energy Transfer and ion strike locations, whereas the physical dimensions of the device, including channel height, channel length, substrate height, oxide thickness, and work function, provide a secondary yet significant contribution to the overall response. Conclusion: Overall, the introduced ML approach can be considered an efficient and reliable solution compared to time-consuming TCAD simulations for predicting and analyzing radiation effects on RingFET devices.
Introduction: Electronic devices with functions of communication have been widely used in various fields such as aerospace, the chemical industry, and artificial intelligence. Besides promoting social development and improving the quality of human life, they may also generate electromagnetic radiation and pose health risks. Materials and Methods: To overcome the above mentioned disadvantages, we focus on the development of a chemical reduction method to prepare micron-sized silver-coated copper powders, and the systematic assessment of its electrical conductivity and electromagnetic shielding performance. By flexibly adjusting the silver content (5 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 15 wt.%, 20 wt.%), the influence of silver plating on the electromagnetic shielding efficiency was thoroughly explored. Results: In comparison with copper powder, dendritic silver-coated copper powder (Ag/BCu) prepared via chemical reduction exhibits drastically enhanced electromagnetic shielding in high-frequency bands (>6 GHz). The maximum Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency (SE) value of a specific Ag/BCu at 8.5 dB could be attributed to the improved conductivity and high-frequency reflectivity. As the mass percent of silver is 20%, the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) reaches 32 dB. Discussion: The electroless chemical plating of silver has shown great potential for highfrequency electromagnetic shielding coatings and composite materials, offering a viable design strategy for the development of novel materials with excellent electromagnetic compatibility. Conclusion: Dendritic silver-coated copper powders with controlled silver contents were successfully prepared via a chemical reduction method. The results confirm that the silver coating significantly enhances the EMI SE, especially at high frequencies.
Introduction: To develop a gastric-floating microsponge formulation of Cefuroxime Axetil (CFA) aimed at increasing the gastric residence time of the drug and enhancing eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Methods: CFA microsponges were prepared by a quasi-emulsion technique. The formulations were evaluated for production yield, drug content, entrapment efficiency, in vitro buoyancy, and drug release profile. The optimized microsponge (highest entrapment, sustained floatation, and prolonged in vitro drug release) was selected for further characterization using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). In vivo gastric retention was assessed in Wistar albino rats via X-ray imaging. In vitro antimicrobial efficacy was tested in H. pylori cultures to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and duration of action. Results: The optimized microsponge formulation achieved a production yield of 82.09% ± 0.075 with high entrapment efficiency (100% ± 4.05). It showed excellent in vitro buoyancy (> 8 hours) and sustained drug release over 12 hours. SEM revealed spherical microsponges with a nanoporous surface, while DSC and XRD confirmed the molecular dispersion of cefuroxime axetil. In vivo X-ray imaging demonstrated gastric retention for up to 6 h. The microsponge showed an MIC of 1 μg/mL against H. pylori, compared with 0.5 μg/mL for the pure drug. Discussion: High entrapment efficiency and sustained buoyancy support effective gastroretentive formulation performance. Nanoporous morphology and amorphous drug dispersion explain the controlled release behavior. Prolonged gastric retention indicates suitability for localized gastric delivery. Despite a slightly higher MIC, the microsponge provided prolonged antibacterial activity (96 hours) compared with the pure drug (48 hours), highlighting the benefit of sustained local drug exposure. Conclusion: The optimized gastric-floating microsponge formulation of CFA offers extended gastric retention (6 hours), sustained release, and prolonged antimicrobial activity against H. pylori. This system has strong potential for improved eradication of H. pylori infections.
Introduction: The properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are governed by their shape, structure, and intrinsic characteristics. The applications of gold nanoparticles in medical diagnosis and photovoltaics rely on precisely controlled features. However, achieving this precision is expensive, time-consuming, and labor-intensive due to the need for multiple reagents and highly dependent experimental conditions. Methods: We propose an artificial neural network (ANN)–based feature optimization approach for predicting nanoparticle features to facilitate nanoparticle synthesis. First, computationally less expensive machine learning (ML) models such as random forest and decision tree were used to rank input features to reduce computational time and complexity. Second, forward sequential feature selection (SFS) was applied as a greedy procedure that iteratively identifies the best new feature to add to the selected feature set. Results: We collected a large dataset, including reagent concentrations, temperature, SPR peak, and pH, alongside nanoparticle outcomes. The ANN optimization model was used to design a nanoparticle synthesis experiment that provides the best parameters for synthesizing precise nanoparticles, thereby tailoring particle size for various applications. Discussion: We introduce a novel approach that uses ML methods to determine the best feature ordering and applies an ANN-based SFS strategy to predict the optimized size of AuNPs as the desired output. The proposed ANN-SFS model reduces the need for multiple laboratory procedures typically required for optimizing ANN models in nanoparticle synthesis. Conclusion: This ANN approach improves nanoparticle synthesis compared to traditional optimization methods and supports the advancement of nanomaterial development. The proposed ANN model achieves 90.61% accuracy and a minimum mean square error (MMSE) of 9.4% in the predicted outcomes.
Abstract: In recent years, the long-term use of gadolinium complexes as T1 contrast agents (CAs) for MRI has attracted increasing attention because of evidence that they remain and may be harmful to the body. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have emerged as a promising alternative due to their excellent biocompatibility and tunable magnetic properties. In this perspective, we outline a series of prospective strategies for developing IONP-based T1 CAs: material design (nanoengineering, surface functionalization, and composition control) that governs proton relaxation efficiency; promising stimuli-responsive nanosystems capable of activating diagnostic accuracy by the environment; and the investigation of pharmacokinetic behavior and long-term fate of IONPs for their clinical viability. The key challenge in large-scale production and regulation of innovative IONP-based agents must be overcome for their routine medical applications.
In recent years, the technology of indentation testing has been the focus of research due to its unique precision and practicality. Researchers have conducted in-depth studies on nanoscale indentation testing technology, developing methods to more effectively integrate it into existing testing environments. These developments have exhibited significant dispersive and representative characteristics. Due to the substantial differences in requirements across various domains and testing environments, new theories and models have emerged continuously since the advent of this technique. Numerous effective theories, models, and applications have been developed, and many have gained widespread acceptance. However, there have also been instances where inappropriate models and theories have resulted in outcomes that significantly deviate from the actual parameters of the materials. Nevertheless, these situations present opportunities to develop new theories and models, attracting significant attention from scholars in related fields. This paper analyzes the current development direction of the nanoscale impression measurement technique and its theoretical foundations and influencing factors. The analysis covers three aspects: geometry, materials, and environmental factors. Subsequently, the paper discusses the adaptability of this technique to different domains, and the study emphasized the practical applications of the technology in a variety of real-world settings, including the assessment of material properties in extreme environments and the evaluation of biological materials in medical contexts. The paper also identified the current challenges and technological problems in these fields and discussed the potential developments and technological breakthroughs that could result from these challenges.
Abstract: Piezoelectric materials have emerged as transformative biomedical platforms capable of converting physiological mechanical stimuli into precisely regulated bioelectric signals. Compared to most nanomedicines with multiple components and increasingly complex nanostructures, piezoelectric nanomaterials feature simple and well-defined composition and structure, along with tunable morphology, size, and piezoelectric catalytic activity. Beyond ultrahigh catalytic activity, piezoelectric materials exhibit an inherent, unique carrier release capability enabling them to trigger diverse redox catalytic reactions, offering significant potential for future medical applications. Triggered by mechanical energy, these materials release electrons/ holes to catalyze substrate redox reactions or modulate biological processes, facilitating the production of effector molecules for medical use (e.g., signal monitoring, sterilization, therapy). To advance novel medical technologies—especially biomedical development—this review outlines recent progress in piezoelectric catalytic biomedicine. It first introduces the principle of piezoelectric catalysis and piezoelectric material preparation methods, then comprehensively summarizes their medical applications (tumor therapy, smart wearables, tissue repair/ regeneration, biosensing). It also demonstrates the tremendous potential of piezoelectric materials in clinical translation. Finally, an intelligent closed-loop system based on 5G is discussed and proposed to build the next generation of personalized medical (IoMT) paradigm. It is expected that the IoMT paradigm can completely change the existing medical model, comprehensively improve the efficiency of medical services, provide the public with new personalized medical care, and promote lifestyle changes. This paper identifies current bottlenecks in long-term biocompatibility, real-time signal monitoring, and standardized system development. It aims to provide insights for intelligent piezoelectric healthcare materials, with the goal of advancing the application of piezoelectric materials in the field of smart healthcare.
Introduction/Objective: This study aims to develop an eco-friendly method for the synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Ocimum basilicum leaf extract and to evaluate their photocatalytic and biological properties Methods: ZnO NPs were synthesized using basil extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent and characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–Visible spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with EnergyDispersive Spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). Photocatalytic activity was evaluated through the degradation of basic fuchsin dye under UV and solar irradiation. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH assay, while antibacterial activity was determined by the disc diffusion method. A ZnO-based ointment formulation was also prepared and evaluated. Results: The synthesized ZnO NPs exhibited a crystalline hexagonal wurtzite structure with quasi-spherical morphology and an average particle size of 18–20 nm. The nanoparticles achieved approximately 94% dye degradation under optimized conditions. Moderate antioxidant activity was observed with an IC₂⁽ value of approximately 82.5 µg•mL⁸¹. The ZnO NPs also showed antibacterial activity, particularly against Pseudomonas sp. The formulated ointment demonstrated suitable pH and physicochemical stability for topical application. Discussion: The enhanced functional properties of ZnO NPs can be attributed to their nanoscale size, high crystallinity, and surface capping by phytochemicals present in the basil extract, which improve catalytic efficiency and biological activity Conclusion: Basil-mediated ZnO nanoparticles exhibit promising photocatalytic and antimicrobial properties, highlighting their potential for environmental remediation and biomedical applications.
Gold nanoparticles synthesized using plant extracts (green synthesis) are promising nanomaterials for cancer therapy due to their enhanced stability and bioactive properties. This study aimed to synthesize gold nanoparticles functionalized with polyphenols from pomegranate husk and coffee pulp and evaluate their antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects in human cancer (HeLa, A549) and non-transformed (HeK-293) cell lines. Gold nanoparticles were synthesized using ethanolic extracts of pomegranate husk and coffee pulp, individually and in a 1:1 mixture (PH-AuNPs, CP-AuNPs, Mx-AuNPs). Characterization was performed using FT-IR spectroscopy and size analysis. Antiproliferative effects were assessed via the MTT assay, and cytotoxicity was measured using the Lactate Dehydrogenase assay in cells treated with 10, 100, and 1000 μg/mL of each nanoparticle type. The nanoparticles exhibited characteristic FT-IR bands associated with polyphenolic compounds and had an average particle size of 28 nm. PH-AuNPs, CP-AuNPs, and Mx-AuNPs demonstrated significant antiproliferative effects against HeLa and A549 cells in a concentration- dependent manner. No significant cytotoxicity was observed in Hek-293 cells, indicating selectivity toward cancerous cells. The findings suggest that polyphenol-functionalized gold nanoparticles selectively inhibit cancer cell proliferation without harming non-transformed cells. This aligns with previous research on green-synthesized nanoparticles and highlights the potential of pomegranate and coffee byproducts in enhancing therapeutic specificity. Gold nanoparticles fortified with pomegranate husk and coffee pulp polyphenols exhibit promising antiproliferative effects in cancer cells while sparing healthy cells, supporting their potential as targeted anticancer agents. Further research should explore in vivo efficacy and mechanistic pathways.
Existing Coriolis sensors never measure fluids with lower density, such as low-pressure or low-density gas, due to low signal amplification. This leads to low flow velocity and deflection, as well as inaccurate strain measurement. Slightly higher gas content in the liquid causes a significant increase in measurement error. Existing flow sensors have glass tubes with low current and cell voltage. This paper proposes an NSAZ-Coriolis flow sensor using Nano and MEMS materials, which measures flow velocity in a Graphene Polymer Nanocomposites (GPN) tube. The proposed NSAZ-Coriolis flow sensor is fabricated using nanomaterials, such as SiO2 Nano powder, and MEMS materials, including Al and ZnO. Due to unique geometric properties, SiO2 nanomaterial improves flow sensor performances through increased signal amplification. NSAZ sensor measures deflection strains in the GPN tube during flow conditions and converts them into mass. Based on the flow conditions, the tube is adjusted to measure flow velocity and deflection strains accurately. From this, it is obvious that with the proposed NSAZCoriolis flow sensor, strains and deflections in the tube are improved by about 85%. The proposed NSAZ-Coriolis flow sensor is simulated using the MEM solver software. Performances of the proposed NSAZ-Coriolis flow sensor are analyzed based on different fluid pressures, velocities, and strains. The deflection plot and maximum strains on the GPN and glass tube in flow sensors are analyzed. Moreover, Bayesian, which optimizes the multilevel linear regression (BOMLR), is applied to predict deflection based on different materials and flow velocity.
Recently, the use of photosynthesis to produce nanoparticles has emerged as a reliable method in contemporary research. There is also a growing demand for the production of environmentally friendly insecticides. The primary objective of this research was to synthesize silver nanoparticles through a biological approach, using extracts from the algae Enteromorpha ralfsii, now classified as Ulva ralfsii (Harvey). Additionally, the study aimed to evaluate the performance attributes of the synthesised nanoparticles, including material formation, physicochemical characteristics, and long-term stability, for potential pest control applications. The nanoparticles were biologically synthesized using the extract of E. ralfsii. Their physical properties were analyzed using UV-Vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The successful synthesis of Er-AgNPs was visually indicated by a color change. Additionally, the insecticidal potential of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from E. ralfsii was evaluated against O. surinamensis. Observations from scanning electron microscopy indicated that the crystal sizes of the nanoparticles ranged from 29.3 nm to 79.14 nm. We also compared the effectiveness of nanoparticles with an aqueous extract of E. ralfsii. The results demonstrated that the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using E. ralfsii was most effective against the saw-toothed grain beetle. Specifically, the percentage of mortality observed was 100% for eggs, 80.4% for second-instar larvae, and 70.6% for adults at the fourth larval stage. In contrast, the aqueous extract achieved 75% mortality in eggs and 66.4% mortality in the second-instar larval stage when used at a concentration of 500 μg/mL. The insecticidal activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) involved multiple mechanisms. One such mechanism includes exposure to nano-biogenerated compounds, which leads to alterations in various biochemical parameters within insects. Specifically, reductions in total lipid and protein levels were observed, along with decreases in certain enzyme activities. These changes contribute to impaired growth and development, ultimately resulting in insect death. The findings of this study indicate that E. ralfsii represents a promising candidate for the development of naturally derived nanopesticides.
Introduction Cyclization reaction of CO2 and 2-aminobenzonitrile is of significance because of its important application in chemical synthesis. Consequently, the development of eco-friendly and highly efficient catalysts has garnered significant interest.Methods In the current research, supported ionic liquids were synthesized via a sol-gel method. The study involves a systematic study of their characterizations, with the intention of applying them as heterogeneous catalysts for the CO2 cyclization reaction.Results After anion exchange to enrich active functional anions, the resulting supported ionic liquids behaved as high-efficiency heterogeneous catalysts for additive-free CO2 cyclization at 60 degrees C and 0.1 MPa CO2. Notably, ILC7H5O3@SiO2 exhibited high catalytic activity for the CO2 cyclization of various substituted 2-aminobenzonitriles. The products are obtained with high purity without the need for additional purification steps. Additionally, ILC7H5O3@SiO2 could serve as a durable and recoverable heterogeneous catalyst for the reaction, exhibiting excellent reusability for up to five consecutive runs without significant loss of catalytic activity, thereby demonstrating its practical and sustainable nature.Discussion Compared to conventional protocols, this catalyst offers advantages such as high catalytic efficiency, superior yields, inexpensive nature, operational simplicity, reusability, and environmental benignity.Conclusion This work highlights the significance of nanostructured catalysts in advancing green synthetic strategies, providing novel insights for the development of heterogeneous catalysts that facilitate efficient CO2 utilization.
Background Silicon nanowires (SiNWs) represent a novel semiconductor material distinguished by unique physical attributes that diverge from those of bulk silicon, garnering significant interest and becoming a focal point in semiconductor research. Boron has rich and adjustable physical, chemical, and electrical properties and has received widespread attention in the study of doping elements in recent years. The controlled doping of SiNWs is crucial for its application, as doping technology can enhance the optoelectronic properties of silicon nanowires, making them more competitive in practical applications.Objective This study aims to synthesize SiNWs and B-doped silicon nanowires (SiNWs:B) using non-toxic sources, such as SiO2 and Si, and to explore their photoluminescence (PL) and I-V properties.Methods This study utilized the thermal evaporation method to fabricate boron-doped silicon nanowires (SiNWs: B). In the experiment, B2O3 was used as the dopant, La as the catalyst, and SiO2 and Si as the raw materials. These materials were completely mixed and placed in the heating center of the tube furnace. The evaporation source was heated to 1280 degrees C under a nitrogen (N2) atmosphere. During the heating process, Si, SiO2, La, and B were evaporated into an atomic fog and collided with N2 atoms in the carrier gas, resulting in the loss of energy of thermal motion. Among them, the La and Si atomic fog rapidly cooled to form La-Si co-melting droplets. When the co-melting droplets absorbed Si atoms and reached saturation, the excess Si atoms separated out due to their inability to continue dissolving in the co-melting droplets, forming internal Si single-crystal nanowires. At the same time, lower-density SiO2 formed a SiO2 shell around Si nanowires, facilitating their growth along the one-dimensional direction. In addition, boron atoms were naturally diffused into the silicon nanowires as dopants and formed a stable doping distribution after cooling. The photoluminescence and I-V characteristics of the samples were performed.Results PL spectra revealed two emission bands at 347 nm and 393 nm under a 239 nm excitation wavelength for both SiNWs and SiNWs:B. I-V measurements indicated that at a B doping concentration of 3 wt%, SiNWs:B samples exhibited the lowest resistivity, reaching 8.023 & times; 106 Omega & centerdot;cm, providing insights into the electrical properties of B-doped materials.Conclusion The PL spectra demonstrated that boron doping concentrations minimally affected the PL properties of silicon nanowires. I-V analysis revealed that resistivity decreased initially with increasing B concentration and then increased. Notably, at a B doping concentration of 3 wt%, the resistivity of SiNWs:B was at its lowest. Compared to undoped SiNWs, B-doped samples showed enhanced conductivity, underscoring their potential in optoelectronic device applications.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of memory and cognitive impairment. The pathogenesis of AD is complex and involves a variety of processes, including receptor-ligand interaction and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Biofunctionalized metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) represent a cutting-edge technique that addresses significant limitations of existing therapies by precisely delivering therapeutic molecules to disease-specific locations. The review explores innovative therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD), focusing on the roles of amyloid precursor protein and metal nanoparticles. It discusses drug delivery systems, including functionalized metallic nanoparticles, highlighting their potential in enhancing drug efficacy and targeting amyloid plaques. These biofunctionalized MNPs not only help pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB), but also lessen off-target effects and increase medication absorption. Furthermore, they facilitate emerging treatments, such as monoclonal antibodies, aptamers, CRISPR/Cas9 gene therapy, and proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), showcasing their mechanisms and benefits in mitigating AD pathology. This paper focuses on MNPs’ ability to control neuroinflammation, a hallmark of AD pathogenesis, and their novel function in improving therapy results. By integrating current findings and addressing limitations in clinical translation, this review sheds light on the future of MNPs-assisted AD treatment.
Introduction: This work aims to develop an eco-friendly, plant-based synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Citrullus colocynthis to combat Scopulariopsis alboflavescens. The approach addresses the need for alternative antifungal treatments and reduces the environmental impact of conventional methods. It offers a sustainable solution by utilizing the plant’s medicinal properties in nanotechnology applications. Method: Biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was prepared by seed, fruit pulp crude methanolic extract of a medicinal plant Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrad exhibited the potential effect to inhibit the growth of the fungus (Scopulariopsis alboflavescens) isolated from the Juniper tree from Ziarat, Pakistan. The shape, size, specific surface area, charge, and composition of the silver nanoparticles were studied by UV-visible spectroscopy, infra-red spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction technique, and atomic force microscopy. Result: UV-visible spectrum of AgNPs displayed the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at (427nm), and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectrum revealed the possible presence of polyphenols and alkaloids involved in the synthesis, capping, and stabilizing of AgNPs. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed face centered cubic (FCC) shape of AgNPs. Atomic force microscopic (AFM) analysis showed poly dispersion of AgNPs with a size of 28.8nm. The AgNPs exhibited a significant inhibitory zone of 22.5 mm against Scopulariopsis alboflavescens as compared to the standard with an inhibition zone of 7.5 mm at 1000 ppm, the biosynthesized AgNPs might be an effective strategy to control these pathogenic fungi and combat fungal diseases. Conclusion: The findings focus on the efficiency of Cc-AgNPs against S. alboflavescens of plant-pathogenic fungus and support to develop new and more active therapeutic substitutes for fungus diseases.
Biomaterials and tissue engineering have undergone significant advances, particularly with the integration of nanoscience technology. Recent progress in nanostructured scaffolds and nanoparticle-based delivery systems has provided novel opportunities for tissue regeneration. However, the key challenges remain and must be addressed. These include the optimization of the long-term stability of nanoengineered constructs and addressing the concerns regarding nanotoxicity. Fine-tuned mechanical properties enable the adoption of vehicle-based targeted approaches to drug and gene delivery. However, much remains to be learned regarding the interactions between nanomaterials and tissues. Comprehensive safety assessments and standardized toxicity evaluations are essential for clinical translation. These emerging technologies combine the three-dimensional bioprinting of induced pluripotent stem cells with nanomaterials and new pathways for personalized medicine. Nanoengineered smart materials and biosensors have the potential to enable real-time monitoring of engineered tissues, which can pave the way for unparalleled advances in personalized therapies, particularly for chronic diseases. The bioactivity of nanomaterials offers new avenues for tissue regeneration. This review explores the status, successes, challenges, and future directions of biomaterials and tissue engineering, with a specific focus on nanoscience applications. Key areas for future research include nano-bio-interfaces, in situ tissue remodeling, and biofabrication techniques. These insights can guide researchers to navigate the rapidly evolving landscape of nanoscience, related biomaterials, and tissue engineering. The integration of nanomaterials into tissue engineering is an emerging and advanced field that has significant implications for regenerative medicine.
The aim of this study was a systematic search on the effectivity of nanoencapsulated vaccines against placebo or classic vaccines for human use that was searched in the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and MEDLINE via Pub-Med and Ovid databases. ProQuest (for dissertations), Clinicaltrial.gov, the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) for registered clinical trials, the WHO, and Google Scholar were also searched. Randomeffects meta-analysis was used to aggregate data comparing nanoencapsulated vaccines and placebo or other kinds of vaccines for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN), External Genital Lesions (EGL), Geometric Mean Titer (GMT) for Human Papillomavirus 16 and 18, and seroprotection rate against H1N1, and H3N2. A total of 93 studies were recognized as eligible for inclusion. Gardasil and Cervarix were two vaccines assessed in the clinical trials and the comparison group was placebo or a non-papilloma vaccine. Both vaccines effectively prevented the symptoms and improved immunity against papillomavirus. For influenza, the virosomal influenza vaccine (Inflexal® V) and split virion vaccine (Intanza®) were compared with the conventional subunit influenza vaccine (Influvac®) and adjuvanted subunit influenza vaccine (Fluad®). The results suggest that all of these vaccines have comparable efficacy and safety. Epaxal for hepatitis A, Havrix for hepatitis E, and RNActive ® are examples of successful vaccines. Despite the initial promising findings, other vaccines such as RUTI, lipid-encapsulated mRNA against Chikungunya virus, and Tecemotide for lung cancer need more research and work to be proposed in the general population. In conclusion, the nanoencapsulation technique successfully developed new generations of vaccines; however, for some medical conditions, other methods of vaccine production should be considered regarding the cost-benefit analysis.
Introduction This article presents a strategy for achieving structural retention of integrity after carbonization by encapsulating aggregates in a concentrated salt system, known as bound-in-situ carbonization.Methods Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) was used as a carbon source, and the KCl system was introduced to segregate and protect the aggregates, which were then carbonized to obtain carbon nanorods (CNRs). The structural characterization of the materials was investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Raman Scattering Spectroscopy (Raman).Results The results showed that the prepared materials had a high degree of graphitization and were doped with oxygen (O), chlorine (Cl), potassium (K), and nitrogen (N) heteroatoms.Discussion The CNRs were prepared in an open environment, and no additional protective gas was added during the preparation.Conclusion The experiment was simple and efficient, realizing one-step preparation of carbon nanomaterials. Compared to traditional synthesis methods for carbon nanomaterials, this work demonstrated significant superiority and great potential.
