Highlights Jointly modeling state and county contexts reveals synergistic, not independent, mortality associations. Lowest mortality is observed in economically secure counties within liberal-policy states. For males, extreme county economic insecurity yields high mortality regardless of state policy. For males, high labor force participation raises mortality in conservative state contexts. For females, liberal state policies buffer both county economic and labor disadvantages.
This study uses novel data on multiple childcare types from both kin and nonkin in two culturally similar communities with varying market integration. It tests the hypothesis that market integration is associated with reduced kin support. Who provides support and the type of support vary by level of market integration. Market integration disrupts childcare support from paternal but not maternal kin. Distant kin and nonkin substitute for reduced support from close kin in the study's town.
Survival beliefs elicited at ages 18-26 predict later pension contributions. A 1-SD-higher life expectancy is linked to 5% more pension wealth 15 years later. Job formality, not labor force participation, drives most of the pension gap. This SLE-pension link grows over the life cycle, from 2.5-5% at ages 18-26 to 9-11% at ages 48-52.
Employed, social welfare-connected mothers experience a substantial reduction in earnings around a child's birth. Social welfare programs, assuming full take-up, can offset these lost earnings after birth but not during pregnancy. Most social welfare benefits available around birth are nutrition assistance, which are not fungible. These mothers spend about six months out of the labor force, with Black mothers returning earlier, on average.
Increased neighborhood flood risk predicts lower odds of households moving out of their neighborhood. This association is largest for renters, low-income homeowners, and Black homeowners. This pattern may reflect housing insecurity, which can manifest as both immobility and instability. Studies of climate and population should disaggregate by race and ethnicity, income, and housing tenure.
