Biomass are increasingly becoming interesting for their eco-friendly bioremediation treatment of industrial wastewater, signifies a sustainable alternate of chemical treatments. The microalgae-based bioremediation is able to reduce synthetic dyes, heavy metals (HMs) and hazardous physicochemical parameters (PCHs) from dyeing effluent. We have studied the bioremediation competences among two microalgal species, Chlorella sp. (Ch) & Spirulina sp. (Sp), for a mixed three azo dyes (Novacron Ruby S-3B, Rubine S-2GFL, Lanaset Blue-2R) containing dyeing effluents (MADE) treatment. Two microalgal species were used in the study, Chlorella sp. & Spirulina sp. were treated into the MADE for remediation in same treatment condition. The maximum contaminants elimination by microalgae remediation of MADE was recorded, Decolorization: 85.59% (Ch); Total Suspended Solids (TSS): 66.23% (Sp); Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD): 60.71% (Ch); Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): 58.95% (Sp); Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): 25.61% (Ch); Salinity: 41.52% (Ch); Electrical Conductivity (EC): 28.1% (Ch); and Total Solids (TS): 44.84% (Sp). The maximum HMs removal efficiency recorded for Cadmium (Cd): 90.72% (Ch); Lead (Pb): 77.22% (Ch); Copper (Cu): 68.47% (Ch); Iron (Fe): 55.95% (Ch); Zinc (Zn): 39.56% (Ch), and Manganese (Mn): 28.94% (Ch) at 20 days. The study results specify that the microalgae biomass Chlorella sp. showed higher success in the eliminating contaminants from MADE. Meanwhile, Spirulina sp. also proved to be more efficient in eliminating PCHs parameters as TSS, TS, and COD. The mechanistic pathways discussed (including metal oxide/hydroxide formation) are proposed on the basis of the literature and were not experimentally verified in this study.
This study investigates biomethane production from apple pomace using inoculum adaptation and bioaugmentation strategies under mesophilic anaerobic digestion (AD) conditions, targeting hydrolysis limitations associated with its lignocellulosic structure. A tailored inoculum adapted to the anaerobic degradation of industrial apple pomace was developed and characterized. The original WWTP inoculum achieved 318.82 NmlCH4.gVS−1. The tailored inoculum markedly improved process performance, mitigating the inhibitory lag phase observed in early assays and increasing methane yield by 167.36 NmLCH₄·gVS⁻¹ when applied as a 15% (v·v⁻¹) bioaugmenter. 16S rRNA analysis showed that inoculum domestication reshaped the microbial community toward bacterial taxa commonly associated with hydrolytic and fermentative processes. Bioaugmentation further enhanced process performance and was associated with a more balanced bacterial–archaeal community composition. Finally, a kinetic modelling framework was developed to decouple and quantitatively describe the three main AD stages, i.e., hydrolysis, acidogenesis/acetogenic and methanogenesis. This approach enabled the independent evaluation of rate-limiting steps and provided an interpretative kinetic framework for comparing apparent rate-limiting steps under the batch conditions evaluated. Overall, inoculum adaptation and bioaugmentation represent a promising strategy under the batch laboratory conditions evaluated for enhancing AD of lignocellulosic agro-industrial residues.
