We outline the existing information on wool production and trade, and also textile industry (draps de la terra) in a mountainous rural area such as Cinctorres, a village in the region of Morella (northern medieval kingdom of Valencia), at a time of economic prosperity linked to the presence and activities of Italian merchants.
The article analyzes the connection between the processes of conquest and colonization in certain areas of the Iberian Peninsula and America, highlighting the continuity of extensive livestock practices as a key element in territorial expansion. Ch. Bishko suggested that ranching in large open spaces, first developed in the peninsula, served as a precedent for its current province of Catamarca (Argentina), this practice is analyzed, characterized by the "loose" management of livestock, the participation of armed horsemen and shepherds, the straying of some of these "cerreros" animals, the branding, and the need to regularly concentrate them in "mestas." In this sense, the articulation of looting activities with periods of livestock movements is emphasized. Furthermore, it is argued that extensive ranching not only adapted to empty spaces but also contributed to their emptying, eroded previous practices, and prefigured domains. The article also explores how these livestock practices persisted even after the conquests and the settlement of new populations, generating tensions during the integration of this ranching inertia in contexts of proliferating restrictive rights and agrarianization.
There is documentary evidence suggesting that the incorporation of Osona into the comital domain during the last quarter of the ninth century-which marked the beginning of the feudalization of the local populations-was accompanied by the settlement of inhabitants from the Pyrenees, referred to in the sources as cerdanos, with an early chronology coinciding with that of the conquest itself. Their arrival appears to be linked to the interests of the aristocracy rooted in the initial conquest zone, specifically the Cerdan viscountal lineage, and to one of its descendants, the comital vicar Sala. In this process, livestock farming also played a significant role. However, the limitations inherent to early written documentation and the absence of archaeological evidence warrant a cautious approach regarding the extent and role of Pyrenean settler activity under the aegis of the comital conquest.
This article focuses on Ava, daughter of Pere V de Fenollet, a viscounty that is currently located in the department of the Pyr & eacute;n & eacute;es-Orientales (France) but that historically formed part of Languedoc. Pere de Fenollet was accused of heresy and excommunicated in 1262, consequently, the viscounty was suppressed. Concerning Ava, she married Jausbert, Viscount of Castelnou; later, she divorced him and joined the Ille-sur-T & ecirc;t Hospice. In this work, these events will be analyzed based on unpublished documentation kept in the ADPO. The information will be related to the historical context with the aim to understand the motivations behind Ava's marriage and divorce. Finally, the figure of this lady will be analyzed through a scheme developed by queenship studies and focused on three categories: formal power, informal power and social representation. This will allow us to deeper into issues such as marriage clauses, women's management of their dowries and female support networks.
During the last five centuries there have been any attempts to establish the origin of the town and castle in Tur & eacute;gano, proposing different theories about the date of construction of the fortress. The present article tries to establish the origin of that castle, and town using the documents hosted in the most important archives, searching for an academic answer to a traditional and historical doubt.
Current challenges facing rural areas, along with issues related to livestock and land management, provide a framework for examining the historical configuration of the landscape and territorial governance in the Cantabrian Mountains from the central centuries of the Middle Ages onward. This period is marked by significant transformations in both resource exploitation systems and the composition and active involvement of social groups. The complementary use of written documentary sources, archaeological evidence, and ethnographic data enables a preliminary approach to these processes of change through three key dimensions: the diversity of livestock species, fire management practices, and the emergence of new forms of social capital associated with these transformations.
The Eastern Canary Islands were a territory where the types and uses of livestock farming remained consistent from the late pre-Hispanic period to the first half of the Modern era. The small population of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, and southern Gran Canaria, favored extensive livestock farming, both small and large. Cattle, in their various forms of exploitation, were the dominant force in these areas, as most of the land belonged to tribes or clans during the pre-Hispanic period, or to families/kin groups during the historical period. These groups grazed their livestock on communal, royal, or manorial lands, or, in most cases, on lands without clear ownership. In these areas, livestock was the primary means of production and income generation for its owners. Livestock was not only a factor in colonization, favoring the interests of large landowners, but it also became a key element in establishing settlements in some of the rugged and isolated areas of the islands. Furthermore, it became the primary means of livelihood for the original inhabitants and the Moorish laborers who arrived as slaves after the conquest. The economic development of the vast, almost uninhabited areas of the three islands cannot be understood without the presence of livestock, just as territorial colonization and a permanent human presence would not have been possible without a livestock population capable of generating sustained income.
This article analyses the role of royal and count (in the case of Castile) grants related to commons in favour of some monasteries. The case study is the area of the former County of Castile and the Rioja Alta between the tenth and twelfth centuries. The examination of count and royal grants denies the idea of privatisation of common lands, although some places (vacarizas), albeit they were part of the commons, were exploited for private use. The monasteries became demanding neighbours or protective lords, without destroying the complex network of collective uses. However, social and political practices were transformed, giving rise to the construction of new forms of social domination that took as their starting point the micropolitics around the collective areas. Livestock farming acted as an agent that favoured the development of local lordship.
Despitethe importancethat salt had during theAndalusian period, both forconsumption and for its agricultural, livestock, artisanal, or pharmacological uses, there are a few documents that discuss it or its exploitation. On this occasion, we analyze seven Andalusian notarial forms that regulate the leasing of inland saltworks, which we consider an agricultural activity rather than a mining one, despite the mineral nature of the product. Finally, we present four hypotheses that might justify the scarcity of information in Islamic law treatises.
In the city of Lleida, at the beginning of the 15th century, a collation (meeting) of three doctors took place in the house of a sick man at the request of several of his friends and the attending physician to assess his illness and the treatment that had been given to him, which had caused a hemorrhage. This meeting led to a discussion about the qualities and suitability of the medicine, which caused an altercation between two doctors, both professors at the Faculty of Medicine of Lleida, which ended in a complaint to the court of the veguer of the city. In this paper, we analyse all the details of the case and its relevance for the study of several aspects of medical practice during the late Middle Ages.
This study of the town of Casarabonela (M & aacute;laga, Kingdom of Granada) raises questions about livestock farming in the context of the Castilian-Andalusian conquest and colonisation. The original population, which remained numerically superior until 1570, maintained different strategies and practices regarding livestock compared to the Castilian settlers. Of special relevance is the imposition of livestock regulations which favoured large livestock owners. Lastly, the changes and imbalance between agriculture and livestock farming following the replacement of the Moorish inhabitants by Old Christian settlers in the last third of the 16th century are highlighted.
This article examines the insertion of the kingdom of Galicia with other political constructions in the north of the Iberian Peninsula between the tenth and thirteenth centuries. Its hypothesis proposes a progressive integration with capacities of variable intensity within a regnum of Leonese center that is in turn built in a long process through the addition of royal realities. For its development, the conceptual tools of composite monarchies are applied to the primary sources and the practical forms in the exercise of power by the holders of the Galician kingdom are examined. Thus, a first time of greater variation is marked, between the succession of Alfonso III and the coronation of Alfonso VII, in which times of individuality, of the so-called & laquo;personal unions & raquo; and aeque principaliter alternate; and also, a second one VII in which the definitive & laquo;accessory union & raquo; takes shape. The article concludes with the confirmation of the slow and changing evolution in the configuration of a more generic royal power in the north of the peninsula as well as the variability of ways in which the kingdom of Galicia is articulated with respect to it over time.
Between 1369 and 1480, the kingdoms of Portugal and Castile clashed five times. This article evaluates the role of meetings between members of the royal families in these conflicts. It analyzes why these encounters became infrequent between the mid-fourteenth and mid-fifteenth centuries, why they resurfaced during the reigns of Afonso V of Portugal and Enrique IV of Castile, and their influence on the Portuguese-Castilian peace of 1479-1480. It examines how war and direct diplomacy shaped the development of diplomatic mechanisms and the outcomes of the conflicts.
From the very outset of the Christian conquest of the territories within the Guadalquivir Valley, a systematic process of land enclosure for pastoral purposes was set in motion. The origins of these enclosures were shaped by a multiplicity of factors, and their ownership structures proved equally diverse. This study seeks not only to examine the causes and typologies underpinning these enclosures, but also to explore their evolution and complexity between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries, shedding light on the political and economic motivations that informed the actions of the various stakeholders involved - the Crown, municipal councils, local oligarchies, and the nobility. In addition, the research will address the conflicts arising from the establishment of certain wooded pastures or dehesas, identifying the principal actors and assessing the social, legal, and territorial repercussions of these disputes.
Traditionally, the processes of conquest and colonization led by Latin Christendom have been interpreted primarily from an agricultural perspective. The focus has been placed on the development of farming spaces and the introduction of agricultural practices different from those used by indigenous societies. However, written and archaeological sources provide evidence of the significance that livestock raising acquired. Our aim is to assess its importance in the construction of rural society in the northern region of the Kingdom of Valencia during the first century of its existence. To this end, we will analyze the possible use of livestock in the invasion of al-Andalus, the organization of pasturelands following the thirteenth-century conquest, the social actors involved in its regulation, the conflicts it generated, and the scale reached by an activity that became hegemonic in the fourteenth century.
Este artículo tiene como objetivo reconstruir las reglas que facilitaron la aparición y el mantenimiento de una comunidad intelectual compuesta por un grupo de conciliaristas polacos centrados en la Universidad de Cracovia y el teólogo catalán, el profesor Marcus Bonifili (f. 1453), quien actuó como delegado en el Concilio de Basilea. El Concilio de Basilea, que se desarrolló entre 1431 y 1449, proporcionó un espacio para interacciones mutuas, no solo en términos geográficos, sino también dentro de un espacio mental compartido, donde convergían ideas, esperanzas e intereses. En este espacio, determinados individuos se reunieron, creando una comunidad basada en alianzas políticas, respeto mutuo, antipatías compartidas, consideraciones racionales y experiencias emocionales. A partir del análisis de diversas fuentes de Basilea, catalanas, polacas y checas, este artículo examina los elementos y condiciones que contribuyeron a la formación de dicha comunidad, entre ellos las ideas comunes, la autoridad, el apoyo financiero, los favores, los vínculos políticos y las redes de intercambio y difusión cultural. Esta investigación permite caracterizar la naturaleza y los fundamentos de la comunidad, destacando la existencia de fuertes lazos emocionales y de una red más amplia de relaciones personales, institucionales y políticas. Los resultados arrojan luz sobre las complejas dinámicas de las comunidades intelectuales durante el Concilio de Basilea, subrayando las interacciones multifacéticas que configuraron su identidad y su perdurabilidad.
A pesar de la importancia que tuvo la sal en el periodo andalusí, tanto para el consumo como por sus usos agroganaderos, artesanales o farmacológicos, son escasos los documentos que hablan de ella, así como de su explotación. En esta ocasión, analizamos siete formularios notariales andalusíes, los cuales regulan el arrendamiento de unas salinas de interior, concebidas por nosotros como una actividad agrícola y no minera, aunque la naturaleza del producto sea mineral. Finalmente, presentamos cuatro hipótesis que justificarían la escasez de información en los tratados de Derecho islámico.
Este artículo examina la articulación del reino de Galicia con otras construcciones políticas del norte peninsular entre los siglos X y XIII. Mi hipótesis propone una integración progresiva con capacidades de intensidad variable en el seno de un regnum de centro leonés que se construye a su vez en un proceso largo a través de la adición de realidades regias. Para su desarrollo aplicamos a las fuentes primarias las herramientas conceptuales de las monarquías compuestas examinando las formas prácticas en el ejercicio del poder por los titulares del reino gallego. Marcamos un primer tiempo de mayor variación, entre la sucesión de Alfonso III y la coronación de Alfonso VII, en que se alternan tiempos de privanza, de las llamadas «uniones personales» y aeque principaliter; y un segundo momento en que toma forma la definitiva unión accesoria. El artículo concluye con una constatación de la evolución lenta y cambiante en la configuración de un poder regio más genérico en el norte peninsular así como de la variabilidad que presentan con respecto a él, en el tiempo, las formas en que se articula el reino de Galicia.
Durante más de cinco siglos se ha tratado de establecer el origen de la villa y castillo de Turégano, proponiendo una fecha de edificación de la fortaleza documentalmente aceptable. El presente artículo trata de datar el origen del encastillamiento presente en la villa segoviana en base a la documentación preservada en las fuentes primarias de los principales archivos.
El artículo analiza la conexión entre los procesos de conquista y colonización en algunas zonas de la península ibérica y de América. Se destaca la continuidad de prácticas ganaderas extensivas como un elemento clave en la expansión territorial. Ch. Bishko propuso que la ganadería de grandes espacios abiertos, desarrollada primero en la península, sirvió como precedente para su implementación en América. A través de diferentes ejemplos del reino de Granada y de la actual provincia de Catamarca (Argentina), se analiza esta práctica, caracterizada por el manejo "laxo" del ganado, por la participación de caballeros y peones armados, por el extravío de algunos de estos animales "cerreros", por el marcado y por la necesidad de concentrarlo regularmente en "mestas". En este sentido, se destaca la articulación de las actividades de saqueo con las épocas de los desplazamientos ganaderos. Por otra parte, se argumenta que la ganadería extensiva no solo se adaptó a espacios vacíos, sino que también contribuyó a su vaciamiento, erosionó prácticas anteriores y prefiguró dominios. El artículo también explora cómo estas prácticas ganaderas persistieron incluso después de las conquistas y del establecimiento de nuevas poblaciones, y generaron tensiones durante el encaje de esta inercia ganadera en contextos de proliferación de derechos restrictivos y de agrarización.
