Purpose: To investigate the anti-oxidative stress damage induced by fluoride exposure by characteristic plant medicine extracts. Method: The experiments in vitro were conducted using SH-SY5Y cells. Three plant medicine extracts, including Bletilla striata (BS), Indigofera stachyoides radix (ISR), and Fructus Schisandrae sphenantherae (FSS), were selected with vitamin C (VC) as the positive control. The antioxidant capacity of these extracts was evaluated using an in vitro antioxidant experiment system, including the determination of DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging ability, lipid peroxidation inhibition ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, and potassium ferricyanide reduction ability. The safe concentrations of these three compound extracts were evaluated using the CCK-8 method. In different fluoride exposure conditions, the three plant medicine extracts were supplemented, respectively, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in fluoride-exposed cells were determined. Results: All the selected plant medicine extracts had significant antioxidant effects. The order of their ability to scavenge DPPH free radicals was: VC>FSS>ISR>BS; the order of their ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation was: BS>FSS>VC>ISR; the order of their ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals was: BS>VC>FSS>ISR; the order of their ferric chloride reduction ability was: BS>ISR>VC>FSS. Based on the comprehensive membership function analysis results, the overall antioxidant capacity ranking was: BS>VC>ISR>FSS With the increase of fluoride exposure concentration, the content of MDA in SH-SY5Y cells increased, and the activity of SOD decreased. All of the plant medicine extracts including BS, ISR and FSS attenuated the increased MDA and declined SOD resulted from fluoride exposure. Conclusion: The extracts of three plant medicines have obvious antioxidant effects and can effectively reduce the oxidative stress level of fluoride-exposed cells, among which the effect of BS is particularly prominent.
Purpose: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate fluoride release, fluoride recharge capacity, and time-dependent changes in surface microhardness of different bioactive restorative materials. Methods: A total of 36 disk-shaped specimens were prepared using three bioactive restorative materials: Equia Forte (E), Riva Light Cure (R), and Beautifil II (B) (n = 12 per group). All specimens were finished using a standardized polishing procedure. Fluoride release was measured spectrophotometrically and expressed in parts per million (ppm) at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. Following the initial measurement period, specimens were subjected to a fluoride recharge protocol using a fluoride varnish, and fluoride re-release was subsequently evaluated. Surface microhardness was measured using a Vickers microhardness tester at baseline, after 28 days, and after the recharge procedure. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (alpha = 0.05). Results: Fluoride release was significantly influenced by material type and time (p <0.05). Equia Forte exhibited the highest initial fluoride release, followed by a marked decrease over time, whereas Beautifil II demonstrated lower but more stable release values. Riva Light Cure showed intermediate behavior. Following fluoride recharge, all materials exhibited renewed fluoride release, with significant differences among groups (p <0.05). Microhardness values decreased over time in all materials (p <0.05), with the greatest reduction observed in Equia Forte and the most stable values in Beautifil II. Fluoride recharge did not result in a statistically significant change in microhardness (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Fluoride release, recharge capacity, and microhardness were found to be material-dependent. While fluoride recharge enhanced fluoride re-release, it did not improve mechanical properties. These findings suggest that the long-term performance of bioactive restorative materials is influenced by both their ion release behavior and structural characteristics.
Purpose: The present study aimed to assess the antioxidant efficacy of aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera (Drumstick tree or Sahjan) and Prosopis cineraria (Khejri) fruit pods in fluoride-intoxicated broiler chicks (Gallus gallus Methods: Aqueous fruit pod extracts were prepared and GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) analysis was conducted. Their In vitro antioxidant property were measured using glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Furthermore, the In vivo antioxidant efficacy were estimated in fluorotic chicks. For this purpose, sixty chicks were divided into four groups (n=15 each): a negative control, a fluoride-treated (400 parts per million or ppm) positive control group, and two fluoride-treated groups supplemented orally with M. oleifera or P. cineraria extracts @100 mg/100 g body weight/day for 40 days and various oxidative stress parameters (Lipid peroxidation, FRAP and GST) were estimated in blood plasma on day 0, 20 and 40. Results: GC-MS analysis identified several phenolic, polyphenolic, and fatty acid constituents with known potent antioxidant activities in both extracts. Furthermore, these aqueous extracts showed significant In vitro antioxidant activities. Fluoride exposure significantly increased the lipid peroxidation (oxidant) and decreased GST and FRAP (antioxidants) in blood plasma. Supplementation with both plant extracts reduced fluoride-induced oxidative stress in chicks, as evident from decreased lipid peroxidation and increased GST and FRAP levels in the chick blood plasma. Conclusions: P. cineraria and M. oleifera pod extracts mitigated the fluoride induced oxidative stress in broiler chicks. However, P. cineraria appeared to have higher antioxidant potential in comparison to M. oleifera extract, possibly due to higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents.
Purpose: Klebsiella pneumoniae can colonize the oral cavity without symptoms but may cause severe infections if it becomes pathogenic. Sodium fluoride (NaF) mouthwashes are used to manage oral microbial growth and are known to induce oxidative stress in K. pneumoniae; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well defined. This study aimed to apply a network pharmacology to explore host-associated molecular response mechanisms that may be indirectly associated with sodium fluoride exposure during K. pneumoniae infection building upon our previously published experimental findings demonstrating morphological and biochemical alterations in NaF-treated K. pneumoniae cells. Methods: NaF-associated targets were obtained from TargetNet and the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database, while genes related to K. pneumoniae infection were retrieved from the GeneCards database. Overlapping targets were identified and subjected to protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, hub gene analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. Results: 39-shared targets were identified from 350 NaF-related targets and 417 K. pneumoniae infection-associated genes. These targets were used to construct a PPI network, which revealed a highly interconnected structure with significant enrichment and several key hub genes. Ten core targets were identified, including IL1B, MMP9, ICAM1, CXCL8, VCAM1, MAPK3, CASP3, PTGS2, BCL2, and ACE. GO enrichment analysis indicated significant involvement in biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions related to bacterial response, inflammation, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. KEGG pathway analysis highlighted multiple pathways associated with immune and inflammatory responses. Conclusion: The integrated network pharmacology analysis suggests that sodium fluoride exhibits potential antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae. Moreover, the findings provide mechanistic insights into the host inflammatory and oxidative stress related pathways that may underlie the effects observed in our earlier experimental studies.
Purpose: Fluoride being an emerging abiotic stress can significantly reduce the growth of plant while the phytotoxic effects of fluoride are being well identified but their mitigating strategies are still uncommon. So, the purpose of this study was to assess the potential of Arbuscular Mycorrhzal Fungi (AMF) inoculation in alleviating the remarkable negative effects of fluoride on chili plants (Capsicum annuum). Methods: The study was conducted as a pots experiment in Completely Randomized Block Designed (CRBD) under optimized environmental conditions. Fluoride was applied in three doses comprising 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9g/kg of soil with and without AMF. There were seven treatment combinations having one as control and each treatment was having three replicates. The treatment combinations were as F0AMF0 treated as control while F1AMF0, F2AMF0, F3AMF0 were the respective ranges of fluoride without AMF, similarly F1AMF+, F2AMF+, F3AMF+ were set with AMF along with respective ranges of fluoride. Significant parameters of plants were selected representing the growth, physiology and enzymatic activities of plants. Results: The results showed that there was significant adverse effect of fluoride on all parameters of plants but as AMF inoculation was applied, this negative effect was declined to a great extent showing the potential of AMF as being a anti stress. The range of reduction of growth parameters of plants including fresh weights, dry weights, plant length and leaf surface area was approximately among 1-50% while after applications of AMF, this was seen to be recovered by 50-70%. Similar results were obtained in case of biochemical parameters having the range of reduction about 30-60% while restoration after AMF was observed up to 40-60%. The antioxidant enzymes were increased 50-70% under the stressed condition but after AMF inoculation, the effect was reduced to the range of 50-60%. Conclusions: It can be concluded from the findings of study that fluoride has injurious effects and can reduced the growth and biochemical activities of plant but such abrupt changes can be mitigated through the application of AMF which play a beneficial role by developing symbiotic association with the plants.
